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Delta modulation and ADM

The signal is first quantized into discrete levels,

but the size of the step between adjacent samples is

kept constant. The signal may therefore only make a

transition from one level to an adjacent one.

Once the quantization operation is performed,

transmission of the signal can be achieved

by sending a zero for a negative transition,

and a one for a positive transition. Note that

this means that the quantized signal must

change at each sampling point. For the above case, the transmitted bit train would be 111100010111110.

at each sampling time (T), the function moves up or down a constant amount δ (step size) – the staircase
function attempts to track the original waveform as closely as possible
• at each sampling time, the analog input is compared to the most recent value of the approximating staircase
function
• binary-1 is generated if the function goes up, binary-0 otherwise
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The delta modulation has two major drawbacks as under:

1. Slope overload distortion
2. Granular or idle noise
Slope Overload Distortion
The step size ‘Δ’ becomes too small of staircase signal to follow the message signal.
Granular or Idle Noise Greater slope forms Granular noise
Granular or Idle noise occurs when the step size is too large compared to small variation in the input signal.

Slope এত ছ োট ছে ছেসেজ সেগন্যোল ছে ফসলো েরো তোর উপর অভোর ছলোড হসে েোে
slope overload
Adaptive Delta Modulation
In order to overcome the quantization errors due to slope overload and granular noise, the step
size (Δ) is made adaptive to variations in the input signal x(t).
Particularly in the steep segment of the signal x(t), the step size is increased. And the step is
decreased when the input is varying slowly.
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This method is known as Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM).

Δfs=Amax,Wm

No*3fs=B Δ2
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1. The digital modulation technique in which the step size is varied according to the variation
in the slope of the input is called
a. Delta modulation b. PCM c. Adaptive delta modulation d. PAM
2. The digital modulation scheme in which the step size is not fixed is
a. Delta modulation b. Adaptive delta modulation c. None d. PCM
3. In Adaptive Delta Modulation, the slope error reduces and
a. Quantization error decreases b. Quantization error increases c. Quantization error remains
same d. None of the above
4. The modulation techniques used to convert analog signal into digital signal are
a. Pulse code modulation b. Delta modulation c. Adaptive delta modulation d. All of the above
5. In Delta modulation,
a. One bit per sample is transmitted b. All the coded bits used for sampling are transmitted c.
The step size is fixed d. Both a and c are correct

3.4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT ( বোাঁধো )

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Attenuation means a loss of energy.

When a signal, travels through a medium,
it loses some of its energy in overcoming
the resistance of the medium.

To compensate for this loss, amplifiers are used to amplify the signal.

Figure 3.27 shows the effect of attenuation and amplification.

Decibel
The decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different points. Note that the decibel
is negative if a signal is attenuated and positive if a signal is amplified.
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
Variables P1 and P2 are the powers of a signal at points 1 and 2, respectively in
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝑽𝟐
this case, because power is proportional to the square of the voltage, the formula is dB = 20 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝟏

Example 3.26: Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to one-half. In this
case, what will be the attenuation (loss of power) in dB? If it gains one half of power?
//A loss of 3 dB (−3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the power. //
Example 3.27: A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times. In this case, the amplification
(gain of power) can be? ছডসেসবল ছে ১০ সিসে
ভোগ েসর ১০ এর পোওেোর সহসেসব বেোসলই ছরসিও এর েোন্ পোওেো েোে

# How many times Pin is equal of Pout?

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Example 3.29: Calculate the power of a signal if its dB = −30. dB = 10𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷 loss/gain?

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

The ratio of the signal power to the noise power. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as
SNR is actually the ratio of what is wanted (signal) to what is not wanted (noise). A high SNR means the signal is less
corrupted by noise; a low SNR means the signal is more corrupted by noise. Because SNR is the ratio of two powers, it is
often described in decibel units, SNRdB, defined as…
Example 3.31: The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR and
SNRdB?
Example 3.32: Find the SNR and SNRdB for a noiseless channel

3.5.2 Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity/Channel CapacityImportant

In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the channel is always noisy. Shannon capacity determine the theoretical
highest data rate for a noisy channel:
In this formula, B is the bandwidth of the channel, SNR is the signal to noise ratio (bB/ratio), and
capacity C is the capacity of the channel in bits per second.

Example 3.38 We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has
a bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 to 3300 Hz) assigned for data communications. The signal-to-noise ratio is usually 3162. For
this channel the capacity will be? i. message signal frequency 3400Hz ii. If data rate of a system is 1500Bps. How many
system can operate at the same time through the system? // 1 Byte = 8 byte//

Example 3.39 the signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNRdB 536 and the channel bandwidth is 2
MHz. The theoretical channel capacity =?

Sampling

Quantization:
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Resolution=Step size V p-p =4Volt

Quantization error: Resolution /step size =?

Quantization error limit:

Maximum acceptable
Quantization error = Δ /2
What is the resolution of a

8-bit ADC operating at 10 V range

(a) 39.06 mV (b) 2.44 mV

(c) 0.625 V (d) None of the above

PCM
Three Steps:
1. Sampling, 2.Quantisation
3. Encoding

𝐧 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑳
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n = log 2 𝐿
#if quantization error is 2% of its peak value, find the bit rate of the system, fm 2 KHz

11.The signal x(t) = 2 sin ( 500 πt ) + 3 sin ( 1400 πt ) + 2 sin ( 3400 πt ) + 2 sin ( 6900 πt ) has been band
limited within (300-3400 Hz). If this signal is sampled at i. Nyquist rate, ii.4 times of Nyquist rate, iii.11/17%
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Higher than double of Nyquist rate. What will be output data rate if this signal is encoded with a 512 level
uniform quantization?
12. A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz’s this signal is sampled, quantized and
binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
(a) Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquist rate.
(b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the
signal. Minimum Bandwidth…2bps=1Hz ধসর এন্েোর Hz এ সিসত হসব।
13.It is desired to set up a central station for simultaneous monitoring of the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 10
hospital patients. The data from the rooms of the 10 Patients are brought to a processing center over wires and
are sampled, quantized, binary coded, and time-division multiplexed. The multiplexed data are now transmitted
to the monitoring station. The ECG signal bandwidth is 100 Hz. The maximum acceptable error in sample
amplitudes is 0.25% of the peak signal amplitude. The sampling rate must be at least twice the Nyquist rate.
Determine the minimum cable bandwidth needed to transmit these data
14. SNR increase 1, bit rate increase??SNR(dB)=1.76+6.02n SNR 30, find the bit rate? 0176602
15. A PCM system multiplexes 10 band limited voice channel (300-3400 Hz) and uses a 256 level quantizer, considering
the standard sampling rate for telephone system the bandwidth of binary encoded signal is-?

Standard sampling frequency, fs = 8KHz (Memorize please!!!)

https://www.slideshare.net/KMMonir52/solution-manual-data-communications-and-networking-by-behrouz-forouzan-
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