SUPERTECH LTD.

Summer Training Report

Submitted in partial of fulfillment of the reqeuirement for the award of the dgree

Of

Bachelor of Technology

(Civil Engineering)

To

Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Technical University,Lucknow

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Shubhendu Amit AARIF

Lecturer Roll no. 1528200001

Department of Civil Engineering.

JP Institute of Engineering & Technology,Meerut-250001

(2018-2019)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to SUPERTECH LTD. (Meerut Sports

City,Meerut) for having provided me weith an unbelievable practical learning during
summer training. It was indeed a pleasure to be a part of such organization.

First and foremost I would like to thank to Mr.Sanjeev Raghav (Project manager),how
supported through inspiring toward this report. He had provided me a nice industrial
experience,secondly, I am no less grate full to the other employsees and members of the
department for their kind co-operation and spontaneous response.

Last but not the least; I express my gratitude towards my family members, my teachers and
college friends for their kind co-operation and encouragementehich help me in completing
of this training.

AARIF

VII Semester

Civil Engineering Department

JPIET,Meerut

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 CONTENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

 INTRODUCTION 4

 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK 5

 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT 6

 EXCAVATION 8

 LAYING OF PCC 9

 LAYING OF FOUNDATION 12

 SHUTTERINGAND SCAFFOLDING 15

 CONCRETE 20

 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM 27

 PARKING LOT DESIGEN 29

 CEMENT 30

 BRICK WORK 32

 REINFORCMENT 39

 TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT 40

 SUGGESTION AND COMENTS 43

 PROBLEMS FACED AT THIS TIME 44

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 Introduction
It is a SUPERTECH LTD.(Meerut sports city,Meerut) and needless to say that it is going to be
a high security toward township because it is going to be the residence of the high and the
mightly.the SUPERTECH LTD. Offers a blend of the best of classical Indian living
environment,with modern amenities and all the trappings of a modern lifestyle.

It is high income project with inputs from the best in business the result is a new housing
project that is in complete harmony with its surrounding and surrounding areas.
SUPERETECH LTD. Is a luxurious property with all the latest facilities where we offer an
electric mix of the best of all worlds.

The building pattern followed in the project concrete jungles and brings people in close
contact with nature. The housing options are spacious and near to completion that is a close
knit upper strata neighborhood that everyone aspires for.

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 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
1. Site Clearance

2. Demarcating of Site

3. Positioning of Central coordinate i.e.(0,0,0)as per grid plan

4. Surveying and layout

5. Excavation

6.Laying of PCC

7. Bar Binding ans placement of foundation steel

8. Shuttering and scaffolding

9. Concreting

10. Electrical and Pulmbering

11. Deshutterin

12. Brickwork

13. Doors and Window frame along with lintels

14. Wiring For electrical purposes

15. Plastering

16. Flooring and tiling work

17. Painting

18. Final completion and handing over the project

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 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT
CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIONS
 Site Clearence.
 Surveying and layout.
 Excavation.
 Bar Binding ans placement of foundation steel.
 Concreting.
 Wall construction.
 Beam and Columns.
 Finishing and Whitewashing.

SITE CLEARANCE
A no of conditions determine the building that may be erected on a plot of ground.

These condition determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also convenents
that are legally binding regulations. These may be setting hight of building, prohibit utility of
building or ban rooftop network towers etc.

Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factor that play into equation of house location
a lot. Septic tanks also require special consideration and certificate of occupancy is also
required for some loaning and legal processes.

SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of
surface. It is also used in level transferring during of retaining wall.

Genrally at site survey is carried out by following to instruments.

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A-Total ststion

B-Auto level

A-Total ststion A-Total ststion is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern

surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit)
integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point. By this instrument we can mesure Angle, Distance,
Coordinate, and also data processing.

Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments.

1. Field work is carried

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors is involved in reading and recording elieminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate.
5. Computer can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-section
6. contour intervals and scale can be changed in no time.

B-Auto level- it is leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevation of
various point.

Transferring of surface level of retaining wall

1. Set the auto level at the building floor level.

2. Level the instrument.

3. Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4. Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a way so
that readimg of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.

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 Fig: Surveying and Layout

EXCAVATION
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil was
transferrd using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1. There should be proper timbering excavation for basement area.

2. Dewatering should be done before construction work.

During rainy season excavation work should be avoide.

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 Fig:Excavation by JCB

Lavingof PCC
Plain cement (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC in foundation where the
earth is soft and yielding. PCC can be used over brick flat soling or without brick flat soling.

Plan cement concrete can also called only “cement concrete(CC)” or “binding concrete”.

Materials used for producing PCC:

Cement: we generally use Portland cement as bonding material in PCC.

Fine Aggregate: Sand is used as fine aggregate. The FM of sand should be 1.2 to 1.5.

Course Aggregate: We normally use brick chips for produsing PCC. Stone chips can also be
used for this purpose. The size of the course aggregate is 20mm downgrade.

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Watter:Pure drinkable watter should be used in PCC.

Tools used for producing PCC:

We mormally use following tools for producing plain cement concrete-

 Wooden or steel rameer

 Mixture machne(if any)

Thickness of PCC:

The thickness of PCC is normally 50mm over Brick Flat Soling(BFS). If we don’t use BFS below
PCC then the thickness should be 75mm. when the PCC is used in car park area the the
thickness should be 75mm over BFS.

Material proportion for PCC:

The proportion of cement,sand and brick chips by volume in foundation or basement is 1:3:.
But,in car park area,the proportion should be 1:2:4.

Producere of manufacturing PCC:

If you want to use ready-mix concrete then you should skip the step. If you want to produce
PCC by mixture machine then click “How to mix concrete by mixture machine”. If you don’t
have concrete mixture machine and want mix concrete by hand see “How to mic concrete
by hand”.

Placing and Compaction of PCC:

 Make sure brick soling/sand bed level for PCC is ok.

 Make from work for PCC with wooden plank as per specified dimentions

 Clean dust or foreigen or looses earth from concreting area.

 Spread polythene over the bed of PCC.

 Make level pillarse or frash concrete in the area at suitable intervals but not more
than 2m c/c both ways.

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  Place the conceret gently (don’t throught) from one side. Use the mixed concret
within 45 minutes after the water is added.

 Use wooden rammer for compaction and finishing of PCC.

 Make the surface of PCC roughen for joning future work before the concrete become
harden.

Curing of PCC:
After 24 hours of laying PCC, moist the concrete surface by flooding with water or by
covering harden.

Checking and inspection:

 Check the dimention of form work of PCC before mixing concrete.

 Check polythene sheet is laid over PCC bed.

 Check the concrete slump(maximum slump should be 75mm)

 Check the thickness level of PCC by thread fixing wiyh nails in farm work.

 Inspect if the concrete is plaing gentely.

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 Fig: Laying of PCC

Laying of Foundation

Footing are strips or concrete or filled concrete blocks placd under foundation wall. Gravel
or crushed stone footing may also b usd. Th purpose of footing is to transfer the loads
safely in th ground.

Generally in high rise buildings three type of footing are provided

Isolated Footing:-
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square
or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely
used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending
moments and shearing forces at their critical section.

Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when column are not closely
spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars

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Placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of propery line
restrictions,footings may be designed for eccentric loading coambined footing is used as an
alternative to isolated footing.

Combined footing-
Wgenever a column is to be provide near the edge of property and it may not be
permisseable to extend the footing beyond a cartain limit. In such a sace, the load on the
footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in an uneven distribution of load to
supporting soil. Hence, an alternative desigen would be to provide a commn footing tp the
edge column and to an interiour column close it. Combined footing to under two or more
column are used unde closely spaced, heavily loaded interior column where individual
footing, if they were provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each
other. This footing is called “combined footing”.

A view of Isolated and combined footing at construction site.

Fig: Raft footing

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This is a footing that covers the eniter area under the structure. This is footing in used when
very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the ubderlying soil having very low and
differential bearing capecities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settelement. There
are several types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slaband the
slab-beam types.

Raft footings are provided in following case-

 When the groud water table is high,rafts are often placed over piles to control
buoyancy.

 When isolated footing for colum,n overlap on each other

.
 When total area of footing slab is more then 50% of total area.

 Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it serves
as footing as well as floor.

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 SHUTTERING & SCAFFOLDING
In contrast to scaffolding.formwork can be permanent mouldings or casing,used to support
wet contract until it is hard enough to support its own weight. In a nutshell, formwork is
required for concrete structers such as a columns, walls and concrete slab, where as
scaffolding is used for access around a building.

SCAFFOLDING:
Scaffolding is a temporary farmwork having plateforms at different level of a structure
which enables the labor for working at hight. They are usually used for activites such as
plastering,painting,brickwork at hight etc.

SHUTERING/FORMWORK:

Formwork is a temparory structure used as mold which fresh concrete are poured to caste
the member of the structure at the site. It is also known as flashwork or shuttering. In the
context of concrete construction, the flashwork support the shuttering molds for example
column sides,beam sides,slab side,wall side etc.

So, by their definitions,scaffolding are foe supporting labor and materials and act as eorking
plateform.formwork (Shuttering) act are molds for pouring concrete.

CENTERING:

Part of the formwork which support the horizontal surface is called centering for example
slab bottom,beam bottom etc.

1.Form work:

All arrangement done to support the green concrete till it attains the strength is known as
form work or temporary work.

Formwork determine the geomatery,shape,size and finish of the form work.

2.Centering:

Part of the form work which support the horizontal surface is clled cenetering for example
slab bottom,beam bottom etc.

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4.Shuttering:
Part of the form work which support the vertical surface is called shuttering for examample
column sides,beam sides slab sides,wall sided etc.

4.Staging:
That projection which support centerin & shutterimg is called.

CONCRETING

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concereting and scaffolding concereting should be done.

 Concerete mixture.

 Mounted concerete pump.

 Concerete vibrators(e.g. Needle vibrator )

During concereting work following instructions should be followed-

 There should be proper compaction poured concerete.

 There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

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 WALL CONSTRUCTION
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half brick
walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because ut was a high rise
building. All the walls wew constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and
provide horizontal stability as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and provide
horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.

BEAM AND COLUMNS

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments.

In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity. In
sqare or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must be used and
spacing should not be more than as per code.

IS 456:2000

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SLAB
Slab are following types-

 One way slab-

In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio
should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided
only in shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

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 Two way slab
In two way slab load transfer ocours in both the difrections. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shrter and longer
dirctions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also providd.

 Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab is as following.

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 CONCRETE
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement. Fine aggregates(sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardneswith time. Portland cement is the mostly used
types of cement for production of concrete.

There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction.

Concrete strength
Many factors influence the rate at which the strength of concrete increases after
mixing.some of these are discussed below. First,through a couple of definition will be useful:
The processs of’setting’and ‘hardening’ are often confused:

Setting is the stiffening of the concrete after it has been placed. A concrete can be ‘set’ in
that it is no longer fluid,but it may still be very week; you may not be able to walk on it, for
example. Setting is due to early-stage calcium silicate hydrate formation and to ettringite
formation. The terms ‘initial set’ are arbitrary definition of early and later set’ there are
laboratory procedure for determining these using weighted needls pntrating into cement
paste.

Hardening is the process of strength growth and may continue for weeks or months after
the concrete has been mixed and placed. Hardening is due largely to the formation of
calcium silicate hydrate as the cement continues to hydrate.

The rate at which concrete sets is independent of the rate at which it hardnes. Rapid-
hardening cement may have similar stting time to ordinary Portland cement.

Measurement of concrete strength

Traditionally, this is don by prepairing concrete cubes or prisms, than curing thm for
specified times. Common curing times are 2, 7, 28 and 90 days. The curing temperatue is
typically 20 degrees centigrade. After reaching the required age for testing, the
cubes/prisma are crushed in a large press. The SI unit for concrete strength measurement is
the mega pascal, although ‘Newtons per square mm’ is still widely used as the numbers are
more convenient.

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‘Fifty Newton concrete’ means concrete which has achieved 50 Newtons per square
millimeter. or 50 Mega Pascals.

Which measurement based on concrete cubes ar widely used in construction industry, the
European standard for cement manufacture EN 197, spacifies a test procedure based on
mortar prisms, not concrete cubes, For example, a cement described as conforming to EN
197-1 CM 1 42.5 N would be expected a achieve at least 42.5 MPa at 28 days using the
spacified mortar prism test. Whether ‘real concrete’ made from that cement will achieve
42.5 MPa in concrete cube tests depends on a range of other factors in addition to any
properties of the cement.

Factors affecting concrete strength

There many relevant factors; some of the more important follow:

Concrete porosity: voids in concrete can be filled with air or with water. Air voids are an
abvoious and easily-visible example of pores in concrete. Broadly speaking, the more prous
the ratio of water to cement in the mix, known as the ‘water to cement’ ratio. This
parameter is so important it will be discussed Separately below.

Water/cement ratio: This is definrd as the mass of water devided by the mass of cement in
a mix. For example, a concrete mix concreteing 400 kg cement and 240 litres (=240 kg ) of
water will have a water/cement ratio of 240/400=0.6 . The water/cement ratio may be
abbreviated to ‘w/c ratio’ or just ‘w/c’ . In mixes where the w/c is grater then approximate
0.4, all the cement can, In theory , react with water to form cement hydration products. At
higher w/c ratio it follow that are space occupied by the additional water above w/c will
remain as pore space filld with water, or with air if the concrete dries out.

Consequently, as the w/c raio increases, the porosity of the cement paste in the concrete
also increases, the compressive strength of the concrete will be decrease.

Soundness of aggregate: it will be obvious that if the aggregate in concrete is week, the
concrete will also be week, inherently week rocks, such as chalk, are clearly unsuitable for
use as aggregates.

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Aggregate-paste bond: the integratiy of the bond between the paste and the aggregate in
critical if there is no bond, the aggregate effectively represents a void; as discussed above,
voids ar a source of weekness in concrete.

Cement-related perameter : many parameters relating to the composition of individual

cement minerals and their proportions in the cement can affect the rate of strength growth
and the final strength achieved. These include:

 Alite content

 Alite and belite reacity

 Cement sulfate content

Since alite the most reactive cement mineral that contributes significantly to concrete
strength. More alite should give better early strength (‘early’ in this context means up to
above days.). However,this statement needs to be heavily qualified as much depends on
burning condition in the kiln. It is possible that lither burning of a particular clincker could
result in higher early strength due the formatin of more reactive alite, even if there is a lite
less of it. Not all alite is crated equal!

For a particular cement, there will be what is called an ‘optimum sulfate concrete’ or
‘optimum gypsum content’ sulfate in cement, both the clinker sulfate and added gypsum,
retards the hydration of the aluminate phase. If there is insufficient sulfate, a flash set may
ocour; conversely,too much sulfate can cause-setting.

A balance is therefore required between the ability of the main clinker minerals. Particlarly
the aluminate phase, to react with sulfate in the early stages after mixing and the ability of
the cement to supply the sulfate. The optimum sulfate content will be affected by many
factors, including aluminate content, aluminate crystal size and wather admixture are used.

If this were not already complicated enough, the amount of sulfate necessary to optimize
one property,strength for example, may not be the same as that requird to optimize other
properties such as drying shrinkage. Concrete and mortar may also have different optimum
sulfate contents.

This fascinating area is discussed further under ‘cement related concrete varibility’

in addition to the vompositional parameters considerd above, physical parameter are also
important, particularly cement surface area and particle size distribution.

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The fineness to which the cement is ground will evidently affect the rate at which the
cement hydrates; griding the cement more finely will result in a faster raction. Fineness is
often expressed in terms of total particle surface area, eg: 400 square meter p[ar kilogram,
however, of as much if not more, importance is the particle size distribution of the cement;
relying simple on surface area measuremant can be misleading. Some minerals, gypsum for
cement may contain very finely-ground gypsum but also relativate coarse clinker particuls
resulting in slower hydration.

Check Out the Understanding Cement Resoures!

We have some great training and refrence resources. Some are paid-for.

The paid-for resourses are unique to understanding Cement and proceeds from these sales
contribute to costs of operating and developing this website-see our bookstore here.

The free resourse are available on the Cembytes Resourees Page. Currently, they include:

Ebook: “low Concrete Strength? Ten potential Cement-Related Causes”: this illustrated
ebook is a check list of some of the main cause of cement-related low strength in concrete
or mortar.

Cement glossary: glossary of over 100 cement-related definitions and chemical formulae.

Screensaver/desktop image: six microscope image of clinker and concrete that you can use
as desktop/table or screensaver images, or anything else you want.

Get a batter understanding of Cement

Article like this one can provide a lot of usful material. However, reading an article two is not
really the best way to get a clear picture of a complex material like cement. To get a more
comlete and integrated understanding of cement and concrete, do have a look at the
understanding cement book or ebook.

This easy-to-read and conscise book contains much more detail on concrete chemistry and
deleterious processs in concrete compared with the website.

For example, it has about two-and-a-half times as uch on ASR, one-and-a half tims as much
on sulfate attack and nearly three times as much on carbonation. It has section on alkali-
carbonate reaction, frost(freeze-thaw) damage, steel corrosion, laching and efflorescence
on masonary. It also has about four-and-a-half times as much on cement hydration.

23
Concrete Test:

Conrete test of two types

1. Tests on fresh concrete slump test

2. Test on hardend concrete compression test

Slump test

 This is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. The slump test
is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. The measured slump must be
within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump. The slump cone has internal
dimention 20cm. diameter at based 10cm top dia. And 30cm height.

 Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. eayer mixes will be

more workability than drier mixer, but concrete of the same consistency may very is
workability. It can also be defined as the relative plastically of freshly mixed concrete
as indicative of its workability.

Type of concrete slump

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Compressive strength test of Concrete:
For cube test two types of specimens either cube of 15cmX15cmX15cm or
10cmX10cmX10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works
cubical moulds of size 15cmX15cmX15cm are comanly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not two have any voids.
After 24 hours there moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water curing. The
top surface of these specimen should be made even and smoth. This is done by putting
cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimen are tasted by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Loud should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

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Percentage strength of concrete at various ages
Concrete gains strength with time after casting. In take much time for concrete to gain 100%
strength and the time for some is still unknown. The rate of gain of concrete compressive
strength in higher during the first 28 days of casting and then it slow down.

The table below show the compressive strength gained concrete after 1,3,7,14 and 28 days
with respect to the grade of concrete we use.

Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%

3 day 40%

7 day 65%

14 day 90%

28 day 99%

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 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM
Automatic fire sprinkler system

Almost all newly built commercial or industrial buildings require automatic fire sprinkler
system for life safety, the protection of the property, the safety of the firefighters, and to
mininiz businss interruption. These system are designed and installed as prescribed in the
National fire Protection Association(NFPA) Standard for the installation of sprinkler system
or NFPA 13. In the simplest from, these system include a series of conacted pipes and
fittings, with valves, alarm initiating devices, and automatic sprinkler that are supplied by a
reliable water supply.

Priniciple of Operation:
Each closed head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass blub or a two-part
matel link held together with fusible allow. The glass blub or link applies pressure to a pip
cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature
around the sprinkler reaches the desigen activation temperature of the individual sprinkler
head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates indepandtely when
the predetermind heat level is reached. Thus, only sprinkler near the fire will operate,
normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin,and
minimizes water damaged to the building.[16]

A sprinkler activation will do less water damage then a fire department hose stream, which
provide aproximatly 900 litres/min (250US gallons/min). a typical sprinkler used for
industrial manufactureing occupancies discharge about 75-150L litres/min (20-40 US
gallons/min).

27
However, a typical Early Suppression Fast Response(ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50psi
(340 kPa) will discharge approximately 380litres per minute (100 US gal/min). in addition, a
sprinkler will usually activate within one two four minutes of the fire’s start, wherw as it
typically takes at least five min for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to the
fire site, and an additional ten min to setup equipment and apply streams to the fire. This
additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring much more water extinguish.

28
 PARKING LOT DESIGN
The parking lot desigen objevtive to maximize the total number of parking
space available.

Underground Parking Advantages:

As availabl land becomes scarcer, underground parking becomes more and more appealing,
especially in urban location. Underground parking solution have many advantags over above
ground parking:

 It make much more land availablr non-parking uses.

 It offers easier access control to help reduce crime.
 Due to the parking structure, parked cars are unseen.
 No obstruction of views or sunlight.
 Improved liquid and solid waste pollution control etc.

Modes of parking:-

Parallel parking: Parllel parking is a method of parking a vehicle in line with other parked
cars.

This is not used in basement due to lot of space requirement.

Perpendicular parking and angle parking: This types of parking mostly used in hotel
and multistory underground parking. Because driver can easily park the vehicle taking less
space in comparison of parallel parking.

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 MATERIALS
MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE
At the construction site following materials were being used

Cement:
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first
sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardnes due to chemical reaction, called
hydration,between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the
aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-
tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of
cement are as-

 33 Grades

 43 Grades

 53 Grades

 At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.

 The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

 The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

Aggregate-

Aggregate are small pieces of broken stone in irregular size and shapes.

Neat cement is very rarely usedin construction works since it is liable to shrink to much and
become cracks on setting, moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement.

In construction work. Therefor cement is mixed with some inert strong & durabl hard
materials.

They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as
cement.

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Types of aggregates:

 Fine Aggregate.

 Coarse Aggragate.

 Fine Aggregate(sand)-

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(0.75 mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Function of fine aggregate-

The function of using the fine aggregate in a construction mix is to fill up the voids existing in
the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantinity of
cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix.

 Coarse aggregate-

The aggretgate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse aggregates.

 At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20 mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix desigen).

Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.

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 BRICKWORK
Brickwork is masonary produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of
bricks called courses are laid on top of another to build up a structure such as a brick wall.

Brick is a popular medium construting buildings, and example ore brickwork or found
through history as fer as back theBronze Age. The fired-brick face of the ziggurat of ancient
Dur-Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1400 BC. And the brick building of ancient
Mahenjo_daro in Pakistan werw built around 2600 BC. Much older example of brick work
made will dried (but not fired) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in
Judea Catal Huyunk in Anatolia, and Mehrghar in Pakistan. These structures have survived
from the stone Age to the persent day.

Strength of brick masonary

The permissible compressive stress in brick masonary depends upon following factors:

1. Type and strength of brick.

2. Mix of mortar.

Size and shape of masonary construction.

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The strength of single brick masonary unit varies widely, depending on its ingredients and
manufacturing method. Brick can have ultimate compressive strength as low as 1,600 psi.
on the order hand, some well-burned brick has compressive strength exceeding 15,000 psi.

Mortar Joints And Pointing.

There is no set rule governing thickness of a brick masonary joint, shaped brick may require
mortar joints upto ½ inch think to compensate for the irregularities. However, mortar joints
¼ inch thick are the strongest. Use the thickness when the brick are regular enough in shape
to permit it.

A slushed is made simply by depositing the mortar on top of the head joints and allowing it
to run down between the brick from the joint. You cannot make solid joints this way. Even if
you fill the space between the brick completely, there is no way you can compact the
mortar against the brick faces: consequent a poor bond result. The only effective way to
build a good joints is to trwel it.

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REINFORCEMENT

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The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion and compression.

 Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as tension member because concrete is strong compression and

week in tension so reinforcement resist the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the
site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mchanically Treated)
bars of diameter 8mm, 10mm, 16mm, & 32mm as per requirement of desigen.

At construction site 8mm, 10mm, & 32mm(T.M.T.) reinforcement bars were being used.

The bars were grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for oyher diameter bars.

The bars were of brand TATA TISCON.

 The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficient of thermal expansion
of steel bars and concrete of a approximately equal value.

Fly ash-
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also was being used which is produced by burning
of coal in thermal power plants.

The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-

 It is fre of cost.

 It’s consumption reduces environment pollution.

 It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

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Admixtures-

Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water
content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete.

At the site HYPERPLAST PC-711(MADE BY DON CHEMICALS) admixture was being used
to increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in concrete mix.

Types of admixtures-

 Acceleration.

 Retardes.

 Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers.

 Air entraining agents.

 Bonding admixture .

 Bonding admixture.

Other materials-

 Stone dust

 Plywood

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EQUIPMENTS USED

Concrete pump

Rotary mixer for transporting R.M.C.

Crane

Boom pump (used in construction of retaining wall where transportation of R.M.C. was very
difficult because of excavation work)

Ready mix Concrete plant

IMAGES OF EQUIPMENTS USED-

Fig :Concrete-Pump

Fig: Rotary Mixer for Transporting R.M.C.

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Fig: Tower-Crane

Fig: Tower Crane

Fig: Ready Mix Concrete Plant

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 REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement concrete is one of the most widely used modern building

materials.Concrete is an “artificial stone” obtained mixing cement, sand, and aggregates
with water. Frash concrete can be moulded into almost any shape. Giving it an inherent
advantages over other materials. Steel reinforcement is avalibale in the form of plain
steel bars, deformed steel bars, cold-drawn wire, welded wire fabric, and deformed
welded wire fabric. In Sri Lanka Reinforcing steel must conform to applicable
British/European stanf specifications.

The reinforcement in concrete may be simple bar of series of bars, band to a given
schedule which known as bar schedule and tied according to the reinforcement drawing
with stirrups. The normal diameters of bars used at this site are 6,10,12,13,16,25 and 32
millimeters.

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 TERMS USED IN REINFORCMENT

Bar beanding process

Steel bars should cut and bend to the required shape at the bar bending plant located in
site. Imitantly the required bar schedule prepared according to the reinforcement drawing
by the structruel Engineers is been provided. The bar-benders then they were provided bars
with naccessary size and will be bent according to the required shape and length. Then they
will be placed as in the drawings.

Bar Notation in the Drawing in reinforcement

There is a standard way of bar notation that should be followed according to the drawing.
This notation indicate the bar diameter, types, spacing, correct location, and the number of
bars that should be included in a Structural element. It should be very clerly shown in the
drawing to avoid mistakes and confusion. An example for the correct order of bar notation
in a drawing is a follows.

Number of Bars

Type of Bar

Size Diameter of the bar

Bar mark bar number

Bar Spacing

Bar location (lower Bottom)

BAR NOTATION

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 Bars position in drawing

When it comes to a slab the order of notation of the top and bottom nets should be in mind.

Laping length of reinforcement steel bars

Normally, steel bars have a 6m length. If length of a bar is not enough to keep the
reinforcdment, we have to lap two to steel bars. Normally, lapping position is at where near
the minimum shear force is acting. Normally lap length is 50D meaning 50 times the bar
diameters if both bars are of same diameter. When laping two bars of different diameters,
the lap length is consider as 50 times the small diameter.

Steel bar lapping in construction

50D

Steel lapping formula Lap Length = 50 X Diameter

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What is crank length of reinforcement

Crank is a slight bending in bars at the lap so that maintains the clear cover even at the lap
position. The rule that is generally practiced is that the slope of crank 1:10 & minimum
length of crank 300mm.

Crank length of reinforcement

Formula of crank length = (d1+d2+5)*10mm

D1= diameter of small bar

D2= diameter of largest bar

Stool used in construction

Stool used in construction to maintain a cover between top and bottom reinforcement bars.
It is used in arrangement of reinforcement bars of slabs. As we are walking on the top
reinforcement mesh stool should strength enough to bear the load without changing the
gap of two layers. There are different types of stool shapes available in the constitutions
and also different hight it depend on the structure stool used in reinforcement.

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 SUGGESTION & COMMENTS

The residential building is a part of human development, at the price of land increases with
the growing population there is an extreme dmand of high rise buildings and new residential
locality. Thus the land craft developers are doing the same in in efficient way to develop the
new infrastructure along with the Nation, by selecting best sites for the establishment of
new township and pleasure for the inhabitants.

The main post considerd in the planning and building is the assument of inhabitants but in
doing so the workmanship and quality a bit lower but than can be handled handled if more
experienced staff and supervisors are involved in the construction.

Further I would like to say that the other methods of construction and desigen could be
efficient if more advanced software and methodology was employed instand of traditional
methods tat were inefficient and more time taking.

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 PROBLEMS FACED AT THE SITE
1. Lack of skilled workers

There is a big problem facing the construction industry: not inough skilled worker to fill a
growing demand. The yonger generation is being pushed toward college, and not vocational
trades. The benefits of a career in construction are not being should to millennails, and
much of today’s existing workforce is closeing in on retirement.

While industry experts try to tackle this problem a national level, there are things you can
do as a contaractor or small business owner to help.

 Be a mentor: During summer months, high school student and resent college grade are
looking for work. Be willing to introduce your industry to someone who may not
considerd construction as a career. Mentorship also work for existing skilled labor; if one
of your best worker has showed an interest the business side of construction, you can
mentor an already skilled worker on the ins and outs of construction project
management of construction businessownership.
 Use for Staffing Agency: construction staffing agency can hav skilled workers ready to
work for you when you need them. The agencies take care of pre-screening applicants,
which saves you time and gets you qualified workers quickly.

2. Lcak of Communication

When things go wrong on a project, it is almost always due a communication breakdown

along the way. Technology is the answer to your communication problems. Two-thirds of
Americans own smartphones, text message, and construction technology apps on a project
can get information instantaneously to all people on the project in real time and reduce the
slowdowns and speed bums of a communication breakdown.

3. Unreliable Subcontractors

Many contractors have problems finding reliable subs for their jobs. If you are in a pinch and
need to find a sub, check with the materials suppliers and vendors that you work with
regularly. They will have the inside scoop, and may have a grate recommendation for a sub.
You can also ask other subcontractors that you have worked with for a recommendation,
too. Always check a sub’s licenses, make sure they carry genral liability insurance, and list
you company as additional insured on their insurance before you hire them.

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4. Scheduling

Scheduling can be tricky for even the most seasoned construction professional. Once again,
construction technology is providing a solution for this common problem. Project
management apps that you can accses from a desktop or smartphone or tablet allow you to
visually map out a project timeline. Many apps allow for a “sticky-note” style virtul board
that allow you to easily see what needs to be completed, and gives real-time project status
updates.

5. High Insurance Costs

Contractor insurance is part of the cost of doing business, but that doesn’t man you have to
overpay for it. You can gets lower rates on your contractor incurance by combing covrage,
not letting your coverage lapse, and reviewing your policies each year for changes that may
save you money.

6. Changing Minds of Homeownrs

Homeownrs who want changes in the middle of a project may “forget” about the requests
they’ve made when it comes time to pay the bill. In order to project yourself, your
requtation, and you bottom line; be sure that you get a signed change order every single
time.

7. Available Cash

You have payments due to subs, employees, vendors, material suppliers, and equipment
renters… but you don’t get paid until the project is complete. Have an open business line of
credit to see you ythrough the though sposts between bills due and project’s end, and you
won’t have to see your credit (or reputation) suffer.

8. Document Managgement

Contacts change orders, materials orders, receipts, invoices, employment applications,

certificate of isnsurance… you probably have enough paper to fill an entire trailer of filing
cabinets. It’s time to go paperless. A digital solution can help you stay on track of
documents, organized on your projects, and on-time with your payments. At the very least,
scan all document into your computer and digitally file/organize them. Be sure to backup
your compter to a cloud series or hard drive regularly in case you have a hardware issu.

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9. The Blame Game

Nothing ever goes smothely in construction 100% of the time when there is a bump in the
road, fingers start pointing. The ganreal contractor blams the sub, the homeowner blames
the general contractors, the project manager blames the owener. When a wrost-case
scenario actually occurs, skip the the blame game and finger pointing and get back on track
with a builders risk policy. This type of specelized propertiy insurance cover the project, and
all of the principal working on it. Extreme weather, natural disasters, even theft and
vandalism can all be situtainos where a course of construction policy can get yu back to
work without finger pointing and burnt bridges.

Did the owner change their mind on materials after they where installed? Carrying a liability
policy with faulty workmanship covrage can project you form coming out of pocket for
those new materials. The right covrage eliments the Blame Game, keeping you clients happy
and you bottom-line coverd.

10. Ever-changing Regulations

Federal, state, country, and even city, regulations are constently being changed and
updated. How are you supposed to stay on top of everything? Follow blogs and industry
publication to get the latest update on changing ragulations that affect your business. Sign
up for newslatters, and have new blog posts automatically emailed to you. Privent inbox
clutter by having these industry-specific emails sent to a specific folder in your inbox. Then,
set aside 10-15 minutes each day when you can catch-up on everything you need to know to
stay compliant.

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