THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Preamble:

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a
just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure
to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the
rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain
and promulgate this Constitution.

Article 1:
National Territory

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters
of the Philippines.

Article 2:
Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Principles
SEC. 1.
The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people
and all government authority emanates from them.

SEC. 2.
The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the
policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

SEC. 3.
Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the
Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the
sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.

SEC. 4.
The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government
may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens
may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil
service.

SEC. 5.
The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the
promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the
blessings of democracy.

SEC. 6.
The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.

State Policies
SEC. 7.
The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
interest, and the right to self-determination.

SEC. 8.
The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of
freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.

SEC. 9.
The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity
and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that
provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living,
and an improved quality of life for all.

SEC. 10.
The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.

SEC. 11.
The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human
rights.

SEC. 12.
The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family
as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and
the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents
in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character
shall receive the support of the Government.

SEC. 13.
The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and
protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall
inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in
public and civic affairs.

SEC. 14.
The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.

SEC. 15.
The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.

SEC. 16.
The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

SEC. 17.
The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports
to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human
liberation and development.

SEC. 18.
The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of
workers and promote their welfare.

SEC. 19.
The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos.

SEC. 20.
The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private
enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.

SEC. 21.
The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.

SEC. 22.
The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within
the framework of national unity and development.

SEC. 23.
The State shall encourage non-governmental, community- based, or sectoral
organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.

SEC. 24.
The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.

SEC. 25.
The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.

SEC. 26.
The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit
political dynasties as may be defined by law.

SEC. 27.
The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and
effective measures against graft and corruption.

SEC. 28.
Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a
policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.

Article 3:
Bill of Rights

Principles
SEC. 1.
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

SEC. 2.
The right of the pepole to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable
cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

SEC. 3.
(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed
by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

SEC. 4.
No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of
grievances.

SEC. 5.
No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

SEC. 6.
The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall
not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may
be provided by law.

SEC. 7.
The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided
by law.

SEC. 8.
The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.

SEC. 9.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

SEC. 10.
No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

SEC. 11.
Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not
be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

SEC. 12.
(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right
to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel,
he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the
presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the
free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall
be inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and
their families.

SEC. 13.
All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when
evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or
be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be
impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive
bail shall not be required.

SEC. 14.
(1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary
is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public
trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after
arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that
he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

SEC. 15.
he privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.

SEC. 16.
All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial,
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

SEC. 17.
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

SEC. 18.
(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any from shall exist except as punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall be duly convicted.

SEC. 19.
(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.

SEC. 20.
No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

SEC. 21.
No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is
punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the same act.
SEC. 22.
No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
Article 4:
Citizenship

SEC. 1.
The following are citizens of the Philippines :
(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

SEC. 2.
Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who
elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be
deemed natural-born citizens.

SEC. 3.
Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.

SEC. 4.
Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their
act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.

SEC. 5.
Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by
law.

Article 5:
Suffrage

SEC. 1.
Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by
law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines
for at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive
requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.

SEC. 2.
The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as
well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote
without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under
existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect
the secrecy of the ballot.

Article 6:
Legislative Department

SEC 1.
The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall
consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the
people by the provision on initiative and referendum.

SEC. 2.
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by
the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.

SEC. 3.
No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and, on
the day of the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a
registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately
preceding the day of the election.

SEC. 4.
The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless
otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their
election. No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption
in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.

SEC. 5.
(1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and
fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative
districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in
accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform
and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a
party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number
of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after
the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor,
peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other
sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous, compact, and
adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or
each province, shall have at least one representative.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a
reappointment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section.

SEC. 6.
No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born
citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of
age, able to read and write, and, except the party-list representatives, a registered voter in
the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than
one year immediately preceding the day of the election.

SEC. 7.
The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years
which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June
next following their election.
No member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three consecutive
terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered
as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was
elected.

SEC. 8.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of the Senators and the Members
of the House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.

SEC. 9.
In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives, a special election
may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired
term.

SEC. 10.
The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be
determined by law. No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the
expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives approving such increase.

SEC. 11.
A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses punishable by
not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in
session. No member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any
speech or debate in the Congress or in any committee thereof.

SEC. 12.
All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall, upon assumption of
office, make a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. They shall notify
the House concerned of a potential conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of a
proposed legislation of which they are authors.
SEC. 13.
No Senator or a Member of the House of Representatives may hold any other office or
employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries, during his
term without forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he be appointed to any office which may
have been created or the emoluments thereof increased during the term for which he was
elected.

SEC. 14.
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may personally appear as counsel
before any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other
administrative bodies. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in
any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or
any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or
controlled corporation, or its subsidiary, during his term of office. He shall not intervene
in any matter before any office of the Government for his pecuniary benefit or where he
may be called upon to act on account of his office.

SEC. 15.
The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular
session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for
such number of days as it may determine until thirty days before the opening of its next
regular session, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. The President may
call a special session at any time.

SEC. 16.
(1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker, by a
majority vote of all its respective Members.
Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members
in such manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide.
(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend
or expel a Member. A penalty for suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed sixty days.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the
same, excepting such parts as may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the yeas
and nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the members present, be
entered in the Journal.
Each House shall also keep a Record of its proceedings.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two
Houses shall be sitting.
SEC. 17.
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal which
shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of
their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members,
three of whom shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief
Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of
Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional
representation from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered under
the party-list system represented therein. The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall
be it Chairman.

SEC. 18.
There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate,
as ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators, and twelve Members of the House of
Representatives, elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation from
the political parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented
therein. The Chairman of the Commission shall not vote, except in case of a tie. The
Commission shall act on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of the
Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule by a majority vote of all the
Members.

SEC. 19.
The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments shall be constituted within
thirty days after the Senate and the House of Representatives shall have been organized
with the election of the President and the Speaker. The Commission on Appointments
shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at the call of its Chairman or a majority
of all its Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein conferred upon
it.

SEC. 20.
The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be preserved and be open to the
public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on
Audit which shall publish annually an itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses
incurred for each Member.

SEC. 21.
The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may
conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of
procedure. The rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be
respected.

SEC. 22.
The heads of departments may upon their own initiative, with the consent of the
President, or upon the request of either House, as the rules of each House shall provide,
appear before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to their departments.
Written questions shall be submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the
House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance.
Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related
thereto. When the security of the State or the public interest so requires and the President
so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted in executive session.

SEC. 23.
(1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled,
voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the
President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to
exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless
sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next
adjournment thereof.

SEC. 24.
All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of public debt, bills of
local application, and private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of
Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments.

SEC. 25.
(1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for
the operation of the Government as specified in the budget. The form, content, and
manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.
(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general appropriations bill unless
it relates specifically to some particular appropriation therein. Any such provision or
enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.
(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress shall strictly follow the
procedure for approving appropriations for other departments or agencies.
(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and
shall be supported by funds actually available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to
be raised by a corresponding revenue proposed therein.
(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the
President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Commissions may, by law, be
authorized to augment any item in the general appropriations law for their respective
offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
(6) Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall be disbursed only for
public purposes to be supported by appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as
may be prescribed by law.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the general
appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the
preceding fiscal year shall be deemed reenacted and shall remain in force and effect until
the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.

SEC. 26.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be
expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings
on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its
members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the
necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the
last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall
be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.

SEC. 27.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the
President. If he approves the same, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return
the same with his objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the
objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such
reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill,
it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise
be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall
become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or
nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal.
The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated
within thirty days after the day of receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he
had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an
appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to
which he does not object.

SEC. 28.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a
progressive system of taxation.
(2)The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and
subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and
export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts within the
framework of the national development program of the Government.
(3)Charitable institutions, churches and parsonages or covenants appurtenant thereto,
mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually,
directly, and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be
exempt from taxation.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a
majority of all the Members of the Congress.

SEC. 29.
(1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation
made by law.
(2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed,
directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher, minister, or other
religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, minister, or
dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government
orphanage or leprosarium.
(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a
special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund
was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to
the general funds of the Government.

SEC. 30.
No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as
provided in this Constitution without its advice and concurrence.

SEC. 31.
No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.

SEC. 32.
The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of initiative and
referendum, and the exceptions therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose and
enact laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed by the Congress or
local legislative body after the registration of a petition therefor signed by at least ten per
centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must
be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.

Article 7:
Executive Department

SEC 1.
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.

SEC. 2.
No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines,
a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the
election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding
such election.

SEC. 3.
There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office
and be elected with and in the same manner as the President. He may be removed from
office in the same manner as the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment
requires no confirmation.

SEC. 4.
The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a
term of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June following the day
of the election and shall end at noon of the same date six years thereafter. The President
shall not be eligible for any reelection. No person who has succeeded as President and
has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same
office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption
in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he was elected.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President
shall be held on the second Monday of May.
The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board
of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to
the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the President of
the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election, open all
certificates in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public
session, and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due execution
thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass the votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case
two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith
be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of the Congress, voting
separately.
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the
election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice- President, and may
promulgate its rules for the purpose.

SEC. 5.
Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or the
Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation :
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties
as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and
defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself
to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of affirmation, last sentence will
be omitted.)

SEC. 6.
The President shall have an official residence. The salaries of the President and Vice-
President shall be determined by law and shall not be decreased during their tenure. No
increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the term of the
incumbent during which such increase was approved. They shall not receive during their
tenure any other emolument from the Government or any other source.

SEC. 7.
The President-elect and the Vice-President-elect shall assume office at the beginning of
their terms.
If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect shall act as President until
the President-elect shall have qualified.
If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice-President-elect shall act as President
until a President shall have been chosen and qualified.
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or have
become permanently disabled, the Vice-President-elect shall become President.
Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or
where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate
or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as
President until a President or a Vice-President shall have been chosen and qualified.
The Congress shall provide for the manner in which one who is to act as President shall
be selected until a President or a Vice-President shall have qualified, in case of death,
permanent disability, or inability of the officials mentioned in the next preceding
paragraph.

SEC. 8.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the
President, the Vice-President shall become the President to serve the unexpired term. In
case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the
President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as President until the President or
Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of death,
permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the
President or the Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to
the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting President.

SEC. 9.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President during the term for
which he was elected, the President shall nominate a Vice-President from among the
Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives who shall assume office upon
confirmation of a majority vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress,
voting separately.

SEC. 10.
The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day after the vacancy in the
offices of the President and Vice-President occurs, convene in accordance with its rules
without need of a call and within seven days enact a law calling for a special election to
elect a President and a Vice-President to b held not earlier than forty-five days nor later
than sixty days from the time of such call. The bill calling such special election shall be
deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article VI of this Constitution and shall
become law upon its approval on third reading by the Congress. Appropriations for the
special elections shall be charged against any current appropriations and shall be exempt
from the requirements of paragraph 4, Section 25, Article VI of this Constitution. The
convening of the Congress cannot be suspended nor the special election postponed. No
special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the
date of the next presidential election.

SEC. 11.
Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers
and duties of his office and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting
President.
Whenever a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit to the President of the
Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that
the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting
President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker
of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall
reassume the powers and duties of his office. Meanwhile, should a majority of all the
Members of the Cabinet transmit within five days to the President of the Senate and to
the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Congress shall decide the
issue. For that purpose, the Congress shall convene, if it is not in session, within forty-
eight hours, in accordance with its rules and without need of call.
If the Congress, within ten days after receipt of the last written declaration, or, if not in
session, within twelve days after it is required to assemble, determines by a two-thirds
vote of both Houses, voting separately, that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall act as the President; otherwise,
the President shall continue exercising the powers and duties of his office.

SEC. 12.
In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state of his
health. The Members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations
and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, shall not be denied access
to the President during such illness.

SEC. 13.
The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies or
assistants shall not, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office
or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said tenure, directly or
indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any business, or be financially
interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the
Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly
avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of the
President shall not during his tenure be appointed as members of the Constitutional
Commissions, or the Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries,
chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-owned or controlled
corporations and their subsidiaries.

SEC. 14.
Appointments extended by an Acting President shall remain effective, unless revoked by
the elected President within ninety days from his assumption or reassumption of office.

SEC. 15.
Two months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his
term, a President or Acting President shall not make appointments, except temporary
appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice
public service or endanger public safety.

SEC. 16.
The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments,
appoint the heads of the executive department, ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and
other officers whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall also
appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise
provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The
Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the
President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or
boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the
Congress, whether voluntary or involuntary, but such appointments shall be effective
only until after disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next
adjournment of the Congress.

SEC. 17.
The President shall control of all the executive departments, bureaus and offices. He shall
ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.

SEC. 18.
The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and
whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress
lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public
safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.
Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in
writing to the Congress. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of
all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or
suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative
of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or
suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion
shall persist and public safety requires it.
The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such
proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without any need of a
call.
The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the
sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the
privilege of the writ or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision thereon
within thirty days from its filing.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the
functioning of the civil courts or the legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment
of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to
function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.
The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons judicially charged
for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with the invasion.
During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained
shall be judicially charged within three days, otherwise he shall be released.

SEC. 19.
Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the
President may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and
forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of the Congress.

SEC. 20.
The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the
Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days
from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete
report of its decisions on applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the
Government or government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the
effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided by
law.

SEC. 21.
No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at
least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.

SEC. 22.
The President shall submit to the Congress within thirty days from the opening of the
regular session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures
and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue
measures.

SEC. 23.
The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He may
also appear before it at any other time.

Article 8:
Judicial Department
SEC. 1.
The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may
be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies
involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether
or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.

SEC. 2.
The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of
various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases
enumerated in Section 5 hereof.
No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of
tenure of its Members.

SEC. 3.
The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be
reduced by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after
approval, shall be automatically and regularly released.

SEC. 4.
(1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate
Justices. It may sit en banc or, in its discretion, in divisions of three, five, or seven
Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from the occurrence thereof.
(2) All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive
agreement, which shall be heard by the Supreme Court en banc, and all other cases which
under the Rules of Court are required to be heard en banc, including those involving the
constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders,
instructions, ordinances, and other regulations, shall be decided with the concurrence of a
majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the
case and voted thereon.
(3) Cases or matters heard by a division shall be decided or resolved with the concurrence
of a majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in
the case and voted thereon, and in no case, without the concurrence of at least three of
such Members. When the required number is not obtained, the case shall be decided en
banc; Provided, that no doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision
rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed except by the court sitting en
banc.

SEC. 5.
The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:
(1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and
habeas corpus.
(2) Review, revise, modify , or affirm on appeal on certiorari, as the law or the Rules of
Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in:
   (a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or
executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ordinance, or regulation is in question.
   (b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any
penalty imposed in relation thereto.
   (c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
   (d)All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
   (e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.
(3) Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may
require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of
the judge concerned.
(4) Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
(5) Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights,
pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the
Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a
simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be
uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify
substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall
remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
(6) Appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary in accordance with the Civil
Service Law.

SEC. 6.
The Supreme Court shall have the administrative supervision over all courts and the
personnel thereof.

SEC. 7.
(1) No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate
court unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme
Court must be at least forty years of age and, must have been for fifteen years or more a
judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.
(2) The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no
person may be appointed judge thereof unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a
member of the Philippine Bar.
(3) A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity,
and independence.

SEC. 8.
(1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under the supervision of the Supreme
Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and
a representative of the Congress as ex officio Members, a representative of the Integrated
Bar, a professor of law, a retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a representative of
the private sector.
(2) The regular Members of the Council shall be appointed by the President for a term of
four years with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. Of the Members first
appointed, the representative of the Integrated Bar shall serve for four years, the professor
of law for three years, the retired Justice for two years, and the representative of the
private sector for one year.
(3) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be the Secretary ex officio of the Council and
shall keep a record of its proceedings.
(4) The regular Members of the Council shall receive such emoluments as may be
determined by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall provide in its annual budget
the appropriations for the Council.
(5) The Council shall have the principal function of recommending appointees to the
Judiciary. It may exercise such other functions and duties as the Supreme Court may
assign to it.

SEC. 9.
The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall be appointed by the
President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council
for every vacancy. Such appointments need no confirmation.
For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointments within ninety days from
the submission of the list.

SEC. 10.
The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and of
judges of lower courts shall be fixed by law. During their continuance in office, their
salary shall not be decreased.

SEC. 11.
The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall hold office during
good behavior until they reached the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to
discharge the duties of their office. The Supreme Court en banc shall have the power to
discipline judges of lower courts, or order their dismissal by a vote of a majority of the
Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted
thereon.

SEC. 12.
The Members of the Supreme Court and of other courts established by law shall not be
designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.

SEC. 13.
The conclusions of the Supreme Court in any case submitted to it for decision en banc or
in division shall be reached in consultation before the case is assigned to a Member for
the writing of the opinion of the Court. A certification to this effect signed by the Chief
Justice shall be issued and a copy thereof attached to the record of the case and served
upon the parties. Any Member who took no part, or dissented, or abstained from a
decision or resolution must state the reason therefor. The same requirements shall be
observed by all lower collegiate courts.

SEC. 14.
No decision shall be rendered by any court without expressing therein clearly and
distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based.
No petition for review or motion for reconsideration of a decision of the court shall be
refused due course or denied without stating the legal basis therefor.

SEC. 15.
(1) All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this Constitution must be decided or
resolved within twenty-four months from date of submission for the Supreme Court, and,
unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all lower collegiate courts, and
three months for all other lower courts.
(2) A case or matter shall be deemed submitted for decision or resolution upon the filing
of the last pending, brief, or memorandum required by the Rules of Court or by the court
itself.
(3) Upon the expiration of the corresponding period, a certification to this effect signed
by the Chief Justice or the presiding judge shall forthwith be issued and a copy thereof
attached to the record of the case or matter, and served upon the parties. The certification
shall state why a decision or resolution has not been rendered or issued within said
period.
(4) Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court, without
prejudice to such responsibility as may have been incurred in consequence thereof, shall
decide or resolve the case or matter submitted thereto for determination, without further
delay.

SEC. 16.
The Supreme Court shall, within thirty days from the opening of each regular session of
the Congress, submit to the President and the Congress an annual report on the operations
and activities of the Judiciary.

Article 9:
Constitutional Commissions

A. Common Provisions
SEC 1.
The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service
Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.

SEC. 2.
No Member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, hold any other
office or employment. Neither shall he engage in the practice of any profession or in the
active management or control of any business which in any way be affected by the
functions of his office, nor shall he be financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any
contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted by the Government, any of its
subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled
corporation or their subsidiaries.

SEC. 3.
The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed by law and shall not be
decreased during their tenure.

SEC. 4.
The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and employees in
accordance with law.

SEC. 5.
The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their approved annual appropriations shall
be automatically and regularly released.

SEC. 6.
Each Commission en banc may promulgate its own rules concerning pleadings and
practice before it or before any of its offices. Such rules, however, shall not diminish,
increase, or modify substantive rights.

SEC. 7.
Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members any case or matter
brought before it within sixty days from the date of its submission for decision or
resolution. A case or matter is deemed submitted for decision or resolution upon the
filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum required by the rules of the Commission
or by the Commission itself. Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law,
any decision, order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court
on certiorari by the aggrieved party within thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.

SEC. 8.
Each Commission shall perform such other functions as may be provided by law.

B. The Civil Service Commission

SECTION 1.
(1) The Civil Service shall be administered by the Civil Service Commission composed
of a Chairman and two Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the
Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, with
proven capacity for public administration, and must not have been candidates for any
elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.
(2) The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment. Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven years, a
Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner for three years, without
reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the
predecessor. In no case shall any member be appointed or designated in a temporary or
acting capacity.

SEC. 2.
(1) The civil service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies
of the Government, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original
charters.
(2) Appointments in the civil service shall be made only according to merit and fitness to
be determined, as far as practicable, and, except to positions which are policy-
determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical, by competitive examination.
(3) No officer or employee of the civil service shall be removed or suspended except for
cause provided by law.
(4) No officer or employee in the civil service shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any
electioneering or partisan political campaign.
(5) The right to self-organization shall not be denied to government employees.
(6) Temporary employees of the Government shall be given such protection as may be
provided by law.

SEC. 3.
The Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel agency of the Government, shall
establish a career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service. It shall strengthen the
merit and rewards system, integrate all human resources development programs for all
levels and ranks, and institutionalize a management climate conducive to public
accountability. It shall submit to the President and the Congress an annual report on its
personnel programs.

SEC. 4.
All public officers and employees shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend
this Constitution.

SEC. 5.
The Congress shall provide for the standardization of compensation of government
officials, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations with original
charters, taking into account the nature of the responsibilities pertaining to, and the
qualifications required for their positions.

SEC. 6.
No candidate who has lost in any election shall, within one year after such election, be
appointed to any office in the Government of any government-owned or controlled
corporations or in any of its subsidiaries.

SEC. 7.
No elective official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any
public office or position during his tenure.
Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions of his position, no
appointive official shall hold any other office or employment in the Government or any
subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or
controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.

SEC. 8.
No elective or appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional, double, or
indirect compensation, unless specifically authorized by law, nor accept without the
consent of the Congress, any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind from any
foreign government.
Pensions or gratuities shall not be considered as additional, double, or indirect
compensation.

C. The Commission on Elections

SEC 1.
(1) There shall be a Commission on Elections composed of a Chairman and six
Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of
their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, holders of a college degree, and must
not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections.
However, a majority thereof, including the Chairman, shall be Members of the Philippine
Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.
(2) The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment. Of those first appointed, three Members shall hold office for seven years,
two Members for five years, and the last Members for three years, without
reappointment. Appointment to a vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the
predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or
acting capacity.

SEC. 2.
The Commission on Elections shall exercise the following powers and functions:
(1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
(2) Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections,
returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and
appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by
trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay officials decided by
trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving
elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
(3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
(4) Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for
the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections.
(5) Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions
which, in addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program of
government; and accredit citizen's arms of the Commission on Elections. Religious
denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to achieve their goals
through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere to this Constitution,
or which are supported by any foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.
Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties,
organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in
national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground for the cancellation of
their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be
prescribed by law.
(6) File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion
or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations
of election laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and
malpractices.
(7) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending,
including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent
and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidates.
(8) Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employer it has deputized,
or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or
disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.
(9) Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of
each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.

SEC. 3.
The Commission on Elections may sit en banc or in two divisions, and shall promulgate
its rules of procedure in order to expedite disposition of election cases, including pre-
proclamation controversies. All such election cases shall be heard and decided in
division, provided that motions for reconsideration of decisions shall be decided by the
Commission en banc.

SEC. 4.
The Commission may, during the election period, supervise or regulate the enjoyment or
utilization of all franchises or permits for the operation of transportation and other public
utilities, media of communication or information, all grants, special privileges, or
concessions granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation or its subsidiary.
Such supervision or regulation shall aim to ensure equal opportunity, time and space, and
the right to reply, including reasonable, equal rates therefor, for public information
campaigns and forums among candidates in connection with the objective of holding
free, orderly, peaceful, and credible elections.

SEC. 5.
No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election rules, and
regulations shall be granted by the President without a favorable recommendation of the
Commission.

SEC. 6.
A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according to the free choice of
the people, subject to the provisions of this Article.
SEC. 7.
No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall be valid, except
for those registered under the party-list system as provided in this Constitution.

SEC. 8.
Political parties, or organizations or coalitions registered under the party-list system, shall
not be represented in the voters' registration boards, boards of election inspectors, boards
of canvassers, or other similar bodies. However, they shall be entitled to appoint poll
watchers in accordance with law.

SEC. 9.
Unless otherwise fixed by the Commission in special cases, the election period shall
commence ninety days before the day of the election and shall end thirty days after.

SEC. 10.
Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of harassment and
discrimination.

SEC. 11.
Funds certified by the Commission as necessary to defray the expenses for holding
regular and special elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls, shall be
provided in the regular or special appropriations and, once approved, shall be released
automatically upon certification by the Chairman of the Commission.

D. Commission on Audit

SEC 1.
(1) There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two
Commissioners, who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of
their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, certified public accountants with not
less than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have
been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, and must not have been
candidates for any elective position in the election immediately preceding their
appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same
profession.
(2) The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment. Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven years,
one Commissioner for five years, and the other Commissioner for three years, without
reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired portion of the
term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity.

SEC. 2.
(1) The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority and duty to examine, audit,
and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses
of funds and property, owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any
of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned and
controlled corporations with original charters, and on a post-audit basis: (a) constitutional
bodies, commissions and offices that have been granted fiscal autonomy under this
Constitution; (b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c) other government-owned
or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and (d) such non-governmental entities
receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the government, which
are required by law of the granting institution to submit to such audit as a condition of
subsidy or equity. However, where the internal control system of the audited agencies is
inadequate, the Commission may adopt such measures, including temporary or special
pre-audit, as are necessary and appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep the
general accounts of the Government and, for such period as may be provided by law,
preserve the vouchers and other supporting papers pertaining thereto.
(2) The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this
Article, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and
methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations,
including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary,
inexpensive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds
and properties.

SEC. 3.
No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in any
guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the
Commission on Audit.

SEC. 4.
The Commission shall submit to the President and the Congress, within the time fixed by
law, an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government,
its subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, including government-owned or
controlled corporations, and non-governmental entities subject to its audit, and
recommend measures necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. It shall
submit such other reports as may be required by law.

Article 10:
Local Government

General Provisions

SEC 1.
The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the
provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in
Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 2.
The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.
SEC. 3.
The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more
responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate
among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources,
and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries,
powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the
organization and operation of local units.

SEC. 4.
The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local
governments. Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities
and municipalities with respect to component barangays shall ensure that the acts of their
component units are within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions.

SEC. 5.
Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues
and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the
Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes,
fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.

SEC. 6.
Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national
taxes which shall be automatically released to them.

SEC. 7.
Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization
and development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the manner
provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct
benefits.

SEC. 8.
The term of office of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which shall be
determined by law, shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than
three consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall
not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for
which he was elected.

SEC. 9.
Legislative bodies of local governments shall have sectoral representation as may be
prescribed by law.

SEC. 10.
No province, city, municipality, or barangay may be created, divided, merged, abolished,
or its boundary substantially altered, except in accordance with the criteria established in
the local government code and subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a
plebiscite in the political units directly affected.

SEC. 11.
The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions, subject to a
plebiscite as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The component cities and municipalities shall
retain their basic autonomy and shall be entitled to their own local executives and
legislative assemblies. The jurisdiction of the metropolitan authority that will hereby be
created shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination.

SEC. 12.
Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and component cities whose
charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials, shall be
independent of the province. The voters of component cities within a province, whose
charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of their right to vote for
elective provincial officials.

SEC. 13.
Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts,
services, and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with
law.

SEC. 14.
The President shall provide for regional development councils and other similar bodies
composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other
government offices, and representatives from non-governmental organizations within the
region for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the
units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the
units in the region.

Autonomous Region

SEC. 15.
There shall be created autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras
consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common
and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures, and other
relevant characteristics within the framework of this Constitution and the national
sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines.

SEC. 16.
The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions to ensure that
the laws are faithfully executed.

SEC. 17.
All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law to
the autonomous regions shall be vested in the National Government.
SEC. 18.
The Congress shall enact an organic act for each autonomous region with the assistance
and participation of the regional consultative commission composed of representatives
appointed by the President from a list of nominees from multisectoral bodies. The organic
act shall define the basic structure of government from the region consisting of the
executive department and legislative assembly, both of which shall be reflective and
representative of the constituent political units. The organic acts shall likewise provide
for special courts with personal, family, and property law jurisdiction consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution and national laws.
The creation of the autonomous region shall be effective when approved by majority of
the votes cast by the constituent units in a plebiscite called for the purpose, provided that
only provinces, cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in such plebiscite shall be
included in the autonomous region.

SEC. 19.
The first Congress elected under this Constitution shall, within eighteen months from the
time of organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions in
Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.

SEC. 20.
Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and
national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers
over:
(1) Administrative organization;
(2) Creation of sources of revenues;
(3) Ancestral domain and natural resources;
(4) Personal, family, and property relations;
(5) Regional urban and rural planning development;
(6) Economic, social, and tourism development;
(7) Educational policies;
(8) Preservation and development of the cultural heritage; and
(9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general
welfare of the people of the region.

SEC. 21.
The preservation of peace and order within the regions shall be the responsibility of the
local police agencies which shall be organized, maintained, supervised, and utilized in
accordance with applicable laws. The defense and security of the regions shall be the
responsibility of the National Government.

Article 11:
Accountability of Public Officers

SEC 1.
Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.

SEC. 2.
The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the
Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office, on
impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason,
bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other
public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not
by impeachment.

SEC. 3.
(1) The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of
impeachment.
(2) A verified complaint may be filed by any Member of the House of Representatives or
by any citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be
included in the Order of Business within ten session days, and referred to the proper
Committee within three session days thereafter. The Committee, after hearing, and by a
majority vote of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House within sixty session
days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The resolution shall
be calendared for consideration by the House within ten session days from receipt
thereof.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either
to affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or
override its contrary resolution. The vote of each Member shall be recorded.
(4) In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-
third of all the Members of the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of
Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.
(5) No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than
once within a period of one year.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment.
When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall
preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-
thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office
and disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to prosecution, trial, and punishment
according to law.
(8) The Congress shall promulgate its rules on impeachment to effectively carry out the
purpose of this section.

SEC. 4.
The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and
exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.

SEC. 5.
There is hereby created the independent Office of the Ombudsman, composed of the
Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan, one overall Deputy, and at least one Deputy
each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. A separate Deputy for the military establishment
may likewise be appointed.

SEC. 6.
The officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman, other than the Deputies,
shall be appointed by the Ombudsman according to the Civil Service Law.

SEC. 7.
The existing Tanodbayan shall hereafter be known as the Office of the Special
Prosecutor. It shall continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may
be provided by law, except those conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman created
under this Constitution.

SEC. 8.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and at
the time of their appointment, at least forty years old, of recognized probity and
independence, and members of the Philippine Bar, and must not have been candidates for
any elective office in the immediately preceding election. The Ombudsman must have for
ten years or more been a judge or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.
During their tenure, they shall be subject to the same disqualifications and prohibitions as
provided for in Section 2 of Article IX-A of this Constitution.

SEC. 9.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of at
least six nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a list of three
nominees for every vacancy thereafter. Such appointments shall require no confirmation.
All vacancies shall be filled within three months after they occur.

SEC. 10.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank of Chairman and Members,
respectively, of the Constitutional Commissions, and they shall receive the same salary,
which shall not be decreased during their term of office.

SEC. 11.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven years without
reappointment. They shall not be qualified to run for any office in the election
immediately succeeding their cessation from office.

SEC. 12.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of the people, shall act promptly on
complaints filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of the
Government, or any agency, subdivision or instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in appropriate cases, notify the
complainants of the actions taken and the result thereof.
SEC. 13.
The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and duties :
(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any
public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be
illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the
Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any
government-owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and
expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse or
impropriety in the performance of duties.
(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or
employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or
prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations
as may be provided by law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts
and transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or use of public
funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for
appropriate action.
(5) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the
discharge of its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and
documents.
(6) Publicize matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and
with due prudence.
(7) Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption
in the Government and make recommendations for their elimination and the observance
of high standards of ethics and efficiency.
(8) Promulgate its rules and procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such
functions or duties as may be provided by law.

SEC. 14.
The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual
appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.

SEC. 15.
The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials and
employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by
prescription, laches, or estoppel.

SEC. 16.
No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose
may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or
financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the
Congress, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman, or
to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest, during their tenure.
SEC. 17.
A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as
may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net
worth. In the case of the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the
Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other constitutional
offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be
disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.

SEC. 18.
Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution allegiance at all times,
and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the
status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.

Article 12:
National Economy and Patrimony

SEC 1.
The goals of the national economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities,
income, and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced
by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key
raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound
agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and
efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic
and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair
foreign competition and trade practices.
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country
shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including
corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to
broaden the base of their ownership.

SEC. 2.
All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils,
all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and
other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands,
all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and
utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State.
The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into co-production, joint
venture, or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such
agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more
than twenty-five years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply, fisheries, or industrial uses other than
the development of water power, beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the
grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea,
and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino
citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino
citizens, as well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and
fishworkers in rivers, lakes, bays, and lagoons.
The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving
either technical of financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development, and
utilization of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general terms
and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the economic growth and
general welfare of the country. In such agreements, the State shall promote the
development and use of local scientific and technical resources.
The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered into in accordance with
this provision, within thirty days from its execution.

SEC. 3.
Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral
lands, and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further
classified by law according to the uses which they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the
public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands. Private corporations or associations
may not hold such alienable lands of the public domain except by lease, for a period not
exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and not to
exceed one thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than
five hundred hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof by purchase,
homestead, or grant. Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology, and
development, and subject to the requirements of agrarian reform, the Congress shall
determine, by law, the size of lands of the public domain which may be acquired,
developed, held, or leased and the conditions therefor.

SEC. 4.
The Congress shall, as soon as possible, determine by law the specific limits of forest
lands and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter,
such forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and may not be increased nor
diminished, except by law. The Congress shall provide, for such period as it may
determine, measures to prohibit logging in endangered forests and watershed areas.

SEC. 5.
The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies
and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their
ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property
rights and relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.

SEC. 6.
The use of property bears a social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to
the common good. Individuals and private groups, including corporations, cooperatives,
and similar collective organizations, shall have the right to own, establish, and operate
economic enterprises, subject to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and
to intervene when the common good so demands.

SEC. 7.
Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or conveyed
except to individuals, corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of
the public domain.

SEC. 8.

Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of this Article, a natural-born citizen of the

Philippines who has lost its Philippine citizenship may be a transferee of private lands,
subject to limitations provided by law.

SEC. 9.
The Congress may establish an independent economic and planning agency headed by
the President, which shall, after consultations with the appropriate public agencies,
various public sectors, and local government units, recommend to Congress, and
implement continuing integrated and coordinated programs and policies for national
development.
Until the Congress provides otherwise, the National Economic and Development
Authority shall function as the independent planning agency of the government.

SEC. 10.
The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when
the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such
higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress
shall enact measures that will encourage the formation and operation of enterprises whose
capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
In the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and
patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos.
The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments within its
national jurisdiction and in accordance with its national goals and priorities.

SEC. 11.
No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public
utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations organized under the laws of the Philippines at least sixty per centum of
whose capital is owned by such citizens, nor shall such franchise, certificate, or
authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither
shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be
subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good so
requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general
public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility
enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive
and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the
Philippines.

SEC. 12.
The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and
locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help them competitive.

SEC. 13.
The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all forms
and arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.

SEC. 14.
The sustained development of a reservoir of national talents consisting of Filipino
scientists, entrepreneurs, professionals, managers, high-level technical manpower and
skilled workers and craftsmen in all fields shall be promoted by the State. The State shall
encourage appropriate technology and regulate its transfer for the national benefit.
The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens, save
in cases prescribed by law.

SEC. 15.
The Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of cooperatives
as instruments for social justice and economic development.

SEC. 16.
The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation, organization, or
regulation of private corporations. Government-owned or controlled corporations may be
created or established by special charters in the interest of the common good and subject
to the test of economic viability.

SEC. 17.
In times of national emergency, when the public interest so requires, the State may,
during the emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over
or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility or business affected with
public interest.

SEC. 18.
The State may, in the interest of national welfare or defense, establish and operate vital
industries and, upon payment of just compensation, transfer to public ownership utilities
and other private enterprises to be operated by the Government.

SEC. 19.
The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires. No
combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.

SEC. 20.
The Congress shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members of
whose governing board must be natural-born Filipino citizens, of known integrity, and
patriotism, the majority of whom shall come from the private sector. They shall also be
subject to such other qualifications and disabilities as may be prescribed by law. The
authority shall provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and credit. It shall
have supervision over the operations of banks and exercise such regulatory powers as
may be provided by law over the operations of finance companies and other institutions
performing similar functions.
Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines, operating
under existing laws, shall function as the central monetary authority.

SEC. 21.
Foreign loans may only be incurred in accordance with law and the regulation of the
monetary authority. Information on foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the
Government shall be made available to the public.

SEC. 22.
Acts which circumvent or negate any of the provisions of this Article shall be considered
inimical to the national interest and subject to criminal and civil sanctions, as may be
provided by law.

Article 13:
Social Justice and Human Rights

SEC. 1.
The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and
enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and
political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and
political power for the common good. To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition,
ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.

SEC. 2.
The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.

Labor

SEC. 3.
The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and
unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for
all. It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organizations, and peaceful
concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be
entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall
also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and
benefits as may be provided by law. The State shall promote the principle of shared
responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary
modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual
compliance therewith to foster industrial peace. The State shall regulate the relations
between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the
fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns on investments, and
to expansion and growth.

Agrarian and Natural Resources Reform

SEC. 4.
The Sate shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of
farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the
lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits
thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all
agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the
Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity
considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention
limits, the State shall respect the rights of small landowners. The State shall further
provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.

SEC. 5.
The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as
cooperatives, and other independent farmers' organizations to participate in the planning,
organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture
through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production,
marketing, and other support services.

SEC. 6.
The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever
applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural
resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to
agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of
indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. The State may resettle landless farmers
and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the
manner provided by law.

SEC. 7.
The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local
communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland
and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through appropriate technology
and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other
services. The State shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The
protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against
foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization
of marine and fishing resources.

SEC. 8.
The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian
reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of
public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be
honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.

Urban Land Reform and Housing

SEC. 9.
The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the
public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make
available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and
homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate
employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program the
State shall respect the rights of small property owners.

SEC. 10.
Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except
in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner. No resettlement of urban and
rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the
communities where they are to be relocated.

Health

SEC. 11.
The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development
which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available
to all people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the
underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to
provide free medical care to paupers.

SEC. 12.
The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system and
undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the
country's health needs and problems.

SEC. 13.
The State shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-
development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.

Women

SEC. 14.
The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working
conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and
opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential
in the service of the nation.

Role and Rights of People's Organizations

SEC. 15.
The State shall respect the role of independent people's organizations to enable the people
to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective
interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means. People's organizations are
bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public
interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.

SEC. 16.
The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at
all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The
State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.

Human Rights

SEC. 17.
(1) There is hereby created an independent office called Commission on Human Rights.
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be
natural-born citizens of the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the
Bar. The term of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the
Commission shall be provided by law. (3) Until this Commission is constituted, the
existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights shall continue to exercise its present
functions and powers. (4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall
be automatically and regularly released.

SEC. 18.
The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions: (1)
Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations
involving civil and political rights; (2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of
procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the Rules of
Court; (3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all
persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for
preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights
have been violated or need protection; (4) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons,
or detention facilities; (5) Establish a continuing program of research, education, ad
information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights; (6) Recommend to the
Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for compensation to
victims of violations of human rights, or their families; (7) Monitor the Philippine
Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights; (8) Grant
immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of
documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any
investigation conducted by it or under its authority; (9) Request the assistance of any
department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions; (10) Appoint its
officers and employees in accordance with law; and (11) Perform such other duties and
functions as may be provided by law.

SEC. 19.
The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should fall
within the authority of the Commission, taking into account its recommendations.

Article 14:
Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports

Education
SEC 1.
The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all
levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.

SEC. 2.
The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of
education relevant to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high
school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs,
subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-
learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond
to community needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics,
vocational efficiency, and other skills.

SEC. 3.
(1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the
curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for
human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of
the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual
values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative
thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational
efficiency.
(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be
allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools
within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious
authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional cost
to the Government.
SEC. 4.
(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the
educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all
educational institutions.
(2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission
boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all
educational institutions.
The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of
the Philippines.
No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of
aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The provisions
of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel
and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary
residents.
(3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually,
directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties.
Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of such institutions, their
assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law.
Propriety educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be
entitled to such exemptions subject to the limitations provided by law including
restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment.
(4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or
contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be
exempt from tax.

SEC. 5.
(1) The State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall
encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs.
(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair,
reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-
teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that
teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through
adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.

Language

SEC. 6.
The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further
developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government
shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official
communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

SEC. 7.
For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines
are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve
as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

SEC. 8.
This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated
into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.

SEC. 9.
The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of
representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and
promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino and
other languages.

Science and Technology

SEC. 10.
Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State
shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and services. It shall
support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities,
and their application to the country's productive systems and national life.

SEC. 11.
The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private
participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-
aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students,
researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.

SEC. 12.
The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all
sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private
groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and
utilization of science and technology.

SEC. 13.
The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and
other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when
beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law.
 Arts and Culture

SEC. 14.
The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino
national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and
intellectual expression.

SEC. 15.
Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall conserve, promote,
and popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as
artistic creations.

SEC. 16.
All the country's artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation
and shall be under the protection of the State which may regulate its disposition.

SEC. 17.
The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural
communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall
consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.

SEC. 18.
(1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational
system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, and
community cultural centers, and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.

Sports

SEC. 19.
(1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to
foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and
alert citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the
country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

Article 15:
The Family

SEC. 1.
The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it
shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.

SEC. 2.
Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be
protected by the State.

SEC. 3.
The State shall defend :
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions
and the demands of responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special
protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions
prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
(4) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and
implementation of policies and programs that affect them.

SEC. 4.
The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so
through just programs of social security.

Article 16:
General Provisions

SEC 1.
The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as
consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law.

SEC. 2.
The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a
national seal, which shall be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and
traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people
in a national referendum.

SEC. 3.
The State may not be sued without its consent.

SEC. 4.
The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which
shall undergo military training and serve, as may be provided by law. It shall keep a
regular force necessary for the security of the State.

SEC. 5.
(1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and
defend this Constitution.
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist consciousness of the
military, and respect for people's rights in the performance of their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate remuneration and benefits of its
members shall be a prime concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated from
partisan politics.
No member of the military shall engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political
activity, except to vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed
or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government including
government-owned or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited
proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the Armed forces shall not exceed three
years. However, in times of war or other national emergency declared by the Congress,
the President may extend such tour of duty.

SEC. 6.
The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope
and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a national police
commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction
shall be provided by law.

SEC. 7.
The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of
assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses
and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration shall be given them
in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public domain and, in appropriate cases, in
the utilization of natural resources.

SEC. 8.
The State shall, from time to time, review to upgrade the pensions and other benefits due
to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.

SEC. 9.
The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or
hazardous products.

SEC. 10.
The State shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino
capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and
aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the
country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press.

SEC. 11.
(1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be limited to citizens of the
Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed
by such citizens.
The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media when the
public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition
therein shall be allowed.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by
law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare.
Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the
capital of which is owned by such citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising
industry.
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such industry
shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all the executive
and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the Philippines.

SEC. 12.
The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting
indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of which shall come from
such communities.

Article 17:
Amendments or Revisions

SEC 1.
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or
(2) A constitutional convention.

SEC. 2.
Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people
through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of
registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three
per centum of the registered voters therein. No amendment under this section shall be
authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener
than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.

SEC. 3.
The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional
convention, or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question
of calling such a convention.

SEC. 4.
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid
when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier
than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such amendment or
revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the
votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than
ninety days after the certification by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency of
the petition.
Article 18:
Transitory Provisions

SEC 1.

The first elections of the Members of the Congress under this Constitution shall be held
on the second Monday of May, 1987.
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined by the President, which
may be simultaneous with the election of the Members of the Congress. It shall include
the election of all Members of the city or municipal councils in the Metropolitan Manila
area.

SEC. 2.

The Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and the local officials first
elected under this Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.
Of the Senators elected in the election of 1992, the first twelve obtaining the highest
number of votes shall serve six years and the remaining twelve for three years.

SEC. 3.

All existing laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters of instructions, and
other executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative
until amended, repealed, or revoked.

SEC. 4.

All existing treaties or international agreements which have not been ratified shall not be
renewed or extended without the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of
the Senate.

SEC. 5.

The six-year term of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February
7, 1986 election is, for purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby extended to noon
of June 30, 1992.
The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution
shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1992.

SEC. 6.

The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until the first
Congress is convened.

SEC. 7.
Until a law is passed, the President may fill by appointment from a list of nominees by
the respective sectors the seats reserved for sectoral representation in paragraph (2),
Section 5 of Article VI of this Constitution.

SEC. 8.

Until otherwise provided by the Congress, the President may constitute the Metropolitan
Authority to be composed of the heads of all local government units comprising the
Metropolitan Manila area.

SEC. 9.

A sub-province shall continue to exist and operate until it is converted into a regular
province or until its component municipalities are reverted to the mother province.

SEC. 10.

All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this Constitution shall continue to
exercise their jurisdiction, until otherwise provided by law. The provisions of the existing
Rules of Court, judiciary acts, and procedural laws not inconsistent with this Constitution
shall remain operative unless amended or repealed by the Supreme Court or the
Congress.

SEC. 11.

The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall continue in office until they reach the age
of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or are
removed for cause.

SEC. 12.

The Supreme Court shall, within one year after the ratification of this Constitution, adopt
a systematic plan to expedite the decision or resolution of cases or matters pending in the
Supreme Court or the lower courts prior to the effectivity of this Constitution. A similar
plan shall be adopted for all special courts and quasi-judicial bodies.

SEC. 13.

The legal effect of the lapse, before the ratification of this Constitution, of the applicable
period for the decision or resolution of the cases or matters submitted for adjudication by
the courts, shall be determined by the Supreme Court as soon as practicable.

SEC. 14.

The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of Article VIII of this Constitution
shall apply to cases or matters filed before the ratification of this Constitution, when the
applicable period lapses after such ratification.

SEC. 15.

The incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections,
and the Commission on Audit shall continue in office for one year after the ratification of
this Constitution, unless they are sooner removed for cause or become incapacitated to
discharge the duties of their office or appointed to a new term thereunder. In no case shall
any Member serve longer than seven years including service before the ratification of this
Constitution.

SEC. 16.

Career civil service employees separated from the service not for cause but as a result of
the reorganization pursuant to Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 and the
reorganization following the ratification of this Constitution shall be entitled to
appropriate separation pay and to retirement and other benefits accruing to them under
the laws of general application in force at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof, at
the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Government
or in any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-owned
or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This provision also applies to career
officers whose resignation, tendered in line with the existing policy, had been accepted.

SEC. 17.

Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of
three hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, the President of the Senate, the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, two
hundred forty thousand pesos each; the Senators, the Members of the House of
Representatives, the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Chairmen of the
Constitutional Commissions, two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the Members of
the Constitutional Commissions, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.

SEC. 18.

At the earliest possible time, the Government shall increase the salary scales of other
officials and employees of the National Government.

SEC. 19.

All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or
body abolished or reorganized under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 or this
Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and
responsibilities substantially pertain.
SEC. 20.

The first Congress shall give priority to the determination of the period for the full
implementation of free public secondary education.

SEC. 21.

The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate remedies for the
reversion to the State of all lands of the public domain and real rights connected
therewith which were acquired in violation of the Constitution or the public land laws, or
through corrupt practices. No transfer or disposition of such lands or real rights shall be
allowed until after the lapse of one year from the ratification of this Constitution.

SEC. 22.

At the earliest possible time, the Government shall expropriate idle or abandoned lands as
may be defined by law, for distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform
program.

SEC. 23.

Advertising entities affected by paragraph (2), Section 11 of Article XVI of this

Constitution shall have five years from its ratification to comply on a graduated or
proportionate basis with the minimum Filipino ownership requirement therein.

SEC. 24.

Private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly constituted authority shall
be dismantled. All paramilitary forces including Civilian Home Defense Forces not
consistent with the citizen armed force established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved
or, where appropriate, converted into the regular force.

SEC. 25.

After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines
and the United States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign military bases,
troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the Philippines except under a treaty duly
concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so requires, ratified by a majority of
the votes cast by the people in a national referendum held for that purpose, and
recognized as a treaty by the other contracting State.

SEC. 26.

The authority to issue sequestration or freeze orders under Proclamation No. 3 dated
March 25, 1986 in relation to the recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall remain operative for
not more than eighteen months after the ratification of this Constitution. However, in the
national interest, as certified by the President, the Congress may extend said period.
A sequestration or freeze order shall be issued only upon showing of a prima facie case.
The order and the list of the sequestered or frozen properties shall forthwith be registered
with the proper court. For orders issued before the ratification of this Constitution, the
corresponding judicial action or proceeding shall be filed within six months from its
ratification. For those issued after such ratification, the judicial action or proceeding shall
be commenced within six months from the issuance thereof.
The sequestration or freeze order is deemed automatically lifted if no judicial action or
proceeding is commenced as herein provided.

SEC. 27.

This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the
votes cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose and shall supersede all previous
Constitutions.
Ratified: February 2, 1987
 CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
AND EMPLOYEES SUMMARY

Republic Act No. 6713

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC

OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC
  OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR  
EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees."

Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public
service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their
duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest
lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest.

Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:

(a) "Government" includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other instrumentalities,
agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-owned or controlled
corporations, and their subsidiaries.

(b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary,
whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they
receive compensation, regardless of amount.

(c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of another who
accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not
include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a
favor from a public official or employee.

(d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person other than a
member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a family celebration or
national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor insignificant, or the gift is given
in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.

(e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing arrangements or
accommodations intended to ensure its approval.

(f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock sufficient to
elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting trust.

(g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under eighteen
(18) years of age.
 (h) "Person" includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.

(i) "Conflict of interest" arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an officer, or a
substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest in a business, and the
interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein, may be opposed to or affected by
the faithful performance of official duty.

(j) "Divestment" is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely and
actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or persons other than
his spouse and relatives as defined in this Act.

(k) "Relatives" refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the fourth civil
degree of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas,inso and balae.

Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. - (A) Every public official and employee shall
observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and execution of official duties:

(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always uphold the public
interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their respective
offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly to
avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.

(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with
the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public
service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong
perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.

(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all
times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone,
especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights of others, and
shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order,
public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their
office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity except with respect to appointments of
such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff
whose terms are coterminous with theirs.

(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without
unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.

(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend prompt, courteous,
and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the
public interest, public officials and employees shall provide information of their policies and
procedures in clear and understandable language, ensure openness of information, public
consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and
systematize policy, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and
appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the depressed
rural and urban areas.
 (f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times be loyal to the
Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and
technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to
maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.

(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit themselves to the
democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of public accountability, and manifest by
deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times uphold the
Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to persons or party.

(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious
display of wealth in any form.

(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote (1) observance of these
standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops authorizing merit increases
beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees recognized by their office colleagues
to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2) continuing research and
experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to public officials and employees in raising
the general level of observance of these standards.

Section 5. Duties of Public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their duties, all public officials and
employees are under obligation to:

(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall, within fifteen (15)
working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters, telegrams or other means of communications sent by
the public. The reply must contain the action taken on the request.

(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers of offices and agencies of
the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations shall, within forty-five (45) working
days from the end of the year, render a performance report of the agency or office or corporation
concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within regular office hours.

(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and documents must be processed
and completed within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof and must contain, as far as
practicable, not more than three (3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly authorized signatories, the
official next-in-rank or officer in charge shall sign for and in their behalf.

(d) Act immediately on the public's personal transactions. - All public officials and employees must attend
to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of their offices and must, at all times, act promptly and
expeditiously.

(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be made accessible to, and
readily available for inspection by, the public within reasonable working hours.

Section 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and rewards is hereby established
in order to motivate and inspire public servants to uphold the highest standards of ethics. For this purpose, a
Committee on Awards to Outstanding Public Officials and Employees is hereby created composed of the
following: the Ombudsman and Chairman of the Civil Service Commission as Co-Chairmen, and the Chairman of
the Commission on Audit, and two government employees to be appointed by the President, as members.

It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of the performance of public officials
and employees, in all the branches and agencies of Government and establish a system of annual incentives and
rewards to the end that due recognition is given to public officials and employees of outstanding merit on the basis
of the standards set forth in this Act.

The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the following: the years of service and the
quality and consistency of performance, the obscurity of the position, the level of salary, the unique and exemplary
quality of a certain achievement, and the risks or temptations inherent in the work. Incentives and rewards to
government officials and employees of the year to be announced in public ceremonies honoring them may take
the form of bonuses, citations, directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and foreign
scholarship grants, paid vacations and the like. They shall likewise be automatically promoted to the next higher
position with the commensurate salary suitable to their qualifications. In case there is no next higher position or it
is not vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of the office in the next General Appropriations Act. The
Committee on Awards shall adopt its own rules to govern the conduct of its activities.

Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of public officials and employees
now prescribed in the Constitution and existing laws, the following shall constitute prohibited acts and transactions
of any public official and employee and are hereby declared to be unlawful:

(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not, directly or indirectly, have any
financial or material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of their office.

(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and employees during their
incumbency shall not:

(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel, broker,
agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed by their office
unless expressly allowed by law;

(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the Constitution or law,
provided, that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions; or

(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or pending
official transaction with their office.

These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation,
retirement, or separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2)
above, but the professional concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any
matter before the office he used to be with, in which case the one-year prohibition shall
likewise apply.

(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and employees
shall not use or divulge, confidential or classified information officially known to them by
reason of their office and not made available to the public, either:
 (1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or

(2) To prejudice the public interest.

(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not solicit or accept, directly or
indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from any person in the
course of their official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by, or any transaction
which may be affected by the functions of their office.

As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:

(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of nominal value tendered
and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;

(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or
fellowship grant or medical treatment; or

(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel taking
place entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and lodging) of more
than nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the
Philippines, and permitted by the head of office, branch or agency to which he belongs.

The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this
subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure requirements.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational, scientific or cultural exchange
programs subject to national security requirements.

Section 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an obligation to accomplish and
submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to know, their assets, liabilities, net worth and
financial and business interests including those of their spouses and of unmarried children under eighteen (18)
years of age living in their households.

(A) Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public officials and employees,
except those who serve in an honorary capacity, laborers and casual or temporary workers, shall file under
oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a Disclosure of Business Interests and
Financial Connections and those of their spouses and unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age
living in their households.

The two documents shall contain information on the following:

(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current fair market value;

(b) personal property and acquisition cost;

(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks, bonds, and the like;
 (d) liabilities, and;

(e) all business interests and financial connections.

The documents must be filed:

(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;

(b) on or before April 30, of every year thereafter; and

(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.

All public officials and employees required under this section to file the aforestated documents shall also
execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of their assumption of office, the necessary authority in favor
of the Ombudsman to obtain from all appropriate government agencies, including the Bureau of Internal
Revenue, such documents as may show their assets, liabilities, net worth, and also their business interests
and financial connections in previous years, including, if possible, the year when they first assumed any
office in the Government.

Husband and wife who are both public officials or employees may file the required statements jointly or
separately.

The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of Business Interests and Financial
Connections shall be filed by:

(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the Ombudsman;

(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court; Judges, with
the Court Administrator; and all national executive officials with the Office of the President.

(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective
regions;

(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the Office of the
President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions;
and

(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, with the
Civil Service Commission.

(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public official or employee to identify and
disclose, to the best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in the Government in the form, manner and
frequency prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.

(C) Accessibility of documents. - (1) Any and all statements filed under this Act, shall be made available for
inspection at reasonable hours.

(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten (10) working days from
the time they are filed as required by law.

(3) Any person requesting a copy of a statement shall be required to pay a reasonable fee to cover the cost
of reproduction and mailing of such statement, as well as the cost of certification.

(4) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period of ten (10) years after
receipt of the statement. After such period, the statement may be destroyed unless needed in an ongoing
investigation.

(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any statement filed under this Act for:

(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or

(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for dissemination to the
general public.

Section 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all times. When a conflict
of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in any private business enterprise within thirty (30) days from his
assumption of office and/or divest himself of his shareholdings or interest within sixty (60) days from such
assumption.

The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.

The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the Government in an honorary capacity nor to
laborers and casual or temporary workers.

Section 10. Review and Compliance Procedure. - (a) The designated Committees of both Houses of the
Congress shall establish procedures for the review of statements to determine whether said statements which
have been submitted on time, are complete, and are in proper form. In the event a determination is made that a
statement is not so filed, the appropriate Committee shall so inform the reporting individual and direct him to take
the necessary corrective action.

(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated Committees of both Houses of
Congress shall have the power within their respective jurisdictions, to render any opinion interpreting this
Act, in writing, to persons covered by this Act, subject in each instance to the approval by affirmative vote
of the majority of the particular House concerned.

The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved in a similar factual
situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good faith in accordance with it shall not be subject
to any sanction provided in this Act.

(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a) and (b) hereof insofar as
their respective offices are concerned, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice, in the case of the
 Executive Department and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Judicial Department.

Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he holds office or
employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity, committing any violation of this Act
shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the equivalent of six (6) months' salary or suspension not exceeding
one (1) year, or removal depending on the gravity of the offense after due notice and hearing by the appropriate
body or agency. If the violation is punishable by a heavier penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under
the latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8 or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment not exceeding
five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and, in the discretion of the court of
competent jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.

(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause for removal
or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if no criminal prosecution is instituted against him.

(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or accessories, with
public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be subject to the same penal liabilities as the
public officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with them.

(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who obtains or uses a
report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this Act. The Court in which such action is brought
may assess against such person a penalty in any amount not to exceed twenty-five thousand pesos
(P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier, the latter shall apply.

Section 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and Enforcement of this Act. - The Civil
Service Commission shall have the primary responsibility for the administration and enforcement of this Act. It
shall transmit all cases for prosecution arising from violations of this Act to the proper authorities for appropriate
action: Provided, however, That it may institute such administrative actions and disciplinary measures as may be
warranted in accordance with law. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as a deprivation of the right of each
House of Congress to discipline its Members for disorderly behavior.

The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Act, including guidelines for individuals who render free voluntary service to the Government.
The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect citizens who denounce acts or omissions of public officials
and employees which are in violation of this Act.

Section 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed to derogate from any
law, or any regulation prescribed by any body or agency, which provides for more stringent standards for its official
and employees.

Section 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of this Act shall be taken from
the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission. Thereafter, such sum as may be needed for its continued
implementation shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.

Section 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or
circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of such provision to other persons or
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.

Section 16. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof inconsistent herewith, are deemed
repealed or modified accordingly, unless the same provide for a heavier penalty.

Section 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the completion of its publication in
the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

Approved, February 20, 1989.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 1

1. alleviate – to make easier to endure, to lessen

Sample Sentence: After this operation, take three tablets everyday

to alleviatethe pain.

2. amicable – friendly, showing good will

Sample Sentence: After so many years of battle in courts, the two families

finally agreed on an amicable settlement.

3. benevolent – showing good will, desiring to help others

Sample Sentence: The first time I saw him, I knew that he was

a benevolentperson.

4. inevitable – sure to happen, unavoidable, certain

Sample Sentence: Death is inevitable. Taxes too.

5. scrutinize – to examine in detail

Sample Sentence: The guy who entered the building was suspicious, so

the police scrutinized belongings.

6. tenacious – persistent, stubborn, obstinate, retentive

Sample Sentences

 That guy has been courting me for 5 years. He was

so tenacious that I finally fell in love with him.

 I have quite a tenacious memory. I can’t forget a face.

7. disdain – to scorn, to treat with contempt, despise

After the death of his wife, he was offered a large amount of money by his

boss, but he refused it with disdain.

8. evident – plain or clear to the sight or understanding

Sample Sentence: Even when he was young, it was evident that he will

do great things.

9.  frugal – not wasteful, thrifty

Sample Sentence: All his life, he had been frugal in his expenses. No

wonder he has a lot of money.

10.  superficial – lacking in content, shallow

Sample Sentence: Sometimes, his writings seems superficial, but when

you look at them deeply, you will see the real meaning.

Commonly Used Words in Examinations

1. abdicate – to give up a throne or right, power, or claim in a formal

manner.

Sample Sentence: Edward VIII abdicated his throne to be with the woman

he loved.

2. candor – the quality of being frank, sincere, and honest

Sample sentence: Everyone was surprised by the candor of his speech

because he usually evades questions.

3. connive – to conspire; to secretly help someone do something

dishonest

Sample Sentence: Two thieves connived with a bank employee and

robbed the bank before it closed yesterday.

4. eloquent – showing the ability to use the language clearly and

effectively

Sample Sentence: Ninoy Aquino’s eloquent and lively speeches is one of

the reasons why he always spoke at the end of every event.

5. forsake – to quit or abandon entirely

Sample Sentence: Disability should not be the reason why you

should forsakeyour dreams.

6. inhibit – to restrain or prohibit; to keep someone from doing something

Sample: The presence of CCTV did not inhibit the driver from beating

the red light.

7. modicum – small amount or portion

Sample Sentence: He did not even show a modicum of guilt after saying

lots of bad things to everyone.

8. nuance – small difference

Sample Sentence: The nuances in our beliefs shouldn’t be a hindrance to

keep us united.

9. penchant – a strong liking or inclination

Sample Sentence: I have a penchant for classical music; Pavarotti was

one of my favorite classical singers.

10. zenith – the highest point or state

Sample Sentence: The zenith of the human mind is around at age 30.

After that, it begins to decline.

VOCABULARY 3

1. boisterous – noisy, rough, and energetic

Sample Sentence: The sound of her boisterous laughter was disturbing

everyone.

2. camaraderie – a feeling of friendship to a group; good-fellowship

Sample Sentence: One of the most valuable things you learn in school

aside from academic lessons is camaraderie.

3. conundrum – a difficult problem having only a guess as an answer; a

riddle or puzzle

Sample Sentence: The origin of the universe has always been

a conundrum to humankind.

4. divergent – to follow to different directions; deviates from the standard

Sample Sentence: My business partners and I have divergent ideas

on how to runour company.

5. foster – to help grow or develop

Sample Sentence: The UN has helped foster peace and equality among all

the nations in the world.

6. intuitive – having to know or understand by means of feelings (and not

by facts)

Sample Sentence: Most people have the intuitive knowledge of right and

wrong.

7. mundane – worldly, common, ordinary

Sample Sentence: His mundane desires make people think that he is a

shallow person.

8. opulent – expensive and luxurious

Sample Sentence: Before he went bankrupt, he had an opulent lifestyle.

9. procrastinate – to delay to do something because it is boring; to delay

doing something out of laziness

Sample Sentence: Even if you procrastinate, you will still make a decision,

so I suggest that you make up your mind once and for all.

10. spontaneous – done or said without lots of thoughts and planning

Sample Sentence: My friend has a habit of spontaneous visiting even in

late hours of the evening.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 9

1. affliction – state of pain, distress, or grief

Sample Sentence: We must not abandon our brothers and sisters in the

time of their affliction.

2. cajole – to persuade someone to do something or to give you

something by making promises or saying nice things

Sample Sentence: Anna, the favorite daughter in the family, cajoled her

father to buy her a new computer.

3. drought – a long period of dry weather

Sample Sentence: Many crops were damaged because of the 5-

month drought.

4. dumbfounded – so shocked that you cannot speech

Sample Sentence: Maria was dumbfounded when her boyfriend proposed

to her in front of so many people.

5. extol – to praise highly

Sample Sentence: His first movie was extolled by critics for its profound

originality and musical scoring.

6. illicit – not legally authorized; not allowed

Sample: A teacher and student relationship in the same school is

an illicit affair.

7. harangue – a scolding or a long verbal attack; a long and passionate

speech

Sample Sentence: He delivered his speech in a harangue: full of passion,

vehemence, and discourse.

8.  reverberate – to continue in a series of repeated sounds

Sample Sentence: The sound of his voice reverberates across the room.

9. succumb – to give away to a superior force; to yield to disease, or

wounds (die)

Sample Sentence: After 3 years of suffering, she finally succumbed to

cancer.

10.  vehement – strongly emotional, passionate, zealous

Sample Sentence: Despite the vehement protest of the employees, the

company did not give in to increasing their salary or other benefits

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 7

1. diligent – hardworking; constant in effort to accomplish something

Sample Sentence: That student is very diligent. He always submits his

homework on time and does extra work.

2. emulate – to try to equal or excel; to surpass

Sample Sentence: Many tenor singers nowadays are trying

to emulate Pavarotti, but I think we only have one Pavarotti in this

generation.

3. haughty – proud, snobbish, arrogant

Sample Sentence: His haughty attitude makes everyone hate him.

4. incompatible – not to be able to exist together without conflict; not able

to be used together

Sample Sentences
 Many stories tells how incompatible a prince and a pauper, but who

cares about status anyway.

 This plug is incompatible with the socket. Kindly buy another one.

5. novice – a person who has just started doing something

ample Sentence: For novice boxers, head gears are needed.

6. orator – an eloquent public speaker; a person who can make speeches

and is very good in making them

Sample Sentence: Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the greatest orators
of his time.

7. prosperity – the condition of being successful especially financially

Sample Sentence: “I wish you good luck, happiness, and prosperity in

your newfound life.”

8. resilient – recovering readily from illness, depression, etc.

Sample Sentence: He was resilient enough to cope up with the tragedy

that happened to his family.

9. submissive – obedient

Sample Sentence: During the feudal times in Japan, the women were

expected to be totally submissive to their husband.

10.  substantiate – to establish proof or complete evidence

Sample Sentence: There were many allegations of corruption against him,

but no one was able to substantiate their claims.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 6

1. brusque – unfriendly, rude, rough

Sample Sentence: Even some educated people cannot hide

their brusque manner sometimes.

2. deprive – to take something away, to withhold something from

theenjoyment or possession 

Sample Sentence: Many parents deprive their kids of junk foods until the

age of 10.

3. exploit – a notable deed or heroic act (noun), to utilize especially for

profit (verb), to use selfishly for one’s own gain (verb).

Sample Sentences

 The exploits of Achilles is known to many people, not just the

Greeks.
 Many companies exploit their employees because they know that it

is hard to find a job nowadays.

4. endeavor – to attempt with effort, to strive to achieve or reach

Sample Sentence: He endeavored to learn Kanji characters for 3 years in

order to read Japanese manga.

5. grumble – to complain about something, to utter complain in a low

voice

Sample Sentence: She always grumbles when you tell her to do

something.

6. insatiable – incapable of being satisfied

Sample Sentence: His insatiable appetite for power and money made him

sacrifice all of his loved ones.

7. meddle – to involve in a matter without right or invitation, to change or

handle something in a way that is unwanted or harmful

Sample Sentence: If people just don’t meddle with other people’s

business, this world will be a better place to live in.

8. obese – very fat, overweight

Sample Sentence: Most of the things that can be bought in fast food chains

today can make you obese.

9. presumptuous – to be confident in a way that is rude

Sample Sentence: He does not care who is he talking to; he is

alwayspresumptuous.

10. tantalize – to tempt, to cause someone to feel interest or excitement

Sample Sentence: The President tantalized him to a position in the board

and now he has abandoned his principles.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 1

1. alleviate – to make easier to endure, to lessen

Sample Sentence: After this operation, take three tablets everyday

to alleviatethe pain.

2. amicable – friendly, showing good will

Sample Sentence: After so many years of battle in courts, the two families

finally agreed on an amicable settlement.

3. benevolent – showing good will, desiring to help others

Sample Sentence: The first time I saw him, I knew that he was

a benevolentperson.

4. inevitable – sure to happen, unavoidable, certain

Sample Sentence: Death is inevitable. Taxes too.

5. scrutinize – to examine in detail

Sample Sentence: The guy who entered the building was suspicious, so

the police scrutinized belongings.

6. tenacious – persistent, stubborn, obstinate, retentive

Sample Sentences

 That guy has been courting me for 5 years. He was

so tenacious that I finally fell in love with him.

 I have quite a tenacious memory. I can’t forget a face.

7. disdain – to scorn, to treat with contempt, despise

After the death of his wife, he was offered a large amount of money by his

boss, but he refused it with disdain.

8. evident – plain or clear to the sight or understanding

Sample Sentence: Even when he was young, it was evident that he will

do great things.

9.  frugal – not wasteful, thrifty

Sample Sentence: All his life, he had been frugal in his expenses. No

wonder he has a lot of money.

10.  superficial – lacking in content, shallow

Sample Sentence: Sometimes, his writings seems superficial, but when

you look at them deeply, you will see the real meaning.

Commonly Used Words in Examinations

1. abdicate – to give up a throne or right, power, or claim in a formal

manner.

Sample Sentence: Edward VIII abdicated his throne to be with the woman

he loved.

2. candor – the quality of being frank, sincere, and honest

Sample sentence: Everyone was surprised by the candor of his speech

because he usually evades questions.

3. connive – to conspire; to secretly help someone do something

dishonest

Sample Sentence: Two thieves connived with a bank employee and

robbed the bank before it closed yesterday.

4. eloquent – showing the ability to use the language clearly and

effectively
Sample Sentence: Ninoy Aquino’s eloquent and lively speeches is one of

the reasons why he always spoke at the end of every event.

5. forsake – to quit or abandon entirely

Sample Sentence: Disability should not be the reason why you

should forsakeyour dreams.

6. inhibit – to restrain or prohibit; to keep someone from doing something

Sample: The presence of CCTV did not inhibit the driver from beating

the red light.

7. modicum – small amount or portion

Sample Sentence: He did not even show a modicum of guilt after saying

lots of bad things to everyone.

8. nuance – small difference

Sample Sentence: The nuances in our beliefs shouldn’t be a hindrance to

keep us united.

9. penchant – a strong liking or inclination

Sample Sentence: I have a penchant for classical music; Pavarotti was

one of my favorite classical singers.

10. zenith – the highest point or state

Sample Sentence: The zenith of the human mind is around at age 30.

After that, it begins to decline.

VOCABULARY 3

1. boisterous – noisy, rough, and energetic

Sample Sentence: The sound of her boisterous laughter was disturbing

everyone.

2. camaraderie – a feeling of friendship to a group; good-fellowship

Sample Sentence: One of the most valuable things you learn in school

aside from academic lessons is camaraderie.

3. conundrum – a difficult problem having only a guess as an answer; a

riddle or puzzle

Sample Sentence: The origin of the universe has always been

a conundrum to humankind.

4. divergent – to follow to different directions; deviates from the standard

Sample Sentence: My business partners and I have divergent ideas

on how to runour company.

5. foster – to help grow or develop

Sample Sentence: The UN has helped foster peace and equality among all

the nations in the world.

6. intuitive – having to know or understand by means of feelings (and not

by facts)

Sample Sentence: Most people have the intuitive knowledge of right and

wrong.

7. mundane – worldly, common, ordinary

Sample Sentence: His mundane desires make people think that he is a

shallow person.

8. opulent – expensive and luxurious

Sample Sentence: Before he went bankrupt, he had an opulent lifestyle.

9. procrastinate – to delay to do something because it is boring; to delay

doing something out of laziness

Sample Sentence: Even if you procrastinate, you will still make a decision,

so I suggest that you make up your mind once and for all.

10. spontaneous – done or said without lots of thoughts and planning

Sample Sentence: My friend has a habit of spontaneous visiting even in

late hours of the evening.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 9

1. affliction – state of pain, distress, or grief

Sample Sentence: We must not abandon our brothers and sisters in the

time of their affliction.

2. cajole – to persuade someone to do something or to give you

something by making promises or saying nice things

Sample Sentence: Anna, the favorite daughter in the family, cajoled her

father to buy her a new computer.

3. drought – a long period of dry weather

Sample Sentence: Many crops were damaged because of the 5-

month drought.

4. dumbfounded – so shocked that you cannot speech

Sample Sentence: Maria was dumbfounded when her boyfriend proposed

to her in front of so many people.

5. extol – to praise highly

Sample Sentence: His first movie was extolled by critics for its profound

originality and musical scoring.

6. illicit – not legally authorized; not allowed

Sample: A teacher and student relationship in the same school is

an illicit affair.

7. harangue – a scolding or a long verbal attack; a long and passionate

speech
Sample Sentence: He delivered his speech in a harangue: full of passion,

vehemence, and discourse.

8.  reverberate – to continue in a series of repeated sounds

Sample Sentence: The sound of his voice reverberates across the room.

9. succumb – to give away to a superior force; to yield to disease, or

wounds (die)

Sample Sentence: After 3 years of suffering, she finally succumbed to

cancer.

10.  vehement – strongly emotional, passionate, zealous

Sample Sentence: Despite the vehement protest of the employees, the

company did not give in to increasing their salary or other benefits

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 7

1. diligent – hardworking; constant in effort to accomplish something

Sample Sentence: That student is very diligent. He always submits his

homework on time and does extra work.

2. emulate – to try to equal or excel; to surpass

Sample Sentence: Many tenor singers nowadays are trying

to emulate Pavarotti, but I think we only have one Pavarotti in this

generation.

3. haughty – proud, snobbish, arrogant

Sample Sentence: His haughty attitude makes everyone hate him.

4. incompatible – not to be able to exist together without conflict; not able

to be used together

Sample Sentences
 Many stories tells how incompatible a prince and a pauper, but who

cares about status anyway.

  This plug is incompatible with the socket. Kindly buy another one.

5. novice – a person who has just started doing something

ample Sentence: For novice boxers, head gears are needed.

6. orator – an eloquent public speaker; a person who can make speeches

and is very good in making them

Sample Sentence: Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the greatest orators
of his time.

7. prosperity – the condition of being successful especially financially

Sample Sentence: “I wish you good luck, happiness, and prosperity in

your newfound life.”

8. resilient – recovering readily from illness, depression, etc.

Sample Sentence: He was resilient enough to cope up with the tragedy

that happened to his family.

9. submissive – obedient

Sample Sentence: During the feudal times in Japan, the women were

expected to be totally submissive to their husband.

10.  substantiate – to establish proof or complete evidence

Sample Sentence: There were many allegations of corruption against him,

but no one was able to substantiate their claims.

Civil Service Exam Vocabulary Review 6

1. brusque – unfriendly, rude, rough

Sample Sentence: Even some educated people cannot hide

their brusque manner sometimes.

2. deprive – to take something away, to withhold something from

theenjoyment or possession 
Sample Sentence: Many parents deprive their kids of junk foods until the

age of 10.

3. exploit – a notable deed or heroic act (noun), to utilize especially for

profit (verb), to use selfishly for one’s own gain (verb).

Sample Sentences

 The exploits of Achilles is known to many people, not just the

Greeks.
 Many companies exploit their employees because they know that it

is hard to find a job nowadays.

4. endeavor – to attempt with effort, to strive to achieve or reach

Sample Sentence: He endeavored to learn Kanji characters for 3 years in

order to read Japanese manga.

5. grumble – to complain about something, to utter complain in a low

voice

Sample Sentence: She always grumbles when you tell her to do

something.

6. insatiable – incapable of being satisfied

Sample Sentence: His insatiable appetite for power and money made him

sacrifice all of his loved ones.

7. meddle – to involve in a matter without right or invitation, to change or

handle something in a way that is unwanted or harmful

Sample Sentence: If people just don’t meddle with other people’s

business, this world will be a better place to live in.

8. obese – very fat, overweight

Sample Sentence: Most of the things that can be bought in fast food chains

today can make you obese.

9. presumptuous – to be confident in a way that is rude

Sample Sentence: He does not care who is he talking to; he is

alwayspresumptuous.

10. tantalize – to tempt, to cause someone to feel interest or excitement

Sample Sentence: The President tantalized him to a position in the board

and now he has abandoned his principles.

1. accommodation
making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances
2. analysis
abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts
3. argument
a dispute where there is strong disagreement
4. submissive
inclined or willing to give in to orders or wishes of others
5. malevolent
wishing or appearing to wish evil to others
6. corrugated
shaped into alternating parallel grooves and ridges
7. enthralled
filled with wonder and delight
8. definitely
without question and beyond doubt
9. development
a process in which something passes to a different stage
10. enrapture
hold spellbound
11. disappoint
fail to meet the hopes or expectations of
12. embarrassment
the shame felt when inadequacy or guilt is made public
13. environment
the totality of surrounding conditions
14. lament
a cry of sorrow and grief
15. monotonous
sounded or spoken in a tone unvarying in pitch
16. melancholy
a constitutional tendency to be gloomy and depressed
17. spiteful
showing malicious ill will and a desire to hurt
18. vacuous
devoid of matter
19. svelte
being of delicate or slender build
20. torrential
relating to or resulting from the action of a downpour
21. humiliate
cause to feel shame
22. tedious
so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness
23. dispute
coming into conflict with
24. refine
reduce to a pure state
25. illusion
an erroneous mental representation
26. elicit
call forth, as an emotion, feeling, or response
27. illicit
contrary to accepted morality or convention
28. subservient
compliant and obedient to authority
29. tentative
hesitant or lacking confidence; unsettled in mind or opinion
30. prevalent
most frequent or common
31. benevolent
showing or motivated by sympathy and understanding
32. benefactor
a person who helps people or institutions
33. benefit
something that aids or promotes well-being
34. inadequacy
a lack of competence
35. malicious
having the nature of threatening evil
36. malice
feeling a need to see others suffer
37. motley
consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds
38. adroit
quick or skillful or adept in action or thought
39. colossal
so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe
40. colloquial
characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation
41. sustainable
capable of being prolonged
42. compliant
disposed to act in accordance with someone's wishes
43. shrewd
marked by practical hardheaded intelligence
44. devious
deviating from a straight course

1. diabolical
showing cunning or ingenuity or wickedness
2. debacle
a sudden and violent collapse
3. dragnet
a conical fishnet dragged through the water at great depths
4. accomplice
a person who joins with another in carrying out some plan
5. abduct
take away to an undisclosed location against their will
6. masticate
bite and grind with the teeth
7. oar
an implement used to propel or steer a boat
8. ewe
female sheep
9. manifest
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
10. motley
consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds
11. taxonomy
a classification of organisms based on similarities
12. entail
have as a logical consequence
13. empathise
be understanding of
14. ostentation
pretentious or showy or vulgar display
15. grubby
thickly covered with ingrained dirt or soot
16. disingenuous
not straightforward or candid
17. iffy
subject to accident or chance or change
18. winch
lifting device consisting of a horizontal cylinder turned by a crank on
which a cable or rope winds
19. backtrack
retrace one's course
20. pique
a sudden outburst of anger
21. siphon
a tube used to move liquid from one vessel to another
22. edgy
being in a tense state
23. volte-face
a major change in attitude or principle or point of view
24. hokum
 a message that seems to convey no meaning
25. onus
an onerous or difficult concern
26. uppish
(used colloquially) overly conceited or arrogant
27. insidious
working or spreading in a hidden and usually injurious way
28. flaccid
drooping without elasticity
29. abject
of the most contemptible kind
30. bleak
unpleasantly cold and damp
31. chastise
censure severely
32. disdain
lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike
33. encumbrance
an onerous or difficult concern
34. flimsy
a thin strong lightweight translucent paper
35. grisly
shockingly repellent; inspiring horror
36. hapless
deserving or inciting pity
37. intrigue
a crafty and involved plot to achieve your ends
38. jaded
exhausted
39. keen
intense or sharp
40. dainty
something considered choice to eat
41. tarry
leave slowly and hesitantly
42. knuckle
a joint of a finger when the fist is closed
43. discrete
constituting a separate entity or part
44. efface
remove by or as if by rubbing or erasing
45. evident
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
46. composure
steadiness of mind under stress
47. embargo
 a government order imposing a trade barrier
48. interdict
command against
49. intrepid
invulnerable to fear or intimidation
50. importune
beg persistently and urgently
51. destitute
poor enough to need help from others
52. pauper
a person who is very poor
53. evacuation
the act of leaving a dangerous place in an orderly fashion
54. yuppie
a young upwardly mobile professional individual
55. silo
a cylindrical tower used for storing silage
56. demur
politely refuse or take exception to
57. acumen
shrewdness shown by keen insight
58. antebellum
belonging to a period before a war
59. bellicose
having or showing a ready disposition to fight
60. bowdlerize
edit by omitting or modifying parts considered indelicate
61. abjure
formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief
62. circumlocution
an indirect way of expressing something
63. ameliorate
to make better
64. accolade
a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction
65. apprise
inform somebody of something
66. agile
moving quickly and lightly
67. clandestine
conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methods
68. clemency
leniency and compassion shown toward offenders
69. conspicuous
obvious to the eye or mind
70. havoc
 violent and needless disturbance
71. jeopardy
a source of danger
72. exorbitant
greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation
73. fiasco
a complete failure or collapse
74. sap
a watery solution in the vascular system of a plant
75. blend
mix together different elements
76. exultation
the utterance of sounds expressing great joy
77. forthwith
without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening
78. fortitude
strength of mind that enables one to endure adversity
79. jubilant
full of high-spirited delight
80. relinquish
turn away from; give up
81. redundant
more than is needed, desired, or required
82. sordid
foul and run-down and repulsive
83. sporadic
recurring in scattered or unpredictable instances
84. ruthless
without mercy or pity
85. heartfelt
earnest
86. amity
a state of friendship and cordiality
87. honorary
given as an award without the normal duties
88. excerpt
a passage selected from a larger work
89. amiable
diffusing warmth and friendliness
90. zenith
the point above the observer directly opposite the nadir
91. pinnacle
a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower
92. dilemma
state of uncertainty in a choice between unfavorable options
93. paradox
 a statement that contradicts itself
94. admonish
scold or reprimand; take to task
95. pilfer
make off with belongings of others
96. foe
an armed adversary
97. woe
misery resulting from affliction
98. mendicant
a pauper who lives by begging
99. importune
beg persistently and urgently
100. mull
reflect deeply on a subject
Idiomatic expressions – Line
Meanings
Line is a quite a common word in many idiomatic expressions. It has a
range of
meanings:
If you drop someone a line, you write them a letter.
The bottom line refers to accounts where you see the profit or loss at the
bottom.
The dotted line is the line on which you sign your name for a contract or
bill.
If you draw a line under something on a piece of paper you separate it
from what comes before. If you draw a line under an experience, it means
it is finished and you don’t want to hear any more about it.
If you toe the line, you conform. In politics you often have to toe the party
line – support what the party believes. People who rock the boat are said
to step
out of line. If something is different from other similar things, it can
be brought
into line with the others.
If your job is on the line, you are at risk of losing it. If someone is on the
line, they are on the telephone.
Examples:

Susan says she’s happy with Martin but reading between the lines, something’s

not quite right. They never seem to go out together.

This is Sarah Williams. Can I speak to Amanda Price, please?

Hold the line, please. I’ll just see if she’s free.

Right. Have a good journey. Good luck with the new job and everything.

Thanks. I’ll drop you a line to let you know how I’m getting on.

I agree. Let’s move the meeting to the 24th and involve the other departments.

Good. I’m pleased we’re thinking along similar lines.

Exercises: Use the following idiomatic expressions in the sentences below:

a. in line for

b. the bottom line

c. on the dotted line

d. drew a line under

e. out of line

1. Make sure you read the contract in detail before you sign __________.

2. If you step ________ in this company, they get rid of you. You don’t get a

second chance.

3. When John’s divorce came through, he ________ that episode of his life.

4. Helen’s doing very well at work. In fact, I think she’s __________ promotion.

5. I know you don’t want to learn English but ___________ is, if you want to

get a better job here, you need to speak a foreign language.

c; 2. e; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b;