Dr. M. R.

Patil
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Course Content
Course Code: CVE412 L-T-P: 3-0-0
Course Title: Solid Waste Management CIE: 50
Teaching Hours: 40 SEE: 50

Unit –I
1. Introduction
Solid waste -Definition, Land Pollution -scope and importance of
solid waste management, functional elements of solid waste
05 hrs
management. SOURCES: Classification and characteristics-
municipal, hospital / biomedical waste, Quantity -Generation rate,
methods.
2. Collection and Transportation
Systems of collection, collection equipment, garbage chutes, 05 hrs
transfer stations -bailing and compacting, route optimization
3. Treatment I Processing Techniques
Components separation, volume reduction, size reduction, 05 hrs
chemical reduction and biological processing
• Course Outcomes-(COs)
• At the end of the course student will be able to:
• Explain the meaning of solid waste, its sources,
types and characteristics.
• Explain the land and air pollution due to solid waste.
• Explain functional elements of solid waste
management.
• Estimate the quantity of solid waste.
• Explain the different collection and transport
systems.
• Explain different treatment and processing systems
of solid waste.
• Explain different methods of treatment and disposal
of solid waste.
• Explain the recycling and reuse of solid waste.
 INTRODUCTION
• Definition of Solid Waste:
Any waste in the form of solid
or semi-solid, which is treated
as value less to the first user is
known as Solid Waste.
Solid waste is generated by the
activities of human beings
and animals.
 Problem in Managing the
Solid Waste
1. Increasing Quantity
2. Complex Characteristics
3. Non-dispersive nature
 Main Reasons for increase in Solid
Waste Quantity
•Increase in population

•Rapid Industrialization

•Migration to urban areas for

job / work / study etc
•Change in life style
 Quantity Of Solid Waste
• It is estimated that about 1,15,000 MT
of Municipal Solid Waste is
generated daily in the country.
• Out of which 83,378 TPD is generated
by Urban India in 423 Class-I cities.
Waste generated in 423 Class-I cities
works out to 72.5% of the total waste
generated each day.
 Quantity Of Solid Waste

•Per capita generation of waste

varies from 200 gm to 600 gm
per capita / day.

•Average generation rate at

0.4 kg per capita per day in
1,00,000 plus population towns
 QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE

GENERATED IN THE COUNTRY PER DAY (TPD)
% OF TOTAL
GARBAGE
WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.35%

WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08%

(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.07%

CLASS-I TOWNS
(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________
83,378.28 TPD 72.50%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE

OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL
WASTE.
 Magnitude of Solid waste Management
Problem
• Over the years, there has been a

continuous migration of people from rural

and semi-urban areas to towns and cities.
• The proportion of population residing in
urban areas has increased from 10.84% in
1901 to 25.70% in 1991.
• The number of class I cities has
increased from 212 to 300 during 1981 to
1991,
 Magnitude of Solid waste
Management Problem
• While class II cities have increased
from 270 to 345 during the same
period.

• The increase in the population in class

I cities is very high as compared to
that in class II cities
 Increase in Solid Waste Quantity
• Per capita waste generation
increasing by 1.3% per annum

• With urban population increasing

between 3 to 3.5% per annum

• Yearly increase in waste

generation is around 5% annually
 Magnitude of Solid waste
Management Problem
• Most urban areas in the country are
plagued by acute problems related to
solid waste.
• The uncontrolled growth in urban
areas has left many Indian cities deficient
in infrastructural services such as water
supply, sewerage and municipal solid
waste management.
 TREND OF URBANIZATION

Year Year Year Year

1951 1991 2001 2021

1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --

Agglomerations / Towns

2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0

(in million)

3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%

Population
TERI Projections on Waste Generation In India
TERI Projections on Land reqd. for
Disposal In India
TERI Projections on Methane Generation In
India
 Problem posed by Solid Waste
• The uncontrolled growth in urban
areas has left many Indian cities
deficient in infrastructural services
of municipal solid waste
management.

• 30-50% of staff and resources

being utilized by Urban Local
Bodies for these operations
 Problem posed by Solid Waste

• It is also estimated that the Urban

Local Bodies (ULBs) spend about
Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per tonne on solid
waste for collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal.
 Problem posed by Solid Waste
• About 60-70% of this amount is
spent on street sweeping of waste
(collection) , 20 to 30% on
transportation and less than 5% on
final disposal of waste, which
shows that hardly any attention is
given to scientific and safe
disposal of waste.
 Problem posed by Solid Waste
• Generally the collection
efficiency ranges between 70 to
90% in major metro cities
whereas in several smaller cities
the collection efficiency is below
50%.
 Problems of improper solid waste
management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)

• Ground water
contamination
by the leachate
generated by the
waste dump
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
•Surface water contamination
by the run-off from the waste
dump
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Bad odour, pests,
rodents and wind-
blown litter in and
around the waste
dump
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
•Generation of inflammable gas
(e.g. methane) within the
waste dump
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
•Fires within the waste dump
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
•Bird menace above the waste
dump which affects flight of
aircraft
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW
•Erosion and stability problems
relating to slopes of the waste
dump
•Epidemics through stray
animals
•Acidity to surrounding soil and
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Uncollected waste often ends up
in drains, causing blockages that
result in flooding and unhealthy
conditions.
•
 Problems of improper solid
waste management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Flies breed in some constituents of
solid wastes and are very effective
vectors that spread diseases. They
have spread cholera in Delhi for
many years.
 Problems of improper solid waste
management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Release of green house gas
• Rats find shelter and food in waste
dumps. Rats consume and spoil food,
spread diseases, damage electrical
cables and other materials, and
inflict unpleasant bites. In fact plague
was caused in the city of Surat in
1999 by an increase in the rat
population.
 Problems of improper solid waste
management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Waste plastic bags are a particular
aesthetic nuisance. They also cause
the death of the grazing animals that
eat them.
• Solid-waste collection workers face
particular occupational hazards
including strains from lifting, injuries
from sharp objects, and traffic
accidents.
 Problems of improper solid waste
management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)
• Dangerous items (such as broken
glass, razor blades, hypodermic
needles and other healthcare
wastes, aerosol cans, and potentially
explosive industrial containers and
chemicals) pose risks of injury or
poisoning, particularly to the rag
pickers who sort recyclables from
waste.
Problems of improper solid waste
management
(Environmental Impact of MSW)

•Bad smell and ugly seen in the

vicinity

•Place for breeding of mosquito

and other flies
 Types of solid waste
•Municipal Solid Waste
•Industrial / Hazardous Solid
Waste
•Biomedical waste
•E-Waste
 Sources of Solid Wastes
• Municipal Solid Wastes
– Residential Areas
– Market Places, Business Malls,
Institutions,
– Municipal Services, Treatment
Plants,
– Industries
– Construction and Demolition
Sites
Municipal Solid Wastes
 Sources of Solid Wastes
• Hazardous Wastes:
Waste Material having following
Characteristics
– Ignitable,
– Corrosive,
– Reactive or Explosive and / or
– Toxic
Examples:
– Chemical wastes, oil and grease, Heavy
Metal waste ( Lead, Chromium), acids
and alkalis
Hazardous Wastes
Sources of Hazardous Wastes
–Industries
–Laboratories
–Hospitals
–Residences
 Biomedical Waste
Bio-Medical Waste is any waste
generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals or in research
activity.
The waste produced in the course of
health care activities carries a higher
potential for infection and injury than
any other type of waste
 Components of Bio-medical waste

(i)Human anatomical waste (tissues,

organs, body parts etc.),

(ii) Animal waste (as above, generated

during research/experimentation,
from veterinary hospitals etc.),
 Biomedical Waste

(iii) Microbiology and biotechnology

waste, such as, laboratory cultures,
micro-organisms, human and animal
cell cultures, toxins etc.,
Components of Bio-medical waste

(iv) Waste sharps, such as,

hypodermic needles, syringes,
scalpels, broken glass etc.,
(v) Discarded medicines and
cyto-toxic drugs
(vi) Soiled waste, such as
dressing, bandages, plaster casts,
material contaminated with
blood etc.,
 Components of Bio-medical waste
(vii) Solid waste (disposable items like
tubes, catheters etc. excluding sharps),

(viii) Liquid waste generated from any

of the infected areas,

(ix) Incineration ash,

(x) Chemical waste.

(XI) Sanitary pads
Bio-medical waste
Bio-medical waste
Sources of Bio-Medical Waste
Wastes

1. Hospitals
2. Laboratories
3. Medical Research Centers
4. Hostels / PGs
 Health hazards associated with poor
management of Bio-medical waste

(i) Injury from sharps to staff and

waste handlers associated with the
health care establishment.

(ii) Hospital Acquired Infection

(HAI) (Nosocomial) of patients due
to spread of infection.
Health hazards associated with poor
management of Bio-medical waste
(iii)Risk of infection outside the
hospital for waste handlers /
scavengers and eventually general
public.

(iv) Occupational risk associated

with hazardous chemicals, drugs
etc.
Health hazards associated with poor
management of Bio-medical waste

(V) Unauthorized repackaging

and sale of disposable items
and unused / date expired
drugs.
Hence solid waste needs management
END
 Composition Of Municipal Solid Waste

• Bio-degradable (organic matter) - 30-55%

• Inert matter - 40-55%

• Recyclable matter (Plastics, paper, glass,

metal etc.) : 5-15%
• Insuperable:
Composition of waste varies with
size of city, season and income group
Flow of materials in society