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Physical Origins
and
Rate Equations
Chapter One
Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy
Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time and q ʹ′ʹ′
surface area
W/m2
+
U → Thermal energy of system
u → Thermal energy per unit mass of system
Modes of Heat Transfer
q ʹ′ʹ′ = −k ∇T
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient
W/m 2
W/m ⋅ K °C/m or K/m
dT T −T
qxʹ′ʹ′ = −k = −k 2 1
dx L
T1 − T2
qxʹ′ʹ′ = k (1.2)
L
ε : Surface emissivity ( 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)
σ : Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67×10-8 W/m2 ⋅ K4 )
4
G = Gsur = σ Tsur
qrad
ʹ′ʹ′ = h r (Ts − Tsur ) (1.8)
(1.10)
For combined convection and radiation,
qʹ′ʹ′ = qconv
ʹ′ʹ′ + qrad
ʹ′ʹ′ = h (Ts − T∞ ) + hr (Ts − Tsur )
Process Identification
Schematic:
Assumptions: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Radiation exchange between a small surface and a large enclosure, (3)
Negligible heat transfer from sides of chip or from back of chip by conduction through the substrate.
Analysis:
Pelec = qconv + qrad = hA (Ts − T∞ ) + ε Aσ (Ts4 − Tsur4 )
2
A = L2 = ( 0.015m) =2.25×10-4 m2
(a) If heat transfer is by natural convection,
5/ 4 5/4
(
qconv = CA (Ts − T∞ ) =4.2W/m 2 ⋅ K 5/4 2.25×10-4 m 2 ) ( 60K ) =0.158W
qrad = 0.60 ( 2.25×10-4 m 2 ) 5.67×10-8 W/m2 ⋅ K 4 (358 -298 ) K
4 4 4
=0.065W
Pelec = 0.158W+0.065W=0.223W