Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CS: ANSI/ASME B36.10; Sch./ wall Thk.in mm; density = 7.85 kg/dm3SS: ANSI/ASME ch./Wall Thk. In mm; d =B36.19; Aus. Steel 7.93 kg/dm3Wt / m = π x (OD-t) x t x density
INCH OD (mm) STD
1 Pound = 0.454 Kg. 1 Inch = 25.4 mm 1 UK gal = 4.5461 L 1 33.40 3.38
1 Metric Ton = 1000 Kg. 1 mil = 0.0254 mm 5 mL = 5 cc = 1 tsp. 2 60.30 3.91
1 Ton = 1016.05 Kg. 1 mm = 1000 micron PRESSURE
3 88.90 5.49
FORCE WORK / ENERGY 1 Pa = 1N/m2
1 Kgf = 9.81 N 1 ft-lb = 1.3558 J 1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2 4 114.30 6.02
1 lb (Pound) = 4.45 N POWER 1 Mpa = 10 bar 141.30 6.55
5
1 N = 105 Dyne 1 Watt = 1 J/s 1 bar = 14.5 PSI
6 168.30 7.11
1 Watt= 1 Amp x 1 volt 1 bar = 0.9869 atm
DENSITY 1 ppm =1 mg/l = 1 mg/kg 1KSI = 6.90 Mpa 8 219.10 8.18
Density of steel = 484 to 503 Pcf, or 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm3 1 Kgf /cm2 = 14.22 PSI 273.00 9.27
10
Density of Water at 4oC = 1 gm / cm3 1 bar = 750.06 mm Hg at 0oC
Density of Hg at 0OC = 13.5951 g/cm3 1 bar = 10197.44 mm H2O at 4oC
323.80 9.53
12
CODES
PRESSURE PIPING CODE Flanges :- ASME section I : - ROC of power boiler.
ASME B 31.1 – Power ASME B16.1 : - CI PF & FF. ASME Section II : - Materials.
ASME B 31.2 – Fuel ASME B16.5 : -CS PF & FF Part A – Ferrous.
ASME B16.47 : - steel flanges. (Above Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.
ASME B 31.3 – Process
24”) Part C – Spec.- Electrodes & filler wire.
ASME B 31.4 – Transportation of HC /LPG Part D – Properties.
Butt welded fittings :-
ASME B 31.5 – Refrigeration ASME B16.9 : - Steel BW F ASME Section IV : - ROC of Heating Boiler.
ASME B 31.8 – Gas transportation & distribution ASME B16.28 : - BW SR elbows & ASME Section V : - NDE.
ASME B 31.9 – Building service returns bends. ASME Section VI : - RRCO of heating boiler.
ASME B 31.11 – Slurry transportation Gasket :- ASME Section VII : - RGC of power boiler.
ASME B16.20 / API -601: - Metal ASME Section VIII : - ROC of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)
Socket & Threaded fittings : ASME Section IX : - Welding & Brazing qualification.
ASME B16.21 : - Non metallic.
I. ASME B16.11:
Valves :- Pipes :-
ASME B16.10: - F to F & E to E dim. ASME B36.10 : - Welded & Seamless
II. ASME B16.34 : - Flanged & butt-welded ends wrought iron pipes.
steel valves (Pressure &Temperature ratings) ASME B36.19 : - SS pipes.
Materials
P No. / Steel designation Forgings Wrought Fitting Pipe Plate Stud & Nut Remark
Group No.
SA-516, Gr.70
SA-193, B7 SA-193, B7M (NACE)
Carbon Steel SA-105 SA-234, WPB SA-106 GR.B SA-36,(Non pr.
SA-194, 2H SA-194, 2HM (NACE)
1/1 Prat)
SA-320-7
SA-350, LF2 SA-420, WPL6 SA-333 GR.6 Low. Temp.
SA-194, 4
1Cr-0.5Mo SA-182, F12 SA-234, WP12 SA335, P12 SA-387-12 A/Steel
4/1
1.25Cr-0.5Mo SA-182, F11 SA-234, WP11 SA335, P11 SA-387-11
5A / 1 2.25Cr-0.5Mo SA-182, F22 SA-234, WP22 SA335, P22 SA-387-22 A/Steel
5Cr-0.5Mo SA-182, F5 SA-234, WP5 SA335, P5 SA-387-5 A/Steel
5B / 1
9Cr-1Mo SA-182, F9 SA-234, WP9 SA335, P9 SA-387-9
18Cr-8Ni SA-182, F304 SA-403, WP304 SA-312, TP304 SA-240, 304 SS
SA-193, B8
18Cr-8Ni SA-182, F304H SA-403, WP304H SA-312, TP304H SA-240, 304H SS
SA-194, 8
18Cr-8Ni SA-182, F304L SA-403, WP304L SA-312, TP304L SA-240, 304L Low C SS
8/1
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA-182, F316 SA-403, WP316 SA-312, TP316 SA-240, 316 SS
SA-193, B8M
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA-182, F316H SA-403, WP316H SA-312, TP316H SA-240, 316H SS
SA-194, 8M
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA-182, F316L SA-403, WP316L SA-312, TP316L SA-240, 316L Low C SS
43 67Ni-30Cu SB-164 SB-165 SB-127 Monel
45 35Ni-35Fe-20Cr-Cb SB-462 SB-366 SB-729 SB-463 Alloy 20
Materials
CS: 235 TP, MDT ≥
Product CS: 235LT TP CS: 360LT TP SS: 316 TP SS: 316 TP SS: 316 TP
15⁰C & Thk. < 16
Imp. Test Imp. Test 22 Cr Duplex 25 Cr Duplex
mm
Pipes SMLS A106 Gr.B A333 Gr. 6 API 5L Gr. X52 A312 Gr. TP316 A790 UNS S31803 A790, UNS S32550
Pipes ASTM A672 CC60/70, A671 Gr. CC60/70, Cl. A671 Gr.CC70, Cl.
A358 Gr. 316 A928 A928
Welded Cl. 12,22; API 5L Gr.B 12,22 12,22
Fittings A234 Gr. WPB A420, Gr. WPL 6 A860 Gr.WPHY52 A403 Gr.WP316 A815 UNS S31803 A815,UNS S32550
A182
Forgings A105 A350 Gr. LF2 A694 Gr.F52 A182 Gr. F316 A182 Gr. F51 / F60
F53/F55/F61
Plate A 516 Gr. 60/70 A 516 Gr. 60/70 A 516 Gr. 70 A240 Gr.316 A240 A240
A351 Gr.CF8M or A995 UNS Gr. A995,A5 (UNS
Castings A216 Gr. WCB A352 Gr. LCC A352 Gr. LCC
CF3M 4(J92205) J93404)
Bar A276 UNSS31600 A276 UNS S31803 A276, UNS S32550
Tube A269 Gr.316 A789 UNS S31803 A789, UNS S32550
Product SS: Cu/Ni 90/10 Ni-alloy Ti-alloy, Gr.2 High Strength Low
06 Mo TP & Cu-alloys Alloy Steel
Pipes SMLS A312,UNS S31354 B466,UNS C70600 B705,UNS N06625 B861,Gr.2 A519 AISI 4130
Pipes
A358 B467 B705 B862,Gr.2
Welded
Fittings A403,WP S31254 UNS C70600 B366 B363,Gr.WPT2 A234 AISI 4130
ASTM A788,AISI
A182,Gr.F44,UNS
Forgings UNS C70600 B564,UNS N06625 B381,Gr.F2 4140,API 6A
N08367
60K,A182 F22
Plate A 240 B171 B443 B265,Gr.2
ASTM A 487,Gr.
Castings B148,UNS C95800 A494,Gr.CW-6MC B367,Gr.C2
A 351,CK-3MCuN 2B/2C
Bar A276,UNS S31254 B446 B348,Gr.2
Tube A269,UNS S31254 B444 B338,Gr.2
As per BSEN 10225:
ADMA Spec: Fixed Offshore Steel Structure SP 1030 => Rm = Tensile Strength
ReH = Yield Strength
Primary members( Category-I) are those which are essential to the
IPE - I beams
overall structural
integrity of the structure. Examples of these are as follows: IPN - standard beams
For Jackets: Legs, piles, horizontal & vertical bracing. HE - wide flange beams, A- Light,
For decks or modules: Legs, main trusses or frames including bracings and main B – Normal, M – Heavy.
floor girders and crane pedestals.
For Masts/Bridges: Main chords and bracings in main faces
HLZ - extra wide flange beams
HL - extra wide flange beams
Special members (Category-S) are parts of primary members
located in critical load
HD - Wide flange columns
transmission areas. Typically these are the, HP - Wide flange bearing piles
a. areas subject to in-service through-thickness stress. UPE - Channels with parallel flanges
b. areas of highly constrained welding during fabrication. UPN - standard channels
c. areas containing high concentrations of welding.
d. main leg node shell plates, overlapped joints, pad eyes and through plates at
U - Channels with taper flanges
cruciform’s.
For Jackets: Nodes on main legs including cans, brace stubs if used, main plates
for
padeyes.
For Decks/modules: Nodes of deck legs, main plate for pad eyes, primary
structure, which exceeds 50 mm thickness.
Secondary members ( Category-II) are those whose contribution
to the overall
structural integrity is not essential, but which are significantly loaded, (e.g. floor
plate, stringers, major equipment supports, stairs and walkways, conductors or
risers
support members).
Ancillary (Tertiary)( Category-A) steel members are defined as
members and
attachments which do not fall in the above categories and are not essential to
the
main stability and strength of the structure (e.g. handrails, ladders, access
platforms,
minor equipment supports, temporary steelwork such as sling lay down
platforms,
bumpers and guides).
17-4HP SS / ASTM A693 Typ.630/UNS S17400 =>Precipitation Hardening Stainless Parts Material
Steel (UNS S17400)(Page 497 / 2013) Body ASTM-A105N; A350, Gr. LF2; A216, WCB
ASTM A564 Gr. 630: Hot Rolled, Cold Finished Age-Hardening SS Bar/Shape (Page Bonnet ASTM-A105N; A350, Gr. LF2; A216, WCB
296 / 2013) Ball ASTM-A182,Gr. F44 (UNS S31254), B564 (UNS N06625)
ASTM A216, WCB: Steel Casting and carbon suitable for fusion welding for ↑ Temp. Seat ASTM-A182,Gr. F44 (UNS S31254),
Service (UNS J03002) (Page 388 / 2013). Stem ASTM-A182,Gr. F44 (UNS S31254); 17-4HP SS; A564 Gr.630;
ASTM A193, Gr.B7M:AS and SS Bolting Materials for ↑ Tempr or ↑ Pr. Service and
ASTM B637 (Inconel 718)
other special applications. Cr-Mo (Page 314 / 2013).
Stem Key AISI 4140 / ASTM A29 Gr. 4140
ASTM A194, Gr.2HM: CS & AS Nut for bolt for ↑Pr. or ↑Temp. service or both (Page
332 / 2013). Wedge ASTM-A182,Gr. F44 (UNS S31254), A351Gr.CF8M
ASTM B637: Precipitation-Hardening Ni-Alloy bar, forging and forging stock for ↑Temp. Bolt /Stud ASTM A193, Gr.B7M; A320 Gr. L7M
Service Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) (Page 979 / 2013). Nut ASTM A194, Gr.2HM;
ASTM B564: Precipitation-Hardening Ni-Alloy bar, forging and forging stock for ↑Temp. ASTM-A105N: CS forging for piping application, N= Normalised, A= Annealed, NT=
Service Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) (Page 862 / 2013). Normalised + Tempered, QT= Quench + Tempered (Page 240-2013)
A320 Gr. L7M:AS and SS Bolting materials for ↓Temp. services (Page 562 / 2013). ASTM-A350, Gr. LF2: Specialized CS /Low AS Forging ,Notch Toughness Reqd. Pipe
AISI 4140 / ASTM A29 Gr. 4140 : Carbon and Alloy steel Bar, Hot Wrought (Page 170 Component (Page 636 / 2013)
/ 2013) ASTM-A182, Gr. F44:Forged/Rolled Alloy and SS pipe flanges, Forged fittings, Valves &
valves parts for ↑Tempr UNS S31254 (Page 291-2013)
A351Gr.CF8M:Casting Austenitic. Duplex for pressure
containing Parts. (Page 648 / 2013).
GRE Items Inspection RAW material test GRE Items Inspection Production test
WA Test of resin-ASTM D 570: 1Hr@105ºC cured sample=> in water Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (STIS) & Structural Hoop
@ 24 hrs.=> Accp. ≤ 0.03% Flexural Modulus of pipe: TM-002 & ASTM D 2412. Stiffness ≥ 5000
RI of epoxy resin hardener mix - RMT-011 & ASTM D 1045=> ABBE Pa and Structural hoop flexural modulus ≥ 20500 MPa. 5% Deflection
in Dia.
Refractometer => Accp. 1.5530 to 1.5865
Axial Tensile Strength of Pipe TM-003 & ASTM D 638 ≥ 55 Mpa.
Viscosity of Epoxy Resin- RMT-001A & ISO 2555 => conditioning @ Hoop Tensile Strength of Pipe TM-004 & ASTM D 2290 ≥ 210 Mpa.
25ºC=>Brookfield Viscometer => Accp. 10000 - 12000 Cps Degree of Curing (Tg Value) of Pipes and Fittings – (DSC /
Resin Gel Time, Cure Time and Peak Temperature- RMT-002 & (Differential Scanning Calorimeter)Method-Glass transition
ASTM D 2471 => conditioning @ 25ºC + mix hardener => Gel-Time : temperature) Tg ≥ 95% of minimum Tg value measured for qualifying
90 ± 30 Min. Gel-to-peak : 10 ± 5 Min. Peak Temp. : 200 ± 40 °C . component in 1000 hours survival test.
Glass Fibers: - M/C, Size/ Binder content & Tex properties - Tg ≥ 135% for Pipes, Fittings, Flanges & Lamination Joints
RMT-003, RMT-004 & RMT-005. Tg ≥ 110% for Cement Joints
Moisture Content : < 0.15 % [105ºC@3hrs] WA Test, Boil Resistance of Pipes, Fittings & Flanges-ASTM D
Binder content: Nom. ± 30 % [LOI 600ºC@30 min.] 570: 1Hr@105ºC cured sample=> in water @ 3 hrs.=> Accp. ≤ 1% and
Tex Number : Nom. ± 15 % [weight in grams of 1000 m] no detoriation or delamination after boiling.
C-Glass Veil & W/R Mat: - Moisture content, Size/Binder content LOI Test TM-005 & ASTM D 2584– Structural Glass content of
& Density- RMT-003, RMT-004 & RMT-005. Pipes and Fittings
Moisture Content : < 0.15 % [105ºC@3hrs] The glass content in the structural wall shall be,
Binder content : Nom. ± 30 % [LOI 600ºC@30 min.] For pipes, 70-82%,
Tex Number : Nom. ± 15 % [1m2 of the W/R mat / glass veil.] For Molded fittings, 65-75%
For Hand Lay-up fittings, 50-65%.
Conductivity Test (Determination of Electrical Resistance)
ONTW-42
The electrical resistance value shall be less than 10 X 106 Ohm.
Barcol Hardness Test of Pipes and Fittings ≥40.
ELEMENT
C (Carbon): Strength & hardening in steel
Mn( Manganese ): Toughness & Hardening second to carbon
Si (Silicon): Deoxidizer, moderate strengthener <0.3%
Al (Aluminium) : <0.008%Deoxidizer ↑mech. prop.+ toughness, Grain Refiner
Cr (Chromium): Hardness (low) - corrosion resistance (high)
Mo (Molybdenum): Hardenability - high temp tensile - creep Ω
V (Vanadium): Strength - Improves mechanical properties
Ni(Nickel): Hardening - cold toughness-low Temp. Application
Cu (Copper): Corr. Ω(low) - cracking (high), weathering (Corten)
P (Phosphorus): Causes cracking if too high
S (Sulfur): Aids in machining - Cracking problems like P
B (Boron): Very small amounts increase hardness
Ti (Titanium): Removes: Oxygen, S, N, and C, Grain Refiner
N (Nitrogen): Improves strength - lowers toughness
Nb (Columbium): Grain Refiner - ↑ mech.Prop. Strength+toughness
Ferrite number FN) is a measure of = Chromium & Nickel equivalent in
an Austenitic stainless steel material. It should be between 3-7% max.
Material Root run / Filler Wire / Filling Base Metal / AWS Electrode Specification / Electrodes
Electrode Carbon Steel (AISI 1018,ASTM A36, A516)
Welding Variables WPS as per ASME Sec IX Details Welding Variables WPS as per ASME Sec IX
QW SMAW SAW QW GMAW / MIG/ MAG and FCAW GTAW /TIG
No. No. QW No. 255 QW.255.1 QW 256 QW 256.1
QW No. 253 QW. 253.1 254 QW.254.1 Details HFO CRO HFO CRO
Details HFO CRO HFO CRO 402 Joints E E E E
402 Joints E E E E
403 B/ Metals E SE E E E SE E E
403 B/ Metals E SE E E E SE E E
404 F/ Metals E SE E E E SE E E 404 F/Metals E SE E E E SE E E
405 Positions SE E E E E 405 Positions SE E E SE E E
406 Preheat E SE E E E SE E E 406 Preheat E SE E E E SE E E
407 PWHT E SE E E E SE E E 407 PWHT E SE E E E SE E E
408 Gas 408 Gas E E E E E E
409 E/Char. SE E E SE E E 409 E/Char. E SE E E SE E E
410 Tech E SE E E E SE E E
410 Tech E SE E E E SE E E
Long Radius Elbow Short Radius Elbow NPSH: Net Positive Suction Head = is the pressure available at the
C enter-to-Face dimension pump suction after vapour pressure is subtracted.
1.5 D D It is calculated as : Static head + surface pressure head - the vapour
used typically where space is a constraint pressure of your product - the friction losses in the piping, valves and
fluid flow is also restricted fittings. It thus reflects the amount of head loss that the pump can
Eccentric Reducer: sustain internally before vapour pressure is reached.
Horizontal liquid reducers are always eccentric, top flat which Base Metal / AWS Electrode Specification / Electrodes
prevents the build up of air bubbles in the system. Cast iron to mild Steel => Lincoln. NI 55 or NI 99
Horizontal gas reducers are always eccentric, bottom flat, which Mild steel to Stainless steel =>
allows condensed water or oil to drain at low points. Electrode selection is determined from the base metal chemistries and
To maintain elevation (BOP) in rack. the percent weld admixture. The electrode should produce a weld
At the suction side of pumps to ensure air does not accumulate deposit with a small amount of ferrite (3-5 FN) needed to prevent
Source of supply below pump => Top Flat cracking. When the chemistries are not known, our Blue Max® 2100
Source of supply above pump => Bottom Flat electrode, which produces a high ferrite number, is commonly used.
Concentric reducers: Dissimilar Metals: Welding Stainless Steel to Mild Steel
Used at Pump discharge, vertical pipeline etc.
Interpass Temp.: The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the weld Care of Base Materials before cladding
Care and preservation of solid CRA, CRA-clad or -lined materials is very
metal are both a function of the interpass temp. High values of important during fabrication and welding and should begin as materials are
interpass temp. tend to reduce the weld metal strength. received. CRAs should not be stored outside without adequate protection.
Temperature Indicating Sticks Plate clamps and other hard metallic devices should not be used in handling,
unless the CRA surfaces are protected from marring. When stacking these
PWHT: To relieve the stress developed during welding. materials, new, clean wood blocks should be used to separate each piece.
Chemical elements such as sulphur, phosphorous, lead, zinc and copper can
contaminate CRA and cause embrittlement if not completely removed before
welding and heat treating. These contaminants may be present in cutting
fluids, grease, oil, waxes, household detergents and soaps, primers, marking
crayons and temperature-indicating crayons. They must be removed by
swabbing the affected area with a nonchlorinated solvent such as toluene,
methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK), acetone or isopropyl alcohol. In addition, the
chemical content of the hydrotest water, cleaners, paints and inks must be
carefully selected to avoid the contaminants
CE = C + + +
Mild Steel (covered )/ SMAW Process / AWS A5.1-91 Low Alloy (covered )/ SMAW Process / AWS A5.5-96
E 60 1 0 E 80 1 8 -
Electrode 60 ksi position Coating & current B1
Position: 1 – F, H, V, O; 2 – F, H; 3 – F, H, HD,O Electrode 60 ksi position Coating & current Chem. Comp.
Coating & current:
Digit Type of Coating Welding Current
0 Cellulose Solution DCEP Arc Energy = KJ/mm [TS = Travel Speed
1 Cellulose Potassium AC, DCEP/N
2 Titania Sodium AC, DCEN
3 Titania potassium AC, DCEP/N
(mm/Minuit)]
4 Iron Powder Titania AC, DCEP/N
5 Low Hydrogen Sodium DCEP Heat Input = KJ/mm
6 Low Hydrogen Potassium AC, DCEP
7 Iron Powder Iron oxide AC, DCEP/N [TS = Travel Speed (mm/Minuit)
8 Iron Powder Low Hydrogen AC, DCEP
K = thermal efficiency factor = 1.0 for SAW, 0.8 for MMA, SMAW,
9 Iron oxide Sodium AC, DCEP
GMAW (MIG/MAG), FCAW-S, FCAW-G, 0.6 – TIG, Plasma]
SAW Wire / Flux: Carbon steel electrode and flux ADMA: CP-108 => Min. Spacing between weld toes.
Specification AWS 5.17 1. Weld joint of Non pressure part to pressure weld joint => 2t or 40 mm
whichever is the smaller.
F 7 A 6 – E M 12 K or F 6 A 4 – EC 1 2. Branch connection Weld joint to Longitudinal / circumferential seam => 75
Flux
mm at least.
Min. UTS 7 x 10 ksi
A= For welded, P =For PWHT 3. circumferential seam to circumferential seam
X 10 ˚F Charpy 27Jule => at least 4t for Category “B” Service
E=Solid electrode, EC – Composite Electrode => at least OD or 150mm whichever is the larger for Category “A” Service
l- Low, M – Medium, H – Mn content 4. Longitudinal seam to Longitudinal seam OFFSET
/ 100 % C content, here 0.12% => at least 15º for Long seam
Made form semi-killed steel => at least 90º for Spiral seam
5. Miter weld joint => 50 mm or 6 x Pipe wall Thk. whichever is the greater.
6. For other type joint see the CP 108.
7. Category “A” Service =>all Hazardous, sour or corrosive service. Other
Category “B”.
ADMA: STD-128 (Standard for pipe fittings) ADMA: STD-121 (Relief Valve)
AS => Australian; DIN => Germany; BS => Great Britain; ISO =>
International; JIS => Japanese; AISI / ASTM / ASME / SAE => Dissimilar Metal Welding:
United State of America
AISI /SAE => American Iron and Steel Institute-Society of
Automotive Engineers.
ASME => American Society of Mechanical Engineers
/Code
ASTM => American Society of Testing Materials / Not
code
Soluble Paper dam is a water-soluble material used for restricting the
purging gas within the pipe.
. service; (b) for High-Temp service or where Tress
Ref: UAE Collection => metal and non-metal => Engineering materials
Engineering Materials Metallurgy:
↓ a) Physical Metallurgy b) Extraction Metallurgy a) Process Metallurgy
For selecting the materials:
↓ ↓ ↓ a) Commercial factors such as: Cost, availability, ease of manufacture.
Metals Non-metals Metalloid b) Engineering properties of materials such as:
↓ ↓ ↓ Electrical conductivity, strength, toughness, ease of forming by
↓ ↓ Synthetics Naturals extrusion, forging and casting, machinability and corrosion Ω.
Ferrous Non-Ferrous Ferrous Metals:
↓ S = Steel, CI = Cast Iron, WI = Wrought Iron,
LCS = Low Carbon Steel, MCS = Medium Carbon Steel, HCS = High
Metal------ Alloy
Carbon Steel, AS = Alloy Steel.
S---CI---WI ↓
GCI = Gray Cast Iron, WCI = White Cast Iron, MCI = Malleable Cast Iron,
Al-Cd-Cr-Co-Cu-Au-Pb-Mg-Mn-Mo-Ni-Pl-Ag-Sn-Ti-W-V-Zn
HDCI = High-dity Cast Iron, ACI = Alloy Cast Iron
GCI---WCI---MCI---HDCI---ACI
Alloy => Brass(Cu+Zn)-Tin Bronze(Cu+Sn)-Al Bronze(Cu+Al)-Cu Ni
LCS---MCS---HCS---AS see next page
Alloy-Al Alloy-Mg Alloy-Zn Based Die-casting Alloy-Sn Pb alloy
Al -Aluminium, Cd – Cadmium, Cr – Chromium, Co – Cobalt, Synthetics Materials →Acrylic
Cu- Copper, Au – Gold, Pb – Lead, Mg- M agnesium, →Plastics →Thermoplastic →PTFE
Mn – Manganese, Mo – Molybdenum, Ni – Nickel , Pt –Platinum,
Ag – Silver, Sn – Tin, Ti – Titanium, W – Tungsten, →Thermosetting →Polythene
V – Vanadium, Zn – Zinc. →Ceramics →Glass →Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Tin Bronze (Cu + Sn) Aluminium Alloy → Porcelain →Nylon
→Phosphor Bronze → Heat Treatable (wrought) →Polystyrene
→Gun Metal → Heat Treatable (cast)
Tin-lead Alloy → Non-Heat Treatable (wrought) → Cemented Carbides
→Soft Solder → Non-Heat Treatable (cast) →Composites → Carbon Fibre
→Bearing Metal Naturals Materials → Concrete
Asbestos – Colourants – Coal – Cotton – diamond – Emery – → Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP)
Gases (air Derivatives) – Glues ( Animal Derivatives) – Gums
(Vegetable Derivatives) – Granite – Mica – Oil – Quartz – Rubber Epoxides - Alkyed – Phenol formaldehyde
–Sapphire – Wood – Wool (Bakelite) – Melamine formaldehyde - Urea formaldehyde
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hG38JnM4nA
Ferrous materials: => 1) Steel, 2) Cast Iron, 3) Wrought Iron
Steel : =>
1) Plain Carbon Steel => C% = < 0.3 to 1.5
a) Low < 0.3 C%, Commonly used
Low Carbon steel = often called Mild Steel
b) 0.3 < Medium < 0.6 , ↑hardness & TS, ↓Ductility & Machinability
c) 0.6 < High < 1.0, challenging to weld
d) 1.25 < Very High ≤ 2, metal cutting tools and truck springs
2) Low Allow Steel => C% < 0.25 (Often < 0.15)
Add Alloying Element – Ni, Cr, Mn, Si etc.
+ve influence of Alloying element ↑Low Temp. Notch
Toughness, Strength at room temp. and Corr. Ω
-Ve influence of Alloying element crack susceptibility
Low Hydrogen welding Process
3) High allow Steel => Stainless Steel => Cr% ≥ 12 and Ni
crystalline structure a) Austenitic, b) Ferritic and c) Martensitic
NDT RADIOGRAPHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UQ40agA8Aw
Metallurgy of Iron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmd7T6SLKSE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh4obOPltpw
Iron crystal structures
Magnetic Particle Testing 9) Lifting Capacity: 10 lbs (4.5 Kgs)- AC Yoke
1) Applicable only for FERROMAGNETIC materials. Iron, nickel and 40 lbs (18 kgs)- Permanent magnet
cobalt alloys 10) Magnetic Field Strength: Shims Gages (Indicators)
2) Heated e Material to temp. Curie Point => Demagnetise Pie Gages
Iron => 770⁰C, Steel => 880⁰C, Nickel => 380⁰C, Cobalt => 1121⁰C Gauss/Tesla Meter (Field Strength Meter)
3) Good Lighting > 500 Lux. A light intensity of at least 1000 lux (100 Slotted strips, also known as Burmah-Castrol Strips
fc) is recommended /( 1076 lux (100 fc) is recommended
ASTM E709 MPI or E165 LPT)
4) Surface Temp: Dry powder for hot surface 316˚C
Wet Particle 50˚C
5) Dark area UV lamp
6) White background lacquer in order to contrast with magnetic particle.
7) A.C. Yoke 1-2 mm depth from surface
8) D.C. / Permanent magnate 4-7 mm depth from surface.
Magnetic Field = describes a volume of space where there is a Ferromagnetic = a large, positive (attracted) susceptibility to magnetic
change in energy within that volume = a magnetic field is a change fields = able to retain the magnetic properties = Iron, nickel, and cobalt
in energy within a volume of space.
Magnetic poles = never been detected in isolation = a dipole is an Magnetic properties (Ferromagnetic) = atoms carry a magnetic
object that has a magnetic pole on one end and a second, equal but
moment + the material is made up of small regions known as magnetic
opposite, magnetic pole on the other.
A magnetic field is produced whenever an electrical charge is in domains.
motion. The strength of this field is called the magnetic moment. Magnetic domains can be detected using Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
Magnetized = the magnetic domains within the material are aligned.
All materials are affected in some way by a magnetic field. Magnetically saturated = all of the domains are aligned.
-9
= Sin-1 - - - -11
N=
= (
= ---
-12
S = Skip distance
B = Beam Path - - - - - - 13
d 1 = Depth of defect
Ѳ
S 1 = Surface Distance
- - - - - - 14
S
b 1 = Beam Path <
S/2 d1 = b1 cos Ѳ - - -15
d 2 = Depth of defect
Ѳ B/2 B/2S1 = b1 sin Ѳ - - t- 16
S 2 = Surface Distance d2 = 2t – b2 cos Ѳ--17
b 2 = Beam Path > S2 = b2 sin Ѳ -- - - 18
b2 = +x
S1
S2
t Ѳ B/2 xѲ b1 d2 td1
A = A0 e-αz - - - - - - 19
A = Amplitude changed, A0 = Initial Amplitude, α = 0.88 → 10 dB →32% peak
Attenuation Co-eff.[Np/m], Z = Travel Distance [m] 0.70→ 6 dB →50% peak
Np = Neper; Np / 0.1151= dB Gain dB Echo Height %
dB = Decibel = Log of ratio of two measurement. 42 80 %
36 -6 dB 40%
ΔI(dB) = 10 log = 10 log 30 - 6 dB 20%
CALIBRATION CHECKING:
Longitudinal Wave Probe:
A time base in terms of steel thickness:
A. Calibration of the
25 b)
a) 25 thk. of IIW Block V1, mm If the echoes will not
coincide
25mm with appropriate
/ scale divisions, the time base A&B
is not linear and aBgraphical calibration required., c)
<10mm, C 4-5MHz probe gives better accuracy. d) Higher
f => Lower Dead Zone, 10mm&5mm Perspex side
B. Check on linearity of amplifier: C
The amplification is linear when the ratio of
the height of any two consecutive echoes remains
D when the degree of sensitivity is altered.
constant
C. Assessment of (a) Relative sensitivity:
Echo from the 1.5 mm diameter hole D
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/ultrasonic-
F= Frequency testing.html3.
P = Penetration ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ General:
A = Attenuation F P A D S C R Y N 3.1-Basic Requirements and Terms
D = Divergence ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ASME V-article 1 (General Requirement), 4 (Weld) & 5
S = Sensitivity (Material) ASME SEC.VIII, DIV.1.
C = Crystal Thickness 3.2-Examination coverage: Scan Overlap ≤ 10% of the
R = Resolution transducer (piezo-electric element) dimension ┴ to the
Y – λ = Wave Length direction of the scan.
N = Near Field 3.3- Rate of search unit movements < 150 mm/s.
4. Personnel Qualification: Level II, ASNT-SNT-TC-1A.
AWS D1.1
Step 1: Selection of probe:
Table 6.2