SECTION 3

Problem 3.1
1250 cm 3 /s of water is to be pumped through a steel pipe, 25 mm diameter and 30 m long, to a
tank 12 m higher than its reservoir. Calculate approximately the power required. What type of
pump would you install for the purpose and what power motor (in kW) would you provide?
Answer:

Problem 3.2
Calculate the pressure drop in, and the power required to operate, a condenser consisting of 400
tubes, 4.5 m long and 10 mm internal diameter. The coefficient of contraction at the entrance of
the tubes is -0.6, and 0.04 m 3 /s of water is to be pumped through the condenser.
Answer:

Problem 3.3
75% sulphuric acid, of density 1650 kg/m 3 and viscosity 8.6 mN s/m 2 , is to be pumped for 0.8
km along a 50 mm internal diameter pipe at the rate of 3.0 kg/s, and then raised vertically 15 m
by the pump. If the pump is electrically driven and has an efficiency of 50%, what power will be
required? What type of pump would you use and of what material would you construct the
pump and pipe?
Answer:

Problem 3.4
60% sulphuric acid is to be pumped at the rate of 4000 cm 3 /s through a lead pipe 25 mm
diameter and raised to a height of 25 m. The pipe is 30 m long and includes two right-angled
bends. Calculate the theoretical power required. The specific gravity of the acid is 1.531 and its
kinematic viscosity is 0.425 cm 2 /s. The density of water may be taken as 1000 kg/m 3 .
Answer:

Problem 3.5
1.3 kg/s of 98% sulphuric acid is to be pumped through a 25 mm diameter pipe, 30 m long, tank
12 m higher than its reservoir. Calculated the powe required and indicated the type of pump
and materials of construction of the line that you would choose.
Answer:

Problem: 3.6
Calculated the hydraulic mean diameter of the annular space between a 40 mm and a 50 mm
tube.
Answer:

Problem 3.7
0.015 m 3 /s of acetic acid is pumped through a 75 mm diameter horizontal pipe 70 m long. What
is the pressure drop in the pipe?
Answer:
Problem 3.8
A cylindrical tank. 5m in diameter, discharges through a mild steel pipe 90m long and 230mm
diameter connected to the base of the tank. Find the time taken for the water level in the tank
to drop from 3m to 1m above the bottom.
Take the viscosity of water a 1mN s/m 2 .

Answer:

Problem 3.9
Two storage tanks A and B containing a petroleum product discharge through pipes each 0.3m
in diameter and 1.5km long to a junction at D. From D the product is carried by a 0.5m diameter
pipe to a third storage tank, C, 0.8km away. The surface of the liquid in A is initially 10m above
that in C and the liquid level in B is 7m higher than that in A. Calculate the initial rate of
discharge of the liquid if the pipes are of mild steel. Take the density of the petroleum product
as 870kg/m 3 and the viscosity as 0.7mN s/m 2 .

Answer:

Problem 3.10
Find the drop in pressure due to friction in a pipe 300m long and 150mm diameter when water
is flowing at the rate of 0.05m 3 /s. The pipe is of glazed porcelain.

Answer:

Problem 3.11
Two tanks, the bottoms of which are at the same level, are connected with one another by a
horizontal pipe 75mm diameter and 300m long. The pipe is bell – mouthed at each end so that
losses on entry and exit are negligible. One tank is 7m diameter and contains water to a depth of
7m. The other tank is 5m diameter and contains water to a depth of 3m.

Answer:

Problem 3.12
Two immiscible fluids A and B, of viscosities µ A and µ B , flow under streamline conditions
between two horizontal parallel planes of width b, situated a distance 2a apart (where a is much
less than b), as two distinct parallel layers one above the other. Each of depth a as shown in Fig.
3c.

Answer:

Problem 3.13
A petroleum fraction is pumped 2km from a distillation plant to storage tanks through a mild
steel pipeline. 150mm in diameter, at the rate of 0.04m 3 /s. What is the pressure drop along the
pipe and the power supplied to the pumping unit if it has an efficiency of 50%?

Answer:
Problem 3.14
Glycerol is pumped from storage tanks to rail cars through a single 50mm diameter main 10m
long. Which must be used for all grades of glycerol. After the line has been used for commercial
material. How much pure glycerol must be pumped before the issuing liquid contains not more
than 1% of the commercial material? The flow in the pipeline is streamline and the two grades
of glycerol have identical densities and viscosities.

Answer:

Problem 3.15
A viscous fluid flows through a pipe with slightly porous walls so that there is a leakage of KP m 3
/m 2 s where P is the local pressure, measured above the discharge pressure, and k is a constant.
After a length L, the liquid is discharged into a tank.
If the internal diameter of the pipe is D m and the volumetric rate of flow at the inlet is Q m 3 /s,
show that the pressure drop in the pipe is given by:

Answer:

Problem 3.16
A petroleum product of viscosity 0.5mN s/m 2 and specific gravity 0.7 is pumped through a pipe
of 0.15m diameter to storage tanks situated 100m away. The pressure drop along the pipe is
70kN/m 2 . The pipeline has to be repaired and it is necessary to pump the liquid by an
alternative route consisting of 70 m of 200 mm pipe followed by 50 m of 100 mm pipe. If the
existing pump is capable of developing a pressure of 300 kN/m 2 , will it be suitable for use
during the period required for the repairs? Take the roughness of the pipe surface as 0.005 mm.

Answer:

Problem 3.17
Explain the phenomenon of hydraulic jump which occurs during the flow of a liquid in an open
channel. A liquid discharges from a tank into an open channel under a agate so that the liquid is
initially travelling at a velocity of 1.5m/s and a depth of 75 mm. Calculate, from first principles,
the corresponding velocity and depth after the jump.

Answer:

Problem 3.18
What is a non-newtonian fluid? Describe the principal types of behavior exhibited by these fluids.
The viscosity of a non-newtonian fluid changes with the rate of shear according to the
approximate relationship.

Answer:
Problem 3.19
Calculate the pressure drop when 3 kg/s of sulphuric acid flows through 60 m of 25 mm pipe (p =
1840 kg/m 3 , µ =0.025 N s/m 2 ).

Answer:

Problem 3.20
Calculate the power required to pump oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 3 mN s/m 2 at 4000
cm 3 /s through a 50 mm pipeline 100 m long, the outlet of which is 15 m higher than the inlet.
The efficiency of the pump is 50%. What effect does the nature of the surface of the pipe have
on the resistance?

Answer:

Problem 3.21
600cm 3 /s of water at 320K is pumped in a 40mm I.D pipe through a length of 150m in a
horizontal direction and up through a vertical height of 10m. In the pipe there is a control valve
which may be taken as equivalent to 200 pipe diameters and other pipe fittings equivalent to
60p pipe diameters. Also in the line there is a heat exchanger across which there is a loss in head
of 1.5m of water. If the main pipe has a roughness of 0.0002m, what power must be delivered
to the pump if the unit is 60% efficient?

Answer:

Problem 3.22
2
A pump developing a pressure of 800 kN/m is used to pump water through a 150mm pipe
300m long to a reservoir 60m higher. With the valves fully open, the flowrate obtained is 0.05m
3
/s. As a result of corrosion and scaling the effective absolute roughness of the pipe surface
increases by a factor of 10. By what percentage is the flowrate reduced?

Answer:

Problem 3.23
The relation between cost per unit length C of a pipeline installation and its diameter d is given
by:
C = a +bd

Answer:
Problem 3.24
A heat exchanger is to consist of a number of tubes each 25mm diameter and 5m long arranged
in parallel. The exchanger is to be used as a cooler with a rating of 4MW and the temperature
rise in the water feed to the tubes is to be 20K.
If the pressure drop over the tubes is not to exceed 2kN/m 2 , calculate the minimum number of
tubes that are required. Assume that the tube walls are smooth and that entrance and exit
effects can be neglected. Viscosity of water = 1mN s/m 2 .

Answer:

Problem 3.25
Sulphuric acid is pumped at 3kg/s through a 60m length of smooth 25mm pipe. Calculate the
drop in pressure. If the pressure drop falls by one half, what will the new flowrate be?

Answer:

Problem 3.26
A Bingham plastic material is flowing under streamline conditions in a pipe of circular cross-
section. What are the conditions for one half of the total flow to be within the central core
across which the velocity profile is flat? The shear stress acting within the fluid R, varies with
velocity gradient du x /dy according to the relation: R y - R c = -k(du x /dy) where R c and k are
constants for the material.

Answer: