WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

Assessment on pesticide use and its management practice case study of

Ambicho gode kebele lemmo woredahadiya zone SNNPR(Southern Ethiopia) .

Group -5 Section-B

Name of student ID/NO

1.AbenezerGezahegn--------------1373/08

2.BereketBashaw ------------------3860/08

3. Zinash Ayza ------------------------6068/07

4. Saara Endalu -----------------------1689/08

Research paper Submitted to Department of Biology for partial fulfillment of Degree In applied
Biology

Advisor: MrTsegaye D (Msc)

April 2018

Hossana Ethiopia
Table of content

Contents pages

Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of table --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of figure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of acronyms --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Back ground of study-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Statement of the problem ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Objectives of the study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3.1 General objectives -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3.2 Specific objectives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4 Significance of the study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Scope of the study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Literature review --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1 Pesticides --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.2 Important pacts of pesticides-------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.3 Negative impacts of pesticides -----------------------------------------------------------------------

2.4 pesticides and environmental hazards------------------------------------------------------------

2.5 Farmers knowledge and perception on pesticide effect and storage

Management --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.6 Crops produced and pesticide utilization ------------------------------------------------------

3 Methodology -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Study area --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 sample size and sampling techniques ---------------------------------------------------------

3.3 Data collection method --------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4 Data analysis technique --------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Result and discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 Conclusion and recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------

5.1 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.2 Recommendation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reference -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Acknowledgement

First of all we would like to strongly thank almighty God that give us fine health, strength and all
rounded help for our life as well as to complete our task. Next we would like to thank greatly
thank our advisor Mr. Tsegaye .D who give us unlimited suggestion, advise and comment in all
steps of our study from starting up to the finishing of our study.

We are also deeply indebted to our families for their financial and moral support. We would like
to give gratitude to the respondent of kebele and agricultural expert of woreda. Finally, we
would like to thank all people who have taken part in our research for their necessary advice
and direct supports until we accomplished our study.
 List of table page

Table 1 Back ground information of respondent-----------------------------------------------------

Table 2 Awareness of respondent towards pesticides ----------------------------------------------

Table 3 The management practice of pesticide after using----------------------------------------

Table 4 Handling practice and culture of storing-----------------------------------------------------

Table 5 Effect of pesticide on human health ---------------------------------------------------------

List of figure page

Figure 1 Protection of pesticide contact with human body when spraying --------------------

Figure 2 The awareness of respondent on pesticide packing containers and their disposal

practice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Figure 3 The management ways of packages or containers of this pesticide ----------------------

Figure 4 Information about agricultural consultancy services from respondents ---------------

 List of acronyms

WHO – World Health Organization

 Abstract

Over 85 percent of Ethiopia’s population; currently estimated at 90 million, live in rural

areas and depend on agriculture for food and other basic necessities. Although
chemical pesticide use in Ethiopia was historically low, recent developments in
increased food production and expansion in floriculture industry have resulted in higher
consumption of chemical pesticides. The impacts of pesticides in Ethiopia are much
more aggravated by the limited knowledge among users on safe practice, toxicological
and chemical properties of these substances. Even worse, less is known about the long
term and indirect effects of pesticides on rural and urban communities as well as on
local and national food production systems. The general Objective of The study was
designed to assess the pesticide use, practice and management in Lemmo woreda
Ambicho gode Keble. As a research Method thirty farmers were selected randomly from
4283population of Lemmo woreda ambicho gode Keble and semi-structured interview
and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection

As a results showed that 93.3% of the farmers used pesticides as part of their
agriculture input and most of the farmers use DDT,malatine,palace and richway for
Agriculture. The protective equipment utilization in the area was moderately good;
alongside which 15% of the respondents claimed excessive sweating, nausea vomiting
and skin rush after spraying pesticide and 14.2% indicated the occurrence with in the
family of a health related pesticide incident. The training given to farmers on pesticide
issues was also very minimal which lead to low level of awareness, because
consultation service given for farmers was depend on seeding time of crop but all the
time. About 20% of the respondents used empty pesticide containers for water and for
bringingof gas(benzene used for light purpose). About 30% of the respondents stored
pesticides in the house and about 13.3% of them stored pesticides out side their home.
As a Conclusion & Recommendation The low level of awareness in the study area and
the public health and environmental consequence resulting from the misuse of
pesticides is alarming. There should, therefore, be an integrated effort from sector
offices of farming and agricultural offices that focus on the awareness raising of farmers
on proper pesticide management related issues.

Key words; pesticide use, Management, Pesticide practice, health risk

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Over the past five decades ,pesticide have played a major role in ensuring food security by
helping to increase agricultural productivity and control vector of disease.(Mathews ,2006)

Although pesticides are generally peritable in agriculture, their use does not always decrease
crop losses. Despite the more than 10-fold increase in insecticide
(Organochlorines,Organophosphtes,andcarbamate) use in united states from 1945 to
2000,total crop losses from insect damage have nearly doubled from 7to18%.For instance ,the
replacement of corn-crop rotation with the continues production of corn on more than half of
corn acreages resulted in increase in crop losses to insect from about3.5-12% despite a more
than 1000-fold increase in insecticide use in corn production .Most benefit pesticide are based
on the direct crop returns .Such assessment don’t include indirect environmental and economic
cost associated with recommended application of pesticide.(Pimental.et.al,1999)

Pesticides are most commonly used as plant protection product. Their main benefits are
increasing crop yields or productivity by protecting crops from diseases, pests and weeds, and
preventing the deterioration of crop production storage and extending the shelf life of fruits
and vegetables to maintain marketability.(Aktar.et.al,2009)

When carefully applied only when needed, pesticides can contribute to increased productivity
and allow us to feed and protect the growing human population.(Mathews,2006)

Nevertheless, there has been increasing criticism of negative impacts, ever since Rachel Carson
alerted the world to the world of the side effects of some pesticides on the
environment.(Carson,1962)

The use of pesticide in Ethiopia to control crop pests can be traced back to the mid1940s,when
arsenic and later on BHC in brain bat were used to control desert locust outbreak. The use of
agricultural in puts including pesticides was introduced to smallholder farmers since
the1960SE.C via agricultural extension system. Since, the use of pesticides has shown a steady
growth and with current development of the flower growing to over,2400tons per
year.(Assefa,2010)

Although it is known that pesticides enhance crop production through improved control o
pests, here with contributing to the overall regional and global economy there is great deal of
evidence for impact pesticides on crop and the environment as well as unintended side-effect
on non-target organism.(Aktar,2009)

The impact may be serious in high risk of groups exposed to pesticides like production workers,
formulators, sprayers, mixer, loaders and agricultural farm workers, crops, animals and other
plant species. Although great efforts are being made to minimize to hazards of pesticides,
complete protection of the human population against pesticides exposure is very difficult.
Developing countries are prone to risk from pesticides due to lack of awareness and finance to
support proper precaution measures to safely handle pesticides.(WHO,1990)

Toxic effect of pesticides in humans can occur through direct or in direct ways. Repeated
application of pesticides lead to loss of biodiversity, many pesticides are not easily degradable
,they persist in soil, leach to ground water and surface water and contaminate wide
environment .Depending on their chemical properties they can enter the organism, by
bioaccumulation in food chain and consequently influence also human health carcinogen
.(Kalayou.H and Amare .A,2015)

Therefore this study assess on pesticide use, management, environmental impacts of

pesticides, health factors of pesticides and their practice by farmers and other social groups.
Although this study focuses on peoples of the study area culture of storing, using and another
terms of pesticides.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used for variety of purpose. The occurrence of contamination
and poisoning for farmers is highly reported due to unsafe handling practice and their usage.
We assessed knowledge ,attitudes and experience of previous pesticide exposure and related
health problem among farmers who use irrigation in Jimma zone ,south west Ethiopia.(PDF
https;//WWW.mdpi.co>pdf,2018)

The main problem of using pesticides is human health factor which caused by using this
pesticides and their managing system. Due to this reason investigations are required on
pesticide use and management practice that exist in study area.

1.2.1 Research question

• What are the major problems caused by pesticides in the study area?

• What are the main problem in which the farmers and other users of pesticide users
face? during when they use pesticides

• What are the community level approaches to manage these pesticide side effect on crop
plants, health effect and another consequence of pesticides

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objectives

The general objectives of this study focused on the assessing of pesticide use and management
of farmers in Lemmo woreda ambicho gode Keble.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

• To identify effect of pesticides in study area

• To identify pesticide handling practice used by in habitants

• To identify types of pesticide which the farmers and other social groups used in study
area

1.4 Significance of the study

This study assess on pesticide effect on crop plant ,human health, environment and animals.
This study make local people beneficial by providing awareness about effect of pesticide and
the appropriate ways and practice to manage their impact. Our study mainly focuses on
handling ,storing, and disposing of pesticide during and after use. In addition to this, it also
targets making awareness for people who live in study area. This study is believed to provide or
to update information about pesticide side effect on their crops, environment other habitat. It
is also help full for the concerned bodies to make measure regarding management and control
of pesticide effect. Furthermore, this study may be used for other researchers as reference
point to do related studies.

1.5 scope of the study

This study covers only on assessing the pesticide on crop plant, on environment of human living
and health impacts of pesticide and their management practices by the local farmers in Lemmo
woreda Ambicho gode Keble.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Pesticides

Pesticides are biologically active and toxic substance or chemicals which deliberately released
to environment to inhibit growth and to harm or kill organisms defined pests.(Yoseph B.2009)

Several pesticides including organochloride, organophosphorous, carbamate and pyrethroid

insecticide ,fungicides and herbicides are commonly used in citrus plant, vegetable and crop
growing areas to increase agricultural productivity. However, the majority of pesticides are not
specifically targeting the pest only and during their application they also affect non-target plant
and animals.(Kalayouhiluf and Amare ayalew,2015)

2.1Important pacts of pesticides

Man struggle to obtain adequate supplies of food against all the element including pests of
various sorts which reduce the quantity and quality of output, by physical damage ,disease etc
aside from pests interfering with production of food, pests cause damage by spreading and as
nuisances by there mere presence where man does not want them. As a result, most
agricultural production relies on the uses of chemicals. Using pesticide on crop plant can give
more productivity of crop plant and reduce susceptibility of plant to disease, weed, fungi ,
bacteria and virus etc.(Shemsuligan ,2016)

2.3 Negative impacts of pesticide on crop plant

A pesticide used in crop production has been suspected of being a major contribution to
environment pollution. There are wide spread and growing concerns of pesticides over use,
relating to a number of dimension such as reduce crop yield ,quality of crop, ground water
pollution, surface water contamination, soils and food and the consequent impacts on wild life
and human health.(Kuruganti,Kavatha 2005)
2.4 Pesticides and environmental hazards

Pesticides by their nature, are designed to impede and/or prevent the development of living
organisms surrounding crop plant, water body on environment, to interfere with their ability to
reproduce, or kill them out right. While their use is generally under taken to target specific
organisms, pesticide application of cause harm to non-target species. Due to difference in
chemical composition, mode of action ,and application techniques, the substitution of one
pesticides for another may result in different effect on non-target populations. The focuses of
this paper is to derive a measure by which to compare the relative, potential impact of
alternatives to methyl bromide on non-target populations. These includes relative impacts to
workers, consumers, lakes, parks, birds, bees, fish, beneficial arthropods and different kinds of
plant.(Jhouston,2011)

2.5 Farmers knowledge and perception on pesticides affect and storage management

Awareness on the nature of pesticides and their effect by farmers is crucial to prevent risk
associated to pesticide application. However ,do farmers have awareness about health effect of
various pesticide being utilize?. Accordingly the perception 95% of farmers will be considering
pesticide as useful. This is not about all farmers ,from this0.04% of the farmers perceive
pesticides as always as harmful. From this we can suggest that almost all of the farmers need
further training and education on pesticide management ,handling and associated adverse
effect. As harmful affects of pesticides ,0.3% of farmers indicated that the farmers using
pesticide cause to all human being, animal and wild life health and water bodies. Farmers of
Ethiopia need more training based on storing activity of pesticides. Because of less knowledge
they store this pesticide in kitchen ,in house ,in garden, with crop and some of farmers out side
of the house.(Teklu BM,2015)

2.6 Crops produced and pesticide utilization

From the crop produced using pesticide in the study area is teff and wheat it is produced by
90% of the study participant. Regarding to chemical pesticide utilization, the majority of
participant82%of farmers said that they use chemical pesticide at different level, regularly or
occasionally and the rest 18% said that they don’t use chemical pesticide for crop production.
The utilization or artificial fertilizers will be indicated the majority of the study participant and
some of participants indicated that they use manure for crop production. Some of the
participant respond, veterinary use of chemical specially to prevent ticks from cattle. From the
respondent the probability of direct exposure as well as exposure through food, air and water
will be high. (Hassan Ali,2008)
 CHAPTER THREE

3. Methodology

3.1 Study area

The study was conducted in southern Ethiopia, south region hadiya zone lemmo woreda
Ambicho gode Keble .Lemmo district is found in SNNPR of Ethiopia which is 232km from Addis
Ababa,and is located at 122⁰ to 7’45⁰ latitude and 37’40⁰ to 3800’ longitude at it is situated at
elevation at 2300m a.s.l. Lemmo district has total population of

The average annual rain fall is ranges from 250mm to 1200mm& average temperature is
between 18⁰ to 27⁰,its average temperature is 22.5⁰C. The district has weynadega agro forestry
climate zone .(Census 2007 table .SNNPR,Archive,2012)

In the areas of farmers living researchers was used random sampling technique to gather more
information about pesticide management.

3.2 Sample size and sampling techniques

This study was conducted at lemmoweredaambichogodekebele. Therefore, to obtain

information on the pesticide on crop plant, health, environment and their management
practice in lemmoworedaambichogodekebele 30 respondents of farmers was selected
randomly from Keble and 3 agricultural officers was selected by using systematic random
sampling technique formula.

where n= is sample size

N= is total population
d= margin of error

Z=is confidence level (95%)

P=is population proportion

Q=is 1
 p=0.5

3.3Data collection methods

The study uses both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through semi-
structured questionnaires and interview with selected respondents, while the secondary data
were collected from the retrospective data of the agricultural office of woreda.

3.4 Data analysis technique

The collected data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics with excel and Microsoft word.
The result was presented in terms of table, graph, chart and written by percentage.
CHAPTER FOUR

Result and discussion

4.1 Result

Table 1. Back ground information of respondent

Table 1 Indicates that majority of the respondents were male(80%) are found with in the age
groups 24-40(47%).In addition most of the respondents has educational level of secondary
school (33%) and illiteracy was(20%). Some of respondents attended in college and university.

Item Alternatives Respondents

number Percentage %
Sex Male 24 80%
Female 6 20%
Total 30 100%
Age group <25 7 23%
25-40 14 47%
41-65 9 30%
>65
Educational level Illiterate 6 20%
Primary school 6 20%
Secondary school 10 34%
College 5 16%
University 3 10%

The below table showed that most of respondents (73%) had awareness on pesticide and their
use to protect pests and weeds. The respondent was said that pesticides are chemicals or drug
that used to kill pests and weeds of crop plant

Table 2 Awareness of respondents towards pesticides

 Item Alternatives Respondents
Number Percentage%
Do you have information Yes 22 74%
about pesticides ? No 8 26%
Total 30 100%
Do you use pesticides ? Yes 28 93%
No 2 7%
Total 100 100%

According to the information in table 3 most of respondent replied that 30% of them remove
pesticide by using other mechanism to remove and some of them in river and nearby river . the
respondents manage or remove pesticide in house, canalization and use other ways to remove
the pesticides.

Table 3 The management practice of pesticide after using

Item Alternatives Respondents

Number Percent
If pesticides left over, where In yard 5 17%
is it disposed? In canalization 5 17%
In solid waste disposal 9 30%
In other 11 36%
Where is equipment washed? At home 6 20%
Out side the yard 7 23%
Bathroom in the house 6 20%
Near by the river 11 37%
Where does residue from the In canalization 5 17%
washed equipment go? In yard 8 27%
In river 11 36%
 Other 6 20%

According to below figure most respondent (73%)were replied that they wear protective cloth
when they spray pesticides on farm and on the house to protect insects. Some (27%)of the
respondents were don’t use protective wear.

Do you wear protective wear?

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
yes no

Figure 1 protection of pesticide contact with human body when spraying

Table 4 show that (30%) of respondent were store pesticides inside their house and (30%) of
the respondent were store their pesticides in their storage room . The other respondent were
store their pesticides in their original container of pesticides,out side the house and their
storage room of respondents.

Table Handling practice and culture of storing

Item Alternatives Respondents

Number Percent
 How do you store pesticides? In their original container
In the house
In my own containers
In my storage room
Out side
4 13%
9 30%
4 13%
9 30%
4 14%

According to data in chart 1 (80%) of the respondent have replied that they don’t use pesticide
containers for another purpose after wards and (20%) of respondent have said they re-use
pesticide containers for another purpose.

Are the pesticide containers re- used for other purpose afterward?

0
NO YES

Figure 2 the awareness of respondent on pesticide packing containers

According to the below chart the respondents (46.5%) of them were replied that they thrown
pesticide packages or containers in the field and(30%) of them were burns the packages or
containers and non of them returned to company or distributer of chemicals.

THE MANAGING WAY OF CONTAINERS OR

PACKAGES OF PESTICIDES

BURIED
BURNED
TROWN IN THE FIELD
PUT IN RUBBISH

Figure 3 the management ways of packages or containers of this pesticides

According to below figure indicated that 90% of respondent were replied that there is
agricultural consultation service in the study area was available and get some information
about pesticides using, handling, dosage of applied chemical in crop plant and other purpose.
 information about agricultural consultancy
service

yes
no

Figure 4 the information about agricultural consultancy services

Based on information of below table most of respondent had affected by pesticide and caused
to disease that can harm their body. According to table 9 ,17% of respondents affected by skin
rash, 17% by excessive sweating, 17% by nausea/vomiting and other by headache(13%),
difficulty breathing 12%, excessive salivation 10% , hand tremor (7%) and diarrhea 7%.

Table 6 effect of pesticide on human health

Item Alternatives Respondents

number percent
When using pesticides or Excessive sweating 5 17%
 being exposed to them, have
you experienced from the
following disease
Nausea vomiting 5 17%
Headach 4 13%
Diarrhea 2 7%
Skin rash 5 17%
Hand tremor 2 7%
Excessive salivation 3 10%
Difficulty breathing 4 12%
Total 30 100%

4.2 Discussion

According the respondents and some agricultural expert , the major pesticides that have been
used by farmers in the study area were DDT, fleet, malatine, rich way, and palace . DDT and
malatine is the pesticides which is used by all of the respondents. This is because it can kill and
reduce reproduction, survival and effects of pests. However, the respondents said that they
face some problem during using this pesticides. . Therefore ,most of respondents(93%) of had
used pesticides for their crop plant protection from weeds and pests. As we discussed that
unsafe removal or disposal of the pesticide in different environment can lead to pollution of
surface and ground water ,loss of biodiversity of aquatic and terrestrial life, human health
problem and harm non target organism. Respondent were used pesticides for different purpose
which targets on pest organism .At a time when wearing protective wear can reduce man
exposure to this chemicals. Protective wears were uncomfortable and not available around
their living area, because of this some respondents don’t wear protective materials like gloves,
overalls, facemasks, boots shoe, long sleeve shirt and other protective wear. Generally, clothing
protective wear protect person from exposure and contact with pesticide chemicals and reduce
probability of getting affected by pesticides poisonous character. Therefore, the handling
mechanism in this area was moderately good but, it requires more practice and training to
make them more aware about pesticide handling and practice of storing. . According to
agricultural office of woreda population of this area specially 20% our respondents re-use
pesticide containers to bring water from river and to benzene bringing purpose, this is because
the materials or containers have standard and quality product which is produced in foreign
countries. So, the materials were late and people re-used and don’t give attention for their
chemical residue inside the containers .The respondents of (80%) were don’t use this materials
for another purpose . Because , the containers of pesticide chemicals have residue in side the
container and that can cause to disease of human health and as well as animals. Therefore,
throwing this materials in the environment can cause death of different organism because such
chemicals have different characteristics in different habitat. For example, when this materials
are thrown in the field, their children’s touch and play with this toxic substance containing
container so it can cause different types of disease to children.

Toxic effect of pesticides in human can occur through direct or in direct ways. Repeated
application of pesticides leads to loss of biodiversity, many pesticides are not easily degradable,
they persist in soil, leach to ground and surface water and contaminate wide environment.
Depend on their chemical properties they can enter the organism bioaccumulation in food
chain and consequently influence also human health carcinogen. According to(Kalayou.H and
Amare A,2015) . As information gathered from agricultural office of woreda, there is
consultation giving services were available for all people which live in this kebele as well as
woreda and experts are listed to do each and every sub office of agriculture. The practice of
people around this area was moderately appreciable and need more training to make them
aware about any types of activities of pesticide usage. Generally, pesticides can cause most of
disease and peoples affected by less awareness of respondents on chemical nature of
pesticides. In the study area pesticide application and usage can be monitored by head of
family because, long time experience on spraying pesticides. As comparing point a research
studied in north shoa amhara region of Ethiopia, Causes of pesticide incidents and affected
family members Out of the 576 study participants, 16.15% of the families of study participants)
of the incidents occurred during preparation for application, 65.10% of the incidents occurred
during spraying, 6.94% of the incidents occurred as a result of poor storage, 3.65% of the
incidents occurred during transportation, 7.81% of the incidents occurred during disposal and
0.35% of the incidents occurred as a result of intentional suicide attempt.Many of the adverse
effects of pesticides on the environment depend on the interactions between the
physicochemical properties (vapour pressure, stability, solubility, pKa) of the pesticide, soil
adsorption and soil persistence, the soil factors (pH, organic components, inorganic surfaces,
soil moisture, soil microflora, soil fauna), the plant species, and the climatic variation. Kalayou
H.and Amare A.(2015)

So this study also support our study on pesticide use, practice and handling management of
lemmo woreda Ambicho gode kebele.

CHAPTER FIVE

5 Conclusion and Recomendation

5.1 Conclusion

The major pesticide have been used in study area were DDT, 2D4, malatine, and palace. Among
these pesticide the crop plant, animals and human affected by their toxic nature this is because
handling and proper spraying of pesticides to the environment. Regarding DDT issue,Ethiopia is
one of which are exempted to use it only for malaria control. The result of study in Ambicho
gode kebele, however showed that 93% of the farmers were used DDT , malatine, palace and
richway for agricultural pest control. This indicates that not only grass rout farmers but also the
DDT and other pesticide sprayers either employed or not employed by agriculture office of
woreda, whichare illegally selling pesticide with out consent of agricultural office of woreda,
this people who above listed have no well awareness of hazards and environmental effects of
pesticides.

However, the result of study in Ambicho gode kebele lemmo woreda showed that, farmers use
pesticides for agricultural pest control and to kill pathogenic insects in side their house and
around their home. According to the assessment carried out in this study the awareness level in
the community is moderately good at handling, getting information about and removing of
containers of pesticides. As it is clear that, proper application of pesticide can minimize the
environmental and public health impacts being caused by in appropriate utilization of
pesticides. Additional education in needed on the use of protection equipment and follow up of
protection precaution in the study area. The result of the study highlight the need for further
study and monitoring of level of different pesticides in different food crop including teff, barley
and wheat and other biological samples. Key to effecting change in response to pesticide
contamination is community based program that replace toxic pesticide with alternative non-
chemical practice and product.

5.2 Recommendation

Based on the study findings the followings are recommended

There should be an integrated effort from sector offices of farming and agricultural offices
that focuses on the awareness raising of farmers on proper pesticide management and related
issues.

There should be a clear mechanism of working and chain of communication between

farmers and agricultural offices from level of woreda to region as well as federal.

An intensive advocacy is recommended on enforcement of Stockholm convention especially

in relation to use of pesticides for agriculture.

A laboratory based study(residual analysis of pesticides, soil and water) is recommended so

that the extent of pesticide damage on public health and environment could be confirmed.
 References
1 . Cooper,J and Dobson, H(2007). The benefits to man kind and the environment.crop
protection.

2. Census 2007 Table. SNNPR, Archived,2012

3. Daniel, K(2009) Assessment of pesticide use practice and risk sidama farmers and residue
analysis from selected sites Mcs thesis. Hawassa university hawassa Ethiopia.

4 . Elvira ,VB,Philipp M, Larand G, Katrin vandole RN(2011). Occurrence of organochlorine

pesticides in door dust.J.Environment monitoring(13;522).

5 .EPA(2004) Environmental impact assessment guideline on pesticide the federal

environmental protection authority, Addis ababa
http//WWW.EPA.Gov.et/Download/guidelines/pesticides.pdf

6 . Ferguson W.; Padula A; economic effect of baning methyl bromide for soil
fumigation;Agricultural economic report#667;economic service or research USDA:Washington
DC USA(1994).

7 . Hassanali A.;Herren H ; Khan ZR.;Picket J.A,Wood cock(2015), C.M. Integrated pest

management:The push pull approach for controlling insect pest and weeds of cereals and its
potential for other agricultural system including animal husbandry philos, Trans R.Soc.London.
8 . Kalayuo Hiluf,and Amare Ayalew(2007) , Assessment of pesticide use practice and
environmental effects on the small holder farmers in the North shoa Zone of Amhara national
regional state of Ethiopia

Appendix
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL ANDCOMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTION

This questionnaire was prepared to collect information on the ‘’ Assessment on pesticide use
and management practice at Lemmo woreda AmbichoGodekebele‘’. Therefore you are kindly
requested to give response for the questions mentioned below. We would like to thank you for
your response in advance.

Instruction; - Please respond the question by putting tick(X) and write your answer in the space
provided.

PART1; General information

1.Sex : Male--------- Female------------

2.Age: <25---------- 25-40------------ 41-65------------ >65----------

3.Educational level :Illiterate------ Primary school------ Secondary school------ College------ University------

PART2 General questions towards pesticide use and management

• what information do you have about different chemical means of plant protection(pesticide)?

• Do you use pesticide/biocide? At where work----,home(house or garden)-------,farm-------

• If you don’t use pesticides,then how do you control pests or weeds in the garden--------At home-
-------In the farm--------

• What kind of chemical means of plant protection(pesticides) and for animals have you used in
2010, for which crops,pests/diseases,animals and how much?

Product/trade name?, Where did you buy it?, dose applied/application, frequency
weekly/monthly, which crop /animal being treated?, target/pest weed/disease results?

• If pesticide is left over, where is it disposed? In yard-----, in canalization------, in solid waste

disposal------, other(please specify):

• Where is equipment washed? At well at home-------, bathroom in the house--------, out side the
yard------, nearby the river/lake------,other(please specify)

• Where does the residue from the washed equipment go? In canalization------, in yard-----, in
river------, other(specify)

• how many years have you been using pesticides?

• Do you wear protective clothing when applying pesticides? Yes------, no------

• Are there washing facilities(for your hands andbody) where you apply the pesticides? Yes----,
no----

• How did you apply them? Do you think this is right manner?

With hand pump---------, with tractor------, with brush------- this is right------, this not right------

• How do you store pesticides? Do you think this is right? In their original containers------,in my
own containers---------, in the house------, in my storage room--------, outside the home

• Are the pesticide containers used for other purpose after wards? Yes-----, No----

• How are the containers or packages disposed of? Returned to company/distributer------, buried-
----, burnt-----, thrown in the open field-----, put in rubbish/trash------, other--------

• From whom you receive consultation about the right use and storage of pesticide? From
retailer-----, from consultation service------------, from neighbors---------,other-------

• Are there agricultural consultation service in your district(city, village)? Yes------, No-------
• Are the services or advice by these consultation services available to you? Yes------, No------

• In your opinion, how harmful the chemical(synthetic) pesticides are for the environment and
health? Not harmful------, moderately harmful----, very harmful--------

• When using pesticides or being exposed to them have you experienced with below
disease(check one or more of the following)? Dizziness--------, excessive sweating---------,
headach-------, hand tremor------, convulsion staggering------, nausea vomiting--------, narrow
pupils/moisis-------, sleeplessness/insomnia------, difficulty breathing------,diarrhea--------, skin
rashes------,irregular heart beat--------, excessive salivation------, blurred vision--------------

• If pesticides are used, who are the family takes the decision on the usage of the pesticides?
Head of family-------, his wife------, his son------, other,who-----------

• Who carries out the application of the application of chemical/synthetic pesticides? Head of
family--------, his wife-------, his---------, other,who?------------