University of San Carlos Technological Center

Nasipit, Talamban

CHAPTER 9 – Emissions and Air Pollution

ELEMENTS AND PROBLEM SETS

Submitted by:
Bontia, Philipp Louis
Espina, Jossel Klyn
Ferrer, Mario
Jala, Eymann Nowell
Lapeceros, Kent Tayron

Submitted to:
Dr. Edwin A. Carcasona, Ph.D

BSME – LP 4: ME 423M MWF 11:30 – 12:30

Elements:

1. Cyanuric acid – is a low-cost solid material that sublimes in the exhaust flow.
2. Zeolite molecular sieves – are materials that absorb selected molecular compounds and
catalyze chemical reactions.
3. Durability – is the serious limitation using zeolite molecular sieves method.
4. 95% - ____ NOx reduction has been achieved using cyanuric acid.
5. NH3 – chemical formula of ammonia.
6. Exhaust gas recycle – is done by ducting some of the exhaust flow back into the intake
system.
7. 30% - The amount of EGR flow can be as high as ____ of the total intake.
8. Flow rate of EGR – The ____ is controlled by the EMS.
9. EGR – stands for exhaust gas recycle.
10. EMS – stands for engine management system.
11. Crankcase breather tube – a major source of HC emissions that was vented out to the
atmosphere at old automobiles.
12. Blowby gas – is very high in hydrocarbon.
13. 1% - as much as ____ of fuel was vented to the atmosphere through the crankcase breather
in some automobiles.
14. 20% - This accounted for up to ____ of total emission because of the crankcase breather
tube being vented out to the atmosphere.
15. No EGR is used during WOT, when maximum power is desired.
16. The simplest way to reduce NOx emissions is to hold the combustion chamber temperature
down.
17. Ammonia – is an undesirable emission.
18. Ammonia injection systems are not practical in automobiles or on other smaller engines.
19. No EGR is used at idle and very little at low speeds.
20. Solid carbon soot – a problem unique to CI engines when using EGR.
21. Thermal Converter – are high temperature chambers through which the exhaust gas flows
22. Thermal Converter - as a means of lowering emissions
23. Valve - is usually a flat disk of metal with a long rod
24. Unlead Fuel – Harder metals and added surface treatments are used for engines designed
to use ______________.
25. TRUE – modern high compression engines could not use low octane fuel.
26. Valve Seat - is the surface against which an intake or an exhaust valve rests during the
portion of the engine operating cycle when that valve is closed.
27. Higher exhaust temperature can be caused by:
Stoichiometric Air – Fuel Combustion
High Engine Speed
Retarded Spark
Low expansion Ratio
28. Phosphorus – these come from impurities in the air and small amounts in some fuel
blends and lubricating oil.
29. 1980s – Lead was phased out in the _______.
30. 0.15gm/liter – the leaded gasoline contains about ______ of lead in the fuel
31. Increase gasoline octane number – the used of Tetraethyl lead
32. 10%-50% - of the lead exhausted out with the other combustions products.
33. TEL – is also known as Tetraethyl lead
34. Emissions - rate of a given pollutant from a given source.
35. TRUE – at high temperatures the sulfur combines with hydrogen to form Hydrogen
Sulfide and in oxygen to form Sulfur Dioxide
36. ppm – means “ parts per million”
37. Diesel Fuels – contains up to 5000 ppm sulfur by weight.
38. Unleaded gasoline – contains 150 – 600 ppm sulfur by weight.
39. Chemical Radicals - an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
40. Respiratory Irritant - Any substance which can cause inflammation or other adverse
reactions in the respiratory system.
41. Hydrocarbon emissions - result from the presence of unburned fuel in the exhaust of an
engine
42. Exhaust gases leaving the combustion chamber of an SI engine contain up to 6000
ppm(parts per million) of hydrocarbon component, the equivalent of 1 - 1.5% of the fuel.
43. Engine start and warm up – where Hydrocarbon emissions are greatest
44. Photochemical smog – is form when HC emission get into the atmosphere and react with
atmospheric gases.
45. PCV(positive crankcase ventilation) system - the first effort at controlling pollution from
automobiles
46. 1940s - Air pollution was First recognized as a problem in Los Angeles, California
47. 1960s – Emission Standard were beginning to be enforced California
48. 1990s - more fuel efficient engines we developed so the average automobile consume
less than half the fuel used in 1970s
49. Lead - one of the major pollutant was phase out as a fuel additive in 1980s
50. incomplete combustion - occur when there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to
react completely.
51. Crevice volume - is the space between the Cylinder wall and the piston
52. 3% - percentage of fuel in the chamber can be forced into the crevice volume
53. The farther the sparkplug is from the ring gap , the greater the HC in the exhaust
54. valve overlap - both the exhaust and intake valves are open
55. Spurplug - HC emissions can be reduced if a second ________ is added to an engine
combustion chamber
56. Quenching – in terms of combustion refers to extinguishing a flame
57. Engine Misfire – means that car’s engine skip over one of the process of its combustion
cycle.
58. Oil – is a high molecular weight hydrocarbon compound that does not burn as readily as
gasoline
59. A very rich mixture there is not enough oxygen to react with all the carbon, resulting in
high levels of HC in the exhaust products.
60. Two stroke oil – is a special type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression
two stroke engines.
61. Carbon Monoxide - a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, is generated in an engine
62. Maximum Carbon Monoxide - is generated when an engine runs rich
63. Very low CO emission - Cl engines that operate overall lean generally have ______.
64. 2000 ppm – Exhaust gases of an engine can have up to _____ of oxides of nitrogen.
65. NOx – is a very undesirable emission.
66. Ozone – Released NOx reacts in the atmosphere to form ____ and one is of the major
causes of photochemical smog.
67. Nitrogen – NOx is created mostly from ___ in the air.
68. Nitrogen – can also be found in fuel blends
69. Atmospheric nitrogen – exists as a stable diatomic molecule at low temperatures.
70. 2500 – 3500K – temperature range that can exist in an engine.
71. Reactive – Other gases that are stable at low temperatures but become ___ and contribute
to the formation of NOx at high temperatures include water vapor and oxygen.
72. Pressure – the formation of NOx depends on ____.
73. Photochemical Smog – becomes a major problem in many large cities in the whole world.
74. Monoatomic Oxygen – is highly reactive and initiates a number of different reactions.
75. Ground-level ozone – is harmful to lungs and other biological tissue.
76. Soot particles – are clusters of solid carbon spheres.
77. Carbon spheres – are generated in the combustion chamber in the fuel-rich zones
78. Over 90% - of carbon particles originally generated within an engine are thus consumed
and never get exhausted.
79. Soluble Organic Fraction – This absorbed portion of the soot particles
80. Under Load - Maximum density of particulate emissions occurs when the engine is ____
at WOT.
81. Catalytic converter is the most effective after treatment system for reducing engine
emission
82. CO also known as carbon monoxide
83. HC also known as hydrocarbon
84. NOx also know as nitric oxide
85. Catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering the needed for it
to proceed
86. Platinum, promote exidation of CO and HC
87. Palladium, promote oxidation of CO and specially HC
88. Rhodium, promote the reaction of NOx
89. Sulfur, promote the conversion of SOz to SO3
90. Cold start-ups, when an engine is started after not being operated for several hours
91. Locate converter close to engine, does heat it as quickly as possible after the engine is
started
92. Superinsulation, accelrate the temperature rise to steady-state condition
93. Electric heating, allows much quicker heating by means of thermal conduction
94. Flame heating, a flame is initiated in the burner using fuel air pumped from external
sources
95. Thermal battery, energy from a thermal storage system
96. Chemical reaction preheating uses the heat liberated from an exothermic chemical reaction
97. Dual fuel engines, run on a combination of gasoline and methanol (0-85%)
98. Lean burn engines uses stratified charge
99. Modern two-stroke cycle engine that uses fuel injection have cooler exhaust because of
their high efficiency and lean operation.
100. Vanous method it is used when soot build up becomes excessive and regeneration
is needed
Problems:

1. A diesel truck uses 100 grams of light diesel fuel (assume C12H22) per mile of travel. 0.5% of the
carbon in the fuel ends up as exhaust smoke. If the truck travels 15,000 miles per year, how much carbon
is put into the atmosphere each year as smoke? [Kg/year]

1 kg mole of C13H22 has 144 kg of carbon and 22 kg of hydrogen

Mass % of carbon in fuel = 144/166 = 0.8675

Carbon put into atmosphere

gm miles gm kg
ṁcarbon = [(0.8675) (100 mile)] (15000 yr
) (6500 yr ) = 6.50 yr

2. (a) Why isn't a normal three-way catalytic converter, as used with SI engines, as useful when used with
a CI engine? (b) What main method is used to limit NOx emissions on a modern diesel truck or
automobile? (c) Give at least three disadvantages to using this method.

a. CI engines operate overall lean

Exhaust temperature is lower on CI engines.
Solid carbon in exhaust requires larger flow passage

b. Generation of NOx is reduced by using EGR to lower combustion temperatures.

c. Less efficient combustion hen EGR is used, more chance of slow combustion or misfire.
Lower combustion temperature gives lower cycle thermal efficiency.
Solid carbon in exhaust is abrasive on cylinder components and harmful to lubricating oil.

3. (A) List five reasons why there are HC emissions in the exhaust of an automobile. (b) To reduce
emissions from an SI engine, should AF be set at rich, lean, or stoichiometric? Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of each. (c) Why is it good to place a catalytic converter as close to the engine as possible?
Why is this bad?

a. 1. Not enough oxygen when engine operates fuel –rich.

2. Fuel gets trapped in crevice volume of cylinder.
3. Combustion is quenched in boundary layer of combustion chamber surface.
4. Intake fuel is exhaust during valve overlap
5. Fuel vapor gets absorbed- desorbed in wall deposits.
6. Fuel vapor gets absorbed – desorbed in oil film on wall.
7. Poor combustion of oil combustion chamber
 4. A four-cylinder, 2.8-liter, four-stroke cycle SI engine operates at 2300 RPM with a volumetric
efficiency of 88.5%. The fuel used is methyl alcohol at an equivalence ratio of ¢ = 1.25. During
combustion all hydrogen is converted to water, and all carbon is converted to CO2 and CO.
Calculate: (a) Mole fraction of CO in the exhaust. [%] (b) Energy lost in the exhaust due to
CO. [kW]
Solution:

stoichiometric combustion reaction:

𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 + 1.5𝑂2 + 1.5(3.76)𝑁2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.5(3.76)𝑁2

combustion reaction with equivalence Φ = 1.25

𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 + 1.2 + 1.2(3.76)𝑁2 → 𝑎𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑏2𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.2(3.76)𝑁2

Conservation of carbon a + b=1

Conservation of oxygen 2a + b + 2 = 3.4

a = 0.4 & b = 0.6

𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 + 1.2 + 1.2(3.76)𝑁2 → 0.4𝐶𝑂2 + 0.62𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.2(3.76)𝑁2

a.) Mole fraction of CO

𝑁𝐶𝑂 0.6
𝑋𝐶𝑂 = = = 0.0799 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟗%
𝑁𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 0.4 + 0.6 + 2 + 1.2(3.76)

b.) Mass flow-rate of air into engine using Eq. (2-71)

2300
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 60𝑟𝑒𝑣
(1.181 3 ) (0.885) (0.0028 ) ( sec )
𝑚 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝜌𝑎 𝑛𝑣 𝑉𝑑 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = = 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 0.0561
𝑛 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

actual fuel-air ratio using Eq. (2-57)

(𝐹𝐴)𝑎 = 𝛷(𝐹𝐴)𝑠 = (1.25)(0.155) = 0.194

flow rate of fuel into engine using Eq. (2-56)

𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 (0.0109 s ) 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚̇𝑓 = (𝐹𝐴)𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 = (0.194) (0.0561 ) = 0.0109 = = 0.00034 𝑘𝑔
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
32
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

for every 1 mole of fuel there are 0.6 moles of CO in exhaust

CO in exhaust
 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚̇𝐶𝑂 = (0.6) (0.00034 ) = 0.0000204
𝑠 𝑠
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄̇𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑂 𝑄̇𝐻𝑉 = (0.0000204 ) (28 ) (10100 ) = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕 𝒌𝑾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝑔

5. The combustion chambers of a V8 Otto cycle engine with a 7.8:1 compression ratio, bore of
3.98 inches, and 41O-cubic-inch displacement can be approximated as right circular cylinders.
The engine operates at 3000 RPM using gasoline at an AF = 15.2 and a volumetric efficiency
of 95%. When combustion occurs, the flame is dampened out near the walls and a boundary
layer of air-fuel does not get burned. Combustion is at constant volume at TDC, and the
unburned boundary layer can be considered to be 0.004-inch-thick over the entire combustion
chamber surface. Fuel is originally distributed equally throughout the chamber. Calculate: (a)
Percent of fuel that does not get burned due to being trapped in the surface boundary layer. [%]
(b) Amount of fuel lost in the exhaust due to this boundary layer. [lbm/hr] (c) Chemical power
of the fuel lost in the exhaust. [hp]
a. Displacement volume of 1 cylinder

410 𝑖𝑛3
𝑉𝑑 = = 51.25 𝑖𝑛3
8
use Eq. (2-12) to find clearance volume

𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐 51.25 + 𝑉𝑐
𝑟𝑐 = 7.8 = = → 𝑉𝑐 = 7.537 𝑖𝑛3
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐

at TDC when combustion occurs Vc = combustion chamber volume

𝜋
𝑉𝐶 = ( ) (3.98 𝑖𝑛. )2 ℎ → ℎ = 0.606 𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝐷𝐶)
4
Volume of boundary layer of thickness, t

Side: 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝜋𝐵ℎ𝑡 = 𝜋(3.98)(0.606)(0.004) = 0.0303 𝑖𝑛3

𝜋 𝜋
Top: 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ( ) 𝐵2 𝑡 = ( ) (3.98)2 (0.004) = 0.0498 𝑖𝑛3
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
Piston Face: 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ( 4 ) 𝐵2 𝑡 = ( 4 ) (3.98)2 (0.004) = 0.0498 𝑖𝑛3

Total Volume = 0.0303 + 0.0498 + 0.0498 = 0.130 𝑖𝑛3

0.13
% of total volume = 7.537 = 0.0172 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐%

With fuel equally distributed, 1.72% of fuel not burnt.

b. Use Eq. (2-70) for air flow rate into engine

 𝑙𝑏𝑚 410 3000
(0.0739 )( ) (0.90) ( 60𝑟𝑒𝑣 )
𝑓𝑡 3 (123 )
𝜌𝑎 𝑛𝑣 𝑉𝑑 𝑁 𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇ = = = 0.3945
𝑛 2 𝑠
Fuel flow rate into engine using Eq. (2-55)

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇𝑎 0.3945 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇𝑓 = = = 0.02595 = 93.43
𝐴𝐹 15.2 𝑠 ℎ𝑟
Fuel lost in exhaust

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝒍𝒃𝒎
(𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (93.43 ) (0.0172) =
ℎ𝑟 𝒉𝒓
1.61𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
c. 𝑄̇𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉 = ( ℎ𝑟 ) [43000 𝑘𝑔)⁄2.326 𝑘𝑔⁄ 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ] = 29764 ℎ𝑟 =
𝐵𝑇𝑈
(29764 ℎ𝑟
)/(2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄ℎ𝑟/ℎ𝑝) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕 𝒉𝒑

6. An older automobile using leaded gasoline gets 16 mpg fuel economy at 55 mph. The lead in
the gasoline amounts to 0.15 gm/L. Forty-five percent of the lead in the fuel gets exhausted to
the environment. Calculate the amount of lead exhausted to the environment in Ibm/mile and
Ibm/day if the automobile is driven continuously.
Solution:

𝑔𝑚 𝐿 1000 𝒍𝒃𝒎
Lead in gasoline = (0.15 ) (3.785 ) ( 𝑔𝑚 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝐿 𝑔𝑎𝑙 2.025 𝒈𝒂𝒍
𝑙𝑏𝑚

1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚

Lead exhausted = (16 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒) (0.00125 𝑔𝑎𝑙 ) (0.45) = 0.0000352 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 =
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑟 𝒍𝒃𝒎
(0.0000352 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒) (55 ℎ𝑟
) (24 𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚

7. A small truck has a four-cylinder, 2.2-liter CI engine that operates on an air-standard Dual cycle using
light diesel fuel at an average AF = 21:1. At a speed of 2500 RPM, the engine has a volumetric efficiency
'TJv = 92%. At this operating condition, 0.4% of the carbon in the fuel ends up as soot in the exhaust. In
addition, there is 20% additional carbon soot from the lubricating oil. The amount of soot is then
increased by 25% due to other components condensing on the carbon. Carbon density pc = 1400 kglm3.
Calculate: (a) Rate of soot put into the environment. [kg/hr]

(b) Chemical power lost in the soot (consider the entire mass of soot as carbon). [kW]

(c) Number of soot clusters exhausted per hour. Assume that an average cluster contains 2000 spherical
carbon particles, and each particle has a diameter of 20 nm.
Solution:
a.
𝜌 𝑉 𝜇 𝑁
ma= 𝑎 𝑑𝑛 𝑣
2500
(1.181)(0.0022)(0.92)( )
60
= 2
ma = 0.0498 kg/sec
mf= ma / AF
= (0.0498 kg/sec)/ 21
mf= 0.00237 kg/sec
for 1kgmole of C12.3H22.2 fuel
mass of carbon = (12.3)(12) = 147.6 kg
mass of hydrogen = (22.2)(1) = 22.2 kg
% carbon by mass = (147.6 / 169.8)(100) = 86.93%
msoot = (0.00237kg/sec)(0.8693)(0.004)(1.2)(1.25)(3600sec/hr) =0.0445kg/hr

b. Qlost = msootQHV= (0.0445/3600kg/sec)(33,800kJ/kg)= 0.42kW

𝑚
c. Vsoot= 𝜌
= (0.0445 kg / hr ) / (1400kg/m3) = 0.0000318m3/hr
Vpart = (∏/6)d3 = (∏/6) ( 20x10-9)3= 4.19 x10-24 m3/part
Vcluster = (200)(4. 19 x10-24 m3/part) = 8.38 x 10-22 m3 /cluster
Number of cluster
(0.0000318 m3/hr) (8.38x10-21 m3 /cluster) = 3.79 x 1015cluster / hr

8. The engine in Problem 6 operating at 2500 RPM has an indicated thermal efficiency of 61%,
combustion efficiency of 98%, and a mechanical efficiency of 71%.

Calculate: (a) Brake specific fuel consumption. [gm/kW-hr]

(b) Specific emissions of soot particulates. [gm/kW-hr]

(c) Emissions index of soot particulates. [gm/kg]

Solutions:
a. WI= QinNt = mfQHVNcNt = (0.00237 kg/sec)(42,500kJ/kg)(0.98)(0.61) = 60.2kW
Wb = WINm = (60.2kW)(0.71) = 42.8 kW
bsfc = mf/Wb = [(0.00237kg/sec)(3600sec/hr)(1000gm/kg)]/(42.8kW) =199gm/kW-hr

b. (SE)soot= msoot/Wb = [(0.0445 kg/hr)(1000gm/kg)]/(42.8kw) = 1.04gm/kW-hr

c. (EI)soot= msoot/mf= [(0.0445kg/hr)(1000gm/kg)]/[(.00237kg/sec)(3600sec/hr)] = 5.2gmsoot/kgfuel

9. A turbocharged, 6.4-liter, V8 SI engine operates on an air-standard Otto cycle at WOT with an engine
speed of 5500 RPM. The compression ratio is Tc = 10.4:1, and condi- tions in the cylinders at the start of
compression are 65°C and 120 kPa. Crevice volume is equal to 2.8% of clearance volume and has
pressure equal to cylinder pressure and temperature equal to 185°C.
Calculate: (a) Total engine crevice volume. [cm3]
(b) Percent of fuel that is trapped in the crevice volume at the start of com-
bustion at TDC. [%]

Solution:

a. For 1 cylinder Vd = (6.4L)/8 = 0.8 L = 0.0008 m3

rc = 10.4 = (Vd + Vc)Vc = (0.0008 + Vc)Vc ; Vc = 0.0000851 m3
Clearance volume of 8 cylinders; Vc= (0.0000851m3) (8) = 0.000681 m3 = 681cm3
Crevice volume ; Vcrevice = (681cm3) (0.028) = 19.1cm3
b. T2 = T1(rc)k-1= (338K) (10.4)0.35= 767K
P2 = P1(rc)k= (120kPa) ( 10.4)1.35=2833kPa

mcrev= PV/RT = (2833kPa)(0.0000191m3) / (0.287kJ/kg-K)(458K) = 0.0000412kg

mclear= (2833kPa)(0.000681m3) / (0.287kJ/kg-K)(767K) = 0.008764 kg

% mass in crevice volume = [(0.000412)/(0.008764+0.000412)]/100 = 45%

10. The engine in Problem 9-9 has a volumetric efficiency of 89% and uses isooctane as fuel at an air-fuel
ratio AF = 14.2. Sixty percent of the fuel that is trapped in the crevice volume at the start of combustion is
later burned due to additional cylinder motion.

Calculate: (a) HC emissions in the exhaust due to the 40% of crevice volume fuel '- that does not get burned.
[kg/hr] (b) Chemical power lost in these HC emissions of the exhaust. [kW]

Solution: a) for 1 cylinder Vd=(6.4L)/8=0.8L=0.0008m3

rc=10.4=(Vd+Vc)/Vc=(0.0008+Vc)/Vc Vc=0.0000851m3

clearance volume for 8 cylinders Vc=(0.0000851m3)(8)=0.000681m3=681cm3

crevice volume Vcrevice=(681cm3)(0.028)=19.1cm3

b) T2=T1(rc)k-1=(338K)(10.4)0.35=767K

P2=P1(rc)k=(120kPa)(10.4)1.35=2833kPa

Mass in crevice

mcrev=PV/RT=(2833kPa)(0.0000191m3)/(0.281kJ/kgK)(458K)=0.000412kg

Mass in clearance volume

Mclear=(2833kPa)(0.000681m3)/(0.287kJ/kgK(767K)=0.008764kg
 % of mass in crevice volume=[(0.000412)/(0.008764+0.000412)](100)=4.5%

11. A large supercharged, two-stroke cycle, diesel ship engine with a displacement of 196 liters operates at
220 RPM. The engine has a delivery ratio of Adr = 0.95 and uses fuel oil that can be approximated as
C12HZZ,at an air-fuel ratio of AF = 22.The ship is equipped with an ammonia injection system to remove
NOx from the exhaust.

Calculate: (a) Amount of NO entering the exhaust system if 0.1% of the nitrogen in the air is converted to
NO (assume no other forms of NOx are produced). [kglhr] (b) Amount of ammonia to be injected to remove
all NO in the exhaust by the reaction given in Eq. (9-29). [kg/hr]

Solution: a) ma=PVdŋN/n=(1.181)(0.0064)(0.89)(5500/60)/2=0.3083kg/sec

mf=ma/(AF)=(0.3083kg/sec)/14.2=0.0217kg/sec

(mf)ex=[(0.0217)(3600kg/hr)](0.045trapped)(0.40not burned)=1.406kg/hr

b) Qlost=mfQHV=(1.406kg/hr)(44300kJ/kg)(3600sec/hr)=17.3kW

12. It is desired to reduce NOx generation in an engine that burns stoichiometric ethanol by using exhaust
gas recycling (EGR) to lower the peak combustion temperature. The temperature of the air and fuel at the
start of combustion is 700 K, and the exhaust gas can be approximated as Nz at 1000 K. The enthalpy of
ethanol at 700 K is -199,000 kJ/kgmole.

Calculate: (a) Theoretical maximum temperature with stoichiometric ethanol and no EGR. [K] (b) Percent
EGR needed to reduce maximum temperature to 2400 K. [%]

Solution: a) mm=λVdρN/n=(0.95)(0.196m3/cycle)(1.181kg/m3)(220/60
rev/sec)/(1rev/cycle)=0.806kg/sec

ma=(0.806kg/sec)(22/23)=0.7710kg/sec=2776kg/hr=95.72kgmoles/hr ; AF=22

with air having 3.76moles of N2 for every 1 mole O2 moles of N2 in per hour

(95.72kgmoles/hr)(3.76/4.76)=75.61kgmoles/hr

For every mole of N2 converted there will be 2 moles of NO

NO generated (75.61kgmoles/hr)(2)(0.001converted)=0.1512kgmoles/hr

mNO=(0.1512kgmoles/hr)(30kg/kgmoles)=4.54kg/hr

b) 1 mole of NH3 is needed for every mole of NO

mNH3=(0.1512kgmoles/hr)(17kg/kgmoles)=2.57kg/hr
13. It is desired to use electricity to preheat the catalytic converter on a four-cylinder SI engine of 2.8-liter
displacement. The preheat zone of the converter consists of 20% of the total alumina volume. The specified
heat of the ceramic is 765 J/kg-K, and the density p = 3970 kg/m3. Energy is obtained from a 24-volt battery
supplying 600 amps.

Calculate:
a) Electricity energy needed to heat the preheat zone from 25°C to a light-off temperature of
150°C. [KJ]
b) Time needed to supply this amount of energy. [sec]
Solution:
From Sec. 9-8 volume of catalytic converter
Vcc = ½ (Vd) = 1.4 L = 0.0014 m3

a) Heat needed

Q = mCp∆T = pVccCp∆T

= (3970kg/m3)(0.0014m3)(20%)(0.765 kJ/kg-K)(125°) = 106.2 kJ

b) Power = (24 volts)(600 amps) = 14400 W = 14.40 kW = 14.40 kJ/sec

time, t = (106.2 kJ)/(14.40kJ/sec) = 7.4 sec

14. A 0.02-liter, two-stroke cycle SI lawn mower engine runs at 900 RPM, using gasoline at an
equivalence ratio Φ = 1.08 and a fuel-to-air ratio of 60:1 by mass. The engine is crankcase
compressed, and has a delivery ratio of dr = 0.88 and a charging efficiency Ace = 0.72. Combustion
efficiency (17c)gasoline = 0.94 for the gasoline trapped in the cylinder, but (17c)oil is only 0.72
for the oil trapped in the cylinder. There is no catalytic converter.
Calculate:
a) HC from the fuel and oil exhausted to the environment due to valve overlap during
scavenging. [kg/hr]
b) HC in the exhaust from unburned fuel and oil due to combustion inefficiency. [kg/hr]
c) Total HC in exhaust. [kg/hr]

Solution:

a) Use a time rate form of Eq. (5-22) to get rate of air-fuel mixture ingested
ming = AdrVdpaN/n = (0.88)(0.0002m3/cycle)(1.181 kg/m3)(900/60rev/sec)/(1rev/cycle)
= 0.000312 kg/sec = 1.122 kg/hr

Use a time rate form of Eq.(5-23) to get rate of air-fuel mixture trapped
mtrap = AceVdpaN/n = (0.72)(0.00002m3/cycle)( 1.181 kg/m3)(900/60rev/sec)/(1rev/cycle)
= 0.000255 kg/sec = 0.918 kg/hr

Mass flow of ari-fuel in exhaust due to valve

Overlap = mass flow ingested – mass flow trapped
(mex)overlap = (1.122 kg/hr) – (0.918 kg/hr) = 0.204 kg/hr
 Use Eq.(2-57) for actual air-fuel ratio
(AF)act = (AF)stoich/ Φ = 14.6/1.08 = 13.52

Mass rate of fuel and oil in exhaust

(mHC)ex = (0.204 kg/hr)/14.52 = 0.0140 kg/hr
b) mass rate of fuel and oil (HC) trapped in combustion chamber
(mHC)trap = (0.918 kg/hr)/14.52 = 0.0632 kg/hr

Of this mfuel = (0.0632 kg/hr)(60/61) = 0.0622 kg/hr

moil = (0.0632 kg/hr)(1/61) = 0.0010 kg/hr

94% of fuel gets burned, so 6% does not get burned

(mfuel)n.b. = (0.0622 kg/hr)(0.06) = 0.0037 kg/hr
(moil)n.b. = (0.0010 kg/hr)(0.28) = 0.0003 kg/hr

Total rate of HC not burned mHC = 0.0037 + 0.0003 = 0.0040 kg/hr

(mHC)total = (0.014 kg/hr) + (0.0040 kg/hr) = 0.018 kg/hr

15. A modern six-cylinder automobile CI engine is adjusted to operate properly using diesel fuel with
a cetane number of 52. The vehicle is accidently fuelled with a diesel fuel having a cetane number
of 42. Would more or less exhaust smoke be expected? Explain.

Answer:
More exhaust smoke would be expected. Fuel with lower cetane number will not self-ignite as
readily and there will be a longer ignition delay between start of injection and start of combustion.
More fuel will be injected before ignition occurs and the overall air-fuel ratio will be more fuel-
rich when combustion starts. Solid carbon (smoke) is generated in the fuel-rich part of the
combustion chamber where there is not enough oxygen to form CO2. This fuel-rich zone would be
larger under this conditions.

Legend (Problems Answered):

Espina, Jossel Klyn – Numbers 1, 2, & 3

Jala, Eymann Nowell – Numbers 4, 5, & 6

Bontia, Philipp Louis – Numbers 7, 8, & 9

Ferrer, Mario – Numbers 10, 11, & 12

Lapeceros, Kent Tayron – Numbers 13, 14, & 15