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P7 – Liquids in motion

Mechanical Principles and Applications

1. If a car is moving at 80 km/h, it means it is moving 80 km in one hour. Let us agree to denote speed by the
symbol . Since speed is distance in unit time, we can say . The dot ( . ) on L means change of L in unit
time.
2. A liquid is moving with a speed as shown alongside.
In 1 second, the liquid flows a distance as shown. If
the cross-sectional area of the pipe is A, then the volume

of liquid flowing per second : . Units – m3/s


3. If a liquid flows at the rate of 300 cm/s and the tube has a cross sectional
diameter of 8 cm, find the volume rate of flow.
4. The mass of liquid flowing per second is : , where

is the density of the liquid. Unit – kg/s.


5. In problem 3. find the mass of liquid flowing per second if the liquid has a density of 800
kg/m3.
6. Consider a liquid flowing through a tapering pipe as shown. It
enters the pipe with a speed and leaves the pipe with a speed
. The areas of the two ends of the pipe are and . Since the same volume of the liquid flows from both

ends, we have . This is the continuity equation for liquid flow.


7. A liquid flows through a tapering pipe with an initial diameter of 60 cm and final diameter of 20 cm. If the initial velocity is 35 cm/s, find the final velocity of the
liquid.
8. In a water supply system, the mains supply pipe is connected to
a tributary valve via a tapered connector. The inlet diameter to
the connector is 0.5 m and the velocity of flow of the water at the
inlet is 1.5 m/s. The supply from the tributary pipe is used to
supply water to an irrigation system where the flow velocity from
the tributary pipe must be maintained at 4 m/s in order for the irrigation system to operate efficiently. Assuming that the flow is incompressible and the density
of water to be 1000 kg/m3, determine : (a) the volume flow rate for the system, (b) the mass flow rate for the system and (c) the diameter of the tributary pipe to
the irrigation system.

9. A tapered converging fuel pipe in the diagram below has an inlet diameter of 20 cm and fuel enters the inlet to the pipe at a velocity of 2 m/s. The duct has been
designed to deliver fuel to the outlet, at a velocity between 4.0 and 5.0 m/s. Assuming the
fuel flow is incompressible and the relative density of the fuel is 0.78, determine: (a) volume
flow rate for the system, (b) the mass flow rate for the system and (c) the outlet duct
diameter range to allow fuel to flow between minimum and maximum design velocities.

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