CASE #1: Incoming at 45°C

Product Name 1-Butene

Storage Conditions
Product Density (Reference #1) 563.6 kg/m3
Product Density (vapor) 19.1 kg/m3
Product Specific Heat (liquid) 2.3 kJ/kg.K
Product Specific Heat (vapor) 1.51 kJ/kg.K
Storage Temperature (initial) 45 °C
318.15 Kelvin

Surface Area Calculation Case 1 Case 2

Sphere Diameter 22 m 24 m
Sphere Volume (nominal) 5,575 m3 7,238 m3
Volume Filled (liquid) 50% 50%
Total Product Mass (liquid) 1,571,114 kg 2,039,733 kg
Total Product Mass (vapor) 53,217 kg 69,090 kg
Sphere Total Surface Area 1,521 m2 1,810 m2
Sphere Surface Area (half) 760 m2 905 m2
(exposed to direct sunlight)

Solar Irradition Data (Reference #2)

Nearest Location Senai Senai
Annual Average 16.10 MJ/m2.day 16.10 MJ/m2.day
Highest (February) 20.05 MJ/m2.day 20.05 MJ/m2.day
Energy Lossess 0% 0%

Average Case
Total Heat Ingress (no losses) 12,240 MJ/day 14,567 MJ/day
Total Temperature Rise 3.3 K 3.0 K
Final Temperature 48.3 °C 48.0 °C

Worst Case
Total Heat Ingress (no losses) 15,243 MJ/day 18,141 MJ/day
Total Temperature Rise 4.1 K 3.8 K
Final Temperature 49.1 °C 48.8 °C

*The above calculation is assumming 100% solar radiation absorbed by the inventory
Reference #1
Temperature Density, kg/m3 Density, kg/m3
-10 632.9
640
0 620.3
10 607.7 f(x) = - 1.26x + 620.3
R² =620
1
20 595.1
600
30 582.5
40 569.9 580

560
Molecular Weight 56.106 kg/kmol
Pressure 8 barg 540
Temperature 318.15 Kelvin
Gas constant 8.31E-05 m3.bar/K.mol 520
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Estimate Vapor Density 19.1 kg/m3

Reference #2
g/m3

20 30 40 50
CASE #2: Incoming at 55°C
Product Name 1-Butene

Storage Conditions
Product Density (Reference #1) 551 kg/m3
Product Density (vapor) 18.5 kg/m3
Product Specific Heat (liquid) 2.3 kJ/kg.K
Product Specific Heat (vapor) 1.51 kJ/kg.K
Storage Temperature (initial) 55 °C
328.15 Kelvin

Surface Area Calculation Case 1 Case 2

Sphere Diameter 22 m 24 m
Sphere Volume (nominal) 5,575 m3 7,238 m3
Volume Filled (liquid) 50% 50%
Total Product Mass (liquid) 1,535,990 kg 1,994,132 kg
Total Product Mass (vapor) 51,595 kg 66,984 kg
Sphere Total Surface Area 1,521 m2 1,810 m2
Sphere Surface Area (half) 760 m2 905 m2
(exposed to direct sunlight)

Solar Irradition Data (Reference #2)

Nearest Location Senai Senai
Annual Average 16.10 MJ/m2.day 16.10 MJ/m2.day
Highest (February) 20.05 MJ/m2.day 20.05 MJ/m2.day
Energy Lossess 0% 0%

Average Case
Total Heat Ingress (no losses) 12,240 MJ/day 14,567 MJ/day
Total Temperature Rise 3.4 K 3.1 K
Final Temperature 58.4 °C 58.1 °C

Worst Case
Total Heat Ingress (no losses) 15,243 MJ/day 18,141 MJ/day
Total Temperature Rise 4.2 K 3.9 K
Final Temperature 59.2 °C 58.9 °C

*The above calculation is assumming 100% solar radiation absorbed by the inventory
Reference #1
Temperature Density, kg/m3 Density, kg/m3
-10 632.9
640
0 620.3
10 607.7 f(x) = - 1.26x + 620.3
R² =620
1
20 595.1
600
30 582.5
40 569.9 580

560
Molecular Weight 56.106 kg/kmol
Pressure 8 barg 540
Temperature 328.15 Kelvin
Gas constant 8.31E-05 m3.bar/K.mol 520
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Estimate Vapor Density 18.5 kg/m3

Reference #2
g/m3

20 30 40 50