Diktat Perkuliahan

PENGANTAR ILMU
LINGKUNGAN
Fresh Water Resources and Ecosystem

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM DJAKARTA

Prof. Dr. Ir. Raihan R., M.Si.
Nur Fadli Hazhar Fachrial, S.T., M.Pd.
Bambang Sukamto, S.H., M.H.
 Fresh Water Resource And
Ecosystem

ECOLOGY
NUR FADLI HAZHAR FACHRIAL

Jakarta Islamic University

Jl. Balai Rakyat Utan Kayu, Matraman ,Jakarta
Timur 13120, Indonesia
 Fresh Water

Characteristic of Water
• Water in its liquid form is the material that makes
life possible on Earth.
• Organisms can exist only where they have access
to adequate supplies of water.

Property of Water
• Water molecules tend to stick together, and they
also have a great ability to separate other
molecules from each other.
• Water’s ability to act as a solvent and its capacity
to store heat are a direct consequence of its polar
nature

Source :
Enger, Eldon D and Bradley S. Smith, 2010,p.335
 Water Molecule and Properties
The Water Molecule
• Water molecules are polar that is, one part of the
molecule is slightly positive and the other is slightly
negative.
• The molecule is made up from one heavy atom
(oxygen) and two light atoms (the hydrogens).
• the basic nuclear geometry of the water molecule, with
the bonded O–H distance of just less than 1 A and H–
O–H angle of about 104.5°.
• Colorless, transparent, and tasteless, the substance we
call water is ubiquitous and commonplace.

Picture Source :
Woodward, John., 2009,p.3

Text (above) & Picture Source (right) :

Lynden, Ruth M. et.all,,2010,p.31
 Very Important Of Water

As Medium Of Life
• Organisms can exist only where they have
access to adequate supplies of water.
• This liquid water is vital to all living organisms,
from the simplest microbe to the most complex
animal, so it is fundamental to the existence of
the whole web of life, humanity, and civilization.
• Early human migration routes and settlement
sites were influenced by the availability of
drinking water.
• The World Health Organization estimates that
about 25 percent of the world’s people do not
have access to safe drinking water.

Picture Source :
Woodward, John., Eyewitness Series-
Water, London : DK Publishing, 2009,p.1
 Water Suply and Distribution

Lack of Water Resources

• Water, used by households, agriculture, and
industry, is clearly the most important good
provided by freshwater systems.
• Water supplies are distributed unevenly around
the world, with some areas containing
abundant water and others a much more
limited supply.
• Nearly half of Indonesia’s 232 million citizens
lack sufficient water because of pollution and
poor water storage. Competition for available
water is severe between domestic and
industrial users.
Source :
Enger, Eldon D. and Bradley F. Smith,
2010,pp.335-336
Picture Source :
Berg Linda R., Mary Catherine Hager,
David M. Hassenzahl, 2011,p.242
 The Hydrologic Cycle

The Hydroclogic Cycle Component

• Two important processes involved in the cycle are the
evaporation and condensation of water, there are
Evaporation and Precipitation
• Evaporation involves adding energy to molecules of a
liquid so that it becomes a gas in which the molecules
are farther apart.
• Condensation - Precipitation is the reverse process in
which molecules of a gas give up energy, get closer
together, and become a liquid.
Source :
Enger, Eldon D. and Bradley F. Smith,
2010,pp.337

Picture Source :
Berg Linda R., Mary Catherine Hager,
David M. Hassenzahl, 2011,p.242
 The Hydrologic Cycle Process Picture Source :
Berg Linda R., M
David M. Hassenz

The Hydroclogic Cycle Process

The cycling of water through the
environment follows a simple
pattern. Moisture in the
atmosphere condenses into
droplets that fall to the Earth as
rain or snow, supplying all living
things with its life-sustaining
properties. Water, flowing over the
Earth as surface water or through
the soil as groundwater, returns to
the oceans, where it evaporates
back into the atmosphere to begin
the cycle again

Picture & Text Source :

Enger, Eldon D. and Bradley F. Smith,
2010,p.337
 The Surface Water

The Surface Water

Surface water is water
found in streams, rivers,
lakes, ponds, reservoirs,
and wetlands (areas of land
covered with water for at
least part of the year).
Picture & Text Source :
Berg Linda R., Mary Catherine
Hager, David M. Hassenzahl, 2011,
p.243
The Underground Water

The Ground Water

The water that fill
the spaces in the
substrate is called
groundwater. It
may be stored for
longperiods in
underground
reservoirs.

Picture & Text Source :

Enger, Eldon D. and
Bradley F. Smith,
2010,p.338
 Fresh Water Ecosystem

AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM

Fresh Water Salt Water/Marine

ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem

Standing Example : Open Ocean

Water •Lakes
Ecosystem •Ponds Inshores Waters
Example :
Flowing Water Upwelling
•Riverss Example :
Ecosystem Regions
•Streams •Coastal Bays
Example : Deep Sea •Sounds
Fresh Water
•Marshes •River Mouths
Wetlands
•Swamps Estuaries •Salt Marshes
Ecosystem

Source : Odum, Eugene P.,Gary W. Barret., 2005, pp.413-424

 Standing Water Ecosystem

Distinct Zonation and Stratification

• Zonation is characteristic of standing-water ecosystems.
• The littoral zone is a shallow-water area along the shore of a lake or
pond
• The limnetic zone is the open water beyond the littoral zone—that is, way
from the shore.
•Picture
The profundal zone,
& Text Source is Linda
: Berg beneath the limnetic
R., Mary Catherine zone
Hager, of a large
David lake
M. Hassenzahl, 2011,
p.142
 Flowing Water Ecosystem
Picture Source: Stream and River
Berg Linda R., • A freshwater ecosystem such
Mary Catherine
Hager, David
as a river or stream in which
M. Hassenzahl, water flows in a current.
2011, p.144 • Groundwater may well up
through sediments on the
bottom in one particular area,
making the water temperature
cooler in summer or warmer in
winter than in adjacent parts of
the stream or river.
• In streams with fast currents,
some inhabitants have
adaptations such as suckers,
with which they attach
themselves to rocks to prevent
being swept away.
 Wetlands Freshwater Ecosystem

Freshwater wetlands
Lands that
• shallow fresh water
covers for at least part
of the year; wetlands
have a characteristic
soil and water- tolerant
vegetation.
• They are rich in
accumulated organic
materials, partly
because anaerobic
conditions discourage
decomposition

Picture Source: Moore, Peter D., 2008, p.xvi

 Estuarine Ecosystem

Estuary A coastal
• Body of water, partly surrounded
by land, with access to the open
ocean and a large supply of fresh
water from a river.
• An estuary is a special category
of aquatic ecosystem that
consists of shallow, partially
enclosed areas where freshwater
enters the ocean.
• Estuaries are particularly
productive ecosystems because
of the large amounts of nutrients
introduced into the basin from the
rivers that run into them.
Picture Source: Berg Linda R.,
Mary Catherine Hager, David M.
Hassenzahl, 2011, p.146
 Pelagic Marine Ecosystem

Pelagic Marine Ecosystem

• In the open ocean, many kinds of
organisms float or swim actively.
Crustaceans, fish, and whales
swim actively as they pursue food.
• Organisms that are not attached
to the bottom are called pelagic
organisms, and the ecosystem
they are a part of is called a
pelagic ecosystem.

Picture & Text Source :

Enger, Eldon D. and Bradley F. Smith,
2010,p.138
THANK YOU

Jakarta Islamic University

Jl. Balai Rakyat Utan Kayu, Matraman ,Jakarta
Timur 13120, Indonesia
 References

Berg, Linda R., Mary Catherine Hager, David M. Hassenzahl., Visualizing Environmental
Science, 3rd Edition, Massachusset : John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Bortone, Stephen A., Estuarine Indicators, Florida : CRC Press, 2005
Enger, Eldon D. and Bradley F. Smith, Environmental Science-A Study of
Interrelationship, New York : McGraw-Hill, 2010
Moore, Peter D., Ecosystem Series-Wetlands, Revised Edition, New York : Facts on
File, 2008.
Lynden, Ruth M. et.all, Water and Life-The Unique Properties of H2O, New York : CRC
Press, 2010.
Odum, Eugene P.,Gary W. Barret., Fundamental of Ecology, 5th Edition, Belmont :
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005.
Smith, Thomas M.,Robert Leo Smith., Element of Ecology, 7th Edition, San Fransisco :
Pearson Education, 2009.
Woodward, John., Eyewitness Series-Water,London : DK Publishing, 2009.