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3 Vector Equations
Jiwen He
jiwenhe@math.uh.edu
math.uh.edu/∼jiwenhe/math2331
Vector in R2
Geometric Description of R2
Parallelogram Rule
Vectors in Rn
Linear Combinations
Example: Linear Combinations of Vectors in R2
Vector Equation
Vector
Vectors in Rn
u1
u2
vectors with n entries: u = , a matrix with one column.
..
.
un
Geometric Description of R2
x1
Vector is the point (x1 , x2 ) in the plane.
x2
Parallelogram Rule
Example
1 2
Let u = and v = .
3 1
Graphs of u, v and u + v are:
(Parallelogram Rule)
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 4 / 18
1.3 Vector Equations Definition Combinations Span
2
Vectors in R : Example
Example
1
Let u = .
2
−3
Express u, 2u, and 2 u
on a graph.
y = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cp vp
Example
1 4 3 −1
Let a1 = 0 , a2 = 2 , a3 = 6 , and b = 8 .
3 14 10 −5
Determine if b is a linear combination of a1 , a2 , and a3 .
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 = b.
Corresponding System:
x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = −1
2x2 + 6x3 = 8
3x1 + 14x2 + 10x3 = −5
1 4 3 −1 1 0 0 1 x1 =
0 2 6 8 ∼ 0 1 0 −2 =⇒ x2 =
3 14 10 −5 0 0 1 2 x3 =
Solution to
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 = b
Vector Equation
A vector equation
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + · · · + xn an = b
has the same solution set as the linear system whose augmented
matrix is
a1 a2 · · · an b .
Example
3
Let v = 4 .
5
0
Label the origin 0
0
together with
v, 2v and 1.5v
on the graph.
v, 2v and 1.5v all lie on the same line.
Example
Label
u, v, u + v and 3u+4v
on the graph.
x1 v1 + x2 v2 + · · · + xp vp
Example
v2 is a multiple of v1
Span{v1 , v2 } =Span{v1 }
=Span{v2 }
Example
4
Let v1 = 2
2
6
and v2 = 3 .
3
Is Span{v1 , v2 } a line or a
plane?
v2 is not a multiple of v1
Span{v1 , v2 } =plane through the origin
Spanning Sets
Example
1 2 8
Let A = 3 1 and b = 3 . Is b in the plane
0 5 17
spanned by the columns of A?