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DIODE APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER NO. 02

Friday, September 26, 2014

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BASIC DC POWER SUPPLY

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Block diagram of a basic DC power supply with a load.

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

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Block diagram of a Half Wave Rectifier

Half-Wave Rectifier operation. The diode is considered to be ideal

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Average value of the Half-Wave Rectified signal.

Calculation of Average value for a Half-Wave Rectifier

1 T
T ∫0
VDC = V dt

1  π
0 dθ 
2π

2π  ∫ 0 ∫π
= Vp sinθ dθ +

VP π
= [− cosθ]
2π 0

VP
=
π

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Example # 2.1

Solution:

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Calculation of RMS value for a Half-Wave Rectifier

1 T 2
T ∫0
2
Vrms = V dt

1  π 2
0 dθ 
2π
=
2π   ∫0
Vp sin2 θ dθ + ∫π 
2 2
V π VP 1
π 
∫0 sin θ dθ = 2 π ∫ ( 1 − cos 2θ) dθ
2
= P 
2π 
0 2

2
V  1 π
= P  θ − sin2θ
4π  2 0
2
V
= P
4
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DC & RMS Level on Waveform of a HWR

VO

Vp
V rm s
V DC
t0 t1 t2 t3 t

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The effect of the barrier potential on the half-wave rectified

output voltage is to reduce the peak value of the input by
about 0.7 V.

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Output Waveform of a Half-Wave Rectifier

Vi(t)

Vp

VD

t
0 π 2π

-VP

Vo(t)

Vp - VD

t
0 π 2π

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Example # 2.2

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Solution:

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The PIV occurs at the peak of each half-cycle of the input

voltage when the diode is reverse-biased. In this circuit, the
PIV occurs at the peak of each negative half-cycle.

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Half-Wave Rectifier with transformer-coupled input voltage.

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Example # 2.3

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Solution:

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FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER (FWR)

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Block Diagram of a Full Wave Rectifier

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Output Waveform of a Full Wave Rectifier

Vi(t)

Vp

π t
0 2π

-VP

Vo(t)

Vp - VD

t
0 π 2π

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Calculation of Average value for a Full-Wave Rectifier

1 T
V DC =
T ∫ 0
V dt

1 π

π ∫0
= V p sin θ dθ

VP π
= [− cos θ ]
π 0

2 VP
=
π

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Example # 2.4

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Solution:

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Calculation of RMS value for a Full -Wave Rectifier

1 T
∫
2
Vrms = V 2 dt
T 0

1 π
∫
2
= Vp sin 2 θ dθ
π 0

2
VP π 1 
=
π ∫ 0
 ( 1 − cos 2θ ) dθ 
2 
2
VP  1 π
= θ − sin 2 θ
2 π  2 0

2
VP
=
2
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Types of Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full Wave Rectifier

Bridge Full Wave Rectifier

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CENTER-TAPPED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

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Circuit Diagram of a Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

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Basic operation of a Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier. Note that the

current through the load resistor is in the same direction during the entire
input cycle, so the output voltage always has the same polarity.

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Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 1.

Vp(pri) is the peak value of the primary voltage.

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Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio

of 2.

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PIV of a Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier

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Calculation of PIV for a Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier

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Example # 2.5

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Solution:

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BRIDGE FULL -WAVE RECTIFIER

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Circuit Diagram of a Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

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Basic Operation of a Bridge Full Wave Rectifier

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Bridge Output Voltage with Ideal & Practical Diodes

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Peak inverse voltages across diodes D3 and D4 in a bridge

rectifier during the positive half-cycle of the secondary voltage.

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Formulas For Bridge Full Wave Rectifier

1. Vpout = Vp (sec) { for ideal case }

2. Vpout =Vp (sec) – 1.4v { for practical case }

3. PIV = Vpout { for ideal case }

4. PIV = Vpout + 0.7v { for practical case }

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Example # 2.6

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Solution:

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POWER SUPPLY FILTERS

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Basic Principle of Power Supply Filter

A power supply filter ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the output
voltage of a half wave or full wave rectifier and produces a constant level
dc voltage

Filtering is necessary because electronic circuits require a constant

source of dc voltage and current to provide power and biasing for proper
operation

Ripple is a Small amount

of Fluctuations in the filter

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Capacitor Input Filter/ Pi(̟) Filter

A Half Wave rectifier with a capacitor–input filter is shown in figure

The filter is simply a capacitor connected from the rectifier output

to ground.

RL represents the equivalent resistance of a load

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Operation of a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter. The current

indicates charging or discharging of the capacitor.

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Ripple Voltage (Vr)

Variation in the capacitor voltage due to the charging and

discharging is called the ripple voltage

Generally, ripple is undesirable, so the smaller the ripple, the

better the filtering action

Half-wave ripple voltage (green line).

Dr. RS 50

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Comparison of ripple voltages for half-wave and full-wave

rectified voltages with the same filter capacitor and load and
derived from the same sinusoidal input voltage.

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The frequency of a full-wave rectified voltage is twice that of a

half-wave rectified voltage.

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Ripple Factor (r)

Indication of the effectiveness of the filter is called the ripple factor

Where Vr(pp) : peak to peak ripple voltage

VDC : average value of ripple voltage

How

Note: The lower the ripple factor , the better the filter.

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Effects of C and RL on Ripple factor

The ripple factor can be lowered by increasing the value of
the filter capacitor or increasing the load resistance

R=1500Ω
C=1000µF C=470µF
R=1000Ω
C=100µF R=500Ω

a) Effect on C b) Effect on RL

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Formulas of Ripple factor for HWR & FWR

Vr( pp ) 1
rhwr = =
VDC 2 3 fRL C

Vr( pp ) 1
rfwr = =
VDC 4 3 fRL C

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Formulas of Vr(pp) and VDC for a Full Wave Rectifier

with Capacitor Input Filter

Vp(rect) : unfiltered peak rectified voltage

Vr(pp) : peak to peak ripple voltage
VDC : average value of ripple voltage

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Example # 2.7

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Solution:

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DIODE CLIPPING & CLAMPLING CIRCUITS

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Diode Clipper/Limiter
DEFINITION:
“Diode circuits which are used to clip off portion of signal
voltages above or below at a certain levels are called
clippers/limiters “

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Limiting of Positive Alternation

From fig (a), a diode circuit clips off the positive part of the input signal.
As the input signal goes positive, the diodes becomes forward biased.
Thus point A is clipped at 0.7v when the input exceeds this value.

when the input goes below 0.7v, the diode reverse biases and appears
as an open. The output voltage looks like the negative part of the input.

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Limiting of Negative Alternation

From fig (b), the negative part of the input is clipped off. when the
diode is forward biased the negative part of the input point A is held at
-0.7v by the diode drop.

when the input goes above -0.7v, the diode is no longer forward
biased and a voltage appears across RL proportional to the input.

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Example # 2.10

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Solution

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Biased Limiters
DEFINITION:
“The level to which an AC voltage is limited cab be adjusted
by adding a bias voltage VBias ,in series with a diode“

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Biasing of Positive Limiter

To limit a voltage to a specified positive level, the diode and the
biased voltage must be connected as shown in a figure (a).

The voltage at point A must be equal to (VBIAS + 0.7v) before the

diode becomes forward biased & conduct current. So that all input
voltage above this level is clipped off.

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Biasing of Negative Limiter

To limit a voltage to a specified negative level, the diode and the
biased voltage must be connected as shown in a figure (b).

In this case, the voltage at point A must go below (-VBIAS - 0.7v) to

forward biased the diode.

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Modification of Positive Limiter

By turning the diode around, the positive limiter can be modified to
limit the output voltage to the portion of the input voltage waveform
above (VBIAS - 0.7v) as shown in figure below.

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Modification of Negative Limiter

The negative limiter can be modified to limit the output voltage to the
portion of the input waveform below (-VBIAS + 0.7v) as shown in
figure below.

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Example # 2.11

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Solution

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Replacement of VBias With Voltage Divider

Bias
The bias voltage sources that have been used to illustrate the basic
operation of a diode limiters can be replaced by a resistive voltage
divider that drives the desired bias voltage from the dc supply
voltage. The bias voltage is set by the resistor values according to
the voltage divider formula;

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Diode Limiters Implemented With Voltage

Divider Bias
The circuits for positively biased, Negatively biased and a variable
biased limiters can be shown as;

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Example # 2.12

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Solution

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Diode Clamping
DEFINITION:
“ The process of adding a dc level to an ac signal is
called diode clamping”. Clampers are some time known as
DC Restorers.”

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Positive Level Clamping Operation

To understand the operation of positive level clamping, Consider first
negative half cycle of the input voltage. When the input goes
negative, the diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor to
charge near the peak of the input (Vp(in) - 0.7v) as shown in fig (a).

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Positive Level Clamping Operation

The capacitor can discharge only through the high resistance of
RL.Thus from the peak of one negative half cycle to the next , the
capacitor discharges very little.The net effect of the clamping action
is that the capacitor retains a charge approx. equal to the peak value
of the input less the diode drop.i.e; (Vp(in) - 0.7v).

The dc voltage of the capacitor adds to the input voltage by

superposition as shown in fig (b)

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Negative Level Clamping Operation

If the diode is turned around,a negative dc voltage is added to the
input signal. This would result in negative level clamping operation
as shown in figure below.

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Example # 2.13

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Solution

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