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Calculators

EARL E. SWARTZLANDER, EDITOR

The Calculators column is intended to focus on that aspect of computing


history that in many respects preceded the introduction of the computer and
has paralleled the computer for the past 50 years as the original “desktop”
machine, and in later years as the “pocket” machine. Through this column
we hope to provide information for historians and collectors about the world
of calculators.
We invite readers to submit short contributions regarding the development,
manufacture, and use of calculators for publication in this column. Longer
articles should be submitted to Editor-in-Chief Michael Williams, with a copy
to Earl Swartzlander, University of Texas at Austin, Department of
E & CE, Austin, TX 78712; phone (512) 471-5923, fax (512) 471-5907,
e-mail e.swartzlander@computer.org.

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