11 Chemistry Salt 2018 Bamini Font

+1
Ntjpapay;
vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd
gFg;gha;T
jpU.ng.ehuhazrhkp>M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
P.H.N.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> fhkhl;rpGuk;;.
jpU.vd;.rPdpthrd;>M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
Sri.V.V.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ntq;flhryGuk;.
Njdp khtl;lk;.
nghUslf;fk;
thpir cg;gpd; ngah; gf;fk;
vz;
1. nyl; iel;Nul; 3
2. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; 5
3. fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; 7
4. nghpf; FNshiuL 9
mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; 11
5.
6. mYkpdpak; iel;Nul; 13
7. [pq;f; ry;Ngl; 15
8. [pq;f; ry;igL 17
9. fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl; 19
10. Nghpak; FNshiuL 21
11. nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl; 23
12. nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl; 25
13. nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl; 27
14. mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL 29
15. mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL 31
2
+1-Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 1 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nyl; iel;Nul;)
t.v nra;td fhz;gd mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA

2. ntsp tUfpwJ. iel;Nul; ,Uf;fyhk;.
cg;G + ntg;gk;
Rlh; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + <ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. eidj;j jhis
gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

5. mkpyk; fye;j
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
eidj;j jhis
gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid FNshiuL>
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + <ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. eidj;j jhis gOg;G iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

8. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
9. MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;.

Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT FNshiuL> GNuhikL
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntz;zpw ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
3
3 Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. ,y;iy.
4 gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + iel;Nul;
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; mkpy cWg;G
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll;Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw

5 gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

6 Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; + Cjh epw fiury; ry;igL ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.

cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;.
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH. tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

cz;lhfpwJ. nyl; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid.
nyl; (njhFjp I ) kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT>

njhFjp I tPo;gbT + eP;H + ntg;gk; + #lhd ePhpy; fiuj;J
Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ nyl;
2 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL fiury;. kpd;Dk; jq;f cWjpahf cs;sJ.
epwj; Jfs;fshf
Njhd;WfpwJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul;
fhu cWg;G nyl;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nyl; iel;Nul;
4
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
1. epwk;. ePy epwk;. ,Uf;fyhk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid ePyk; fye;j gr;ir

rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
,y;iy. ry;igL> ,y;iy.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
5. cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; GNuhikL ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
MnO2 Nrhjid FNshiuL>
6. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
8. NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
9. cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO 4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT FNshiuL>GNuhikL
,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; mjpf msT ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. fiufpwJ.
3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> ry;Ngl;

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ePh;j;j H2SO4 y; mkpy cWg;G
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. fiutjpy;iy. cWjpahfcs;sJ.
5
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
5. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

mlh; HNO3
6. Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; + Cjh epw fiury; ry;igL ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;

cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH. tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

cz;lhftpy;iy. nyl; ,y;iy.
2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ. njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
fhg;gh; (njhFjp II )
njhFjp II tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk; + nrk;gOg;G epw fhg;gh;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH + tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL
fiury;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
6
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
1. epwk;. gr;ir epwk;. ,Uf;fyhk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl ePyk; fye;j gr;ir
epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> fhh;gNdl;
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu mkpy cWg;G
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL

cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>

ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
7. nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.

cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
9. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT FNshiuL>GNuhikL
2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
7
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.

mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.

cg;Gf; fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cg;Gf;fiury;.

cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH. tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G

cz;lhfpwJ. fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
fhg;gh; (njhFjp (II)

njhFjp II tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk + nrk;gOg;G epw fhg;gh;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH + tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
fiury;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
8
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(nghpf; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td Mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; nghpf; FNshiuL
1. epwk;. gOg;G epwk.; ,Uf;fyhk;.
2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;>
4.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>

NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; FNshiuL cs;sJ.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid
gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + FNshiuL cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 nrk;gOg;G epw thA
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+ ntg;gk;.
8.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>
9. FNshiuL
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld; mkpy cWg;G
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit cWjpahf cs;sJ.
jUfpwJ.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; japh; Nghd;w
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ntz; zpw tPo;gbT> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf mkpyk; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. ,y;iy.

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ,y;iy.
9
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

5.
Na2CO3rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mlh; HNO3

6. Na2CO3rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury;+ Cjh epw fiury; ry;igL ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.


cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G

fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G
2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA cz;lhftpy;iy. fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
3 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + gOg;G epw tPo;gbT njhFjp III fhucWg;G

1 kpyp NH4OH cz;lhfpwJ. nghpf; cs;sJ.
nghpf; (njhFjp III )

njhFjp III tPo;gbT + 1 kpyp Nrhbak; nghpf;
ePy epw tPo;gbT
nguhf;irL + 1 kpyp HCl + ntg;gk; + cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
fiury;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL
fhu cWg;G nghpf;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nghpf; FNshiuL
10
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

3. Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy
ntg;gk;.
7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
8. cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
mjpfmsT ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.

fiutjpy;iy. cWjpahfcs;sJ.
11
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.


cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G

2 fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G

njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA cz;lhftpy;iy. fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + gir Nghd;w njhFjp III fhucWg;G

3 1 kpyp NH4OH ntz;zpw tPo;gbT mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.
cz;lhfpwJ.
mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )

njhFjp III tPo;gbT + gir Nghd;w mYkpdpak;
1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT cWjpahf cs;sJ.
ntg;gk; + 1 kyp ePh;j;j HCl cz;lhfpwJ.
KbT
fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;
12
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
ntg;gr; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul;

2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. ntsp tUfpwJ. ,Uf;fyhk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
4. <ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl +
ntg;gk;. eidj;j jhis
gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
5. iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. mkpyk; fye;j ngu];
ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis
gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid FNshiuL>

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT GNuhikL ,y;iy.
cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
7. <ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. eidj;j jhis gOg;G
epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.


1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT FNshiuL>GNuhikL
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y; i y. ry;igL ,y;iy.

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntz;zpw
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid

3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. ,y;iy.
13
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul;
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhfpwJ. mkpy cWg;G
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cWjpahf cs;sJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid

5.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mlh; HNO3

6. Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; + Cjh epw fiury; ry;igL ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.


tPo;gbT ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1 ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cz;lhftpy;iy. nyl; ,y;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA cz;lhftpy;iy. njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
gir Nghd;w njhFjp III fhucWg;G

3 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ. mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.
1 kpyp NH4OH
mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )

gir Nghd;w mYkpdpak;
njhFjp III tPo;gbT + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL + cWjpahf cs;sJ.
cz;lhfpwJ.
ntg;gk; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul;
fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;
14
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(rpq;f; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
ntg;gr; Nrhjid #lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
2. [pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
cg;G + ntg;gk;. kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid fhg;gh;>
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL> ,y;iy.
5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy
ntg;gk;.
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+ ntg;gk;.
8. NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. mk;Nkhdpak;
thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh;; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
2. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; mjpfmsT ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. fiufpwJ.

fiutjpy;iy. cWjpahfcs;sJ.
15

5.
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.

cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury.;

njhFjpg; gphpg;G


cz;lhftpy;iy.
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT njhFjp III fhucWg;G

3 nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
mOf;F ntz;zpw njhFjp IV fhucWg;G

4 njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. [pq;f; cs;sJ.
[pq;f; (njhFjp IV )
njhFjp IV tPo;gbT + njspthd fiury; [pq;f;
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; + cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;
KbT
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;Ngl;
16
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(rpq;f; ry;igL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
ntg;gr; Nrhjid #lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
2. kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
cg;G + ntg;gk;. [pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HC l cld; tpid epwkw;w> mOfpa

Kl;ilapd; ehw;wj;Jld; ry;igL
4.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. $ba thA> nyl; mkpy cWg;G
mrpl;Nll;by; eidj;j cWjpahfcs;sJ.
jhis fUg;ghf khw;WfpwJ
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
5.
MnO2 Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>

6. cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4+ ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.

7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
+ ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
8. cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy.
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
9. cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; fUik epw ry;igL cs;sJ.
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
cz;lhftpy;iy.

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + cz;lhftpy;iy.
17

5. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mlh; HNO3

6. Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; + Cjh epw fiury; ry;igL cs;sJ.
cz;lhfpwJ.


njhFjpg; gphpg;G

2 fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
cz;lhftpy;iy. fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
3 1 kpyp NH4OH nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
,y;iy
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA mOf;F ntz;zpw njhFjp IV fhucWg;G

4
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. [pq;f; cs;sJ.

[pq;f; (njhFjp IV )
njhFjp IV tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; + njspthd fiury; [pq;f;
1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;igL
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;igL
18
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
2. [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
Rlh; Nrhjid
3.
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; nrq;fy; rptg;G fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> fhh;gNdl;

cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu mkpy cWg;G
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ. cWjpahfcs;sJ.


cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
9. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy. FNshiuL ,y;iy.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid

cz;lhftpy;iy.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + cz;lhftpy;iy.
19

5. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G
njhFjp III fhucWg;G

3 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
4 njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy. [pq;f; ,y;iy.
5 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp V fhucWg;G

1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3 cz;lhfpwJ. Nghpak; my;yJ
fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.
fhy;rpak; (njhFjp V ) ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp V tPo;gbT + ,t; tPo;gbit
1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; + mlh; HCl cld;
girahf;fp>fz;zhbf; fhy;rpak;
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; fiury;.
Fr;rpapy; giria cWjpahf cs;sJ.
vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nrq;fy; rptg;G epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
KbT
fhu cWg;G fhy;rpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;
20
1 - Ntjpapay;
(Nghpak; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; Mg;gps; gr;ir epwr;Rlh; Nghpak; cs;sJ.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>
5. FNshiuL cs;sJ.
NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf;
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid gr;ir kQ;rs; epw thA> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
ntg;gk;.
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
8. NaOH Nrhjid
epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy.
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA> FNshiuL
9. mkpy cWg;G
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit cWjpahf cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. jUfpwJ.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; japh; Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury.;

3. Na2CO3 rh + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
21

5.
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.
1kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.

cg;G + thiy tbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G
3 1 kpyp NH4OH cz;lhftpy;iy. nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy. [pq;f; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp V fhucWg;G

5 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + cz;lhfpwJ. Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3 cs;sJ.
Nghpak; ( njhFjp V ) kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp V tPo;gbT + ,t; tPo;gbit
1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; + mlh; HCl cld;
girahf;fp>fz;zhbf; Nghpak;
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; FNuhNkl; fiury;.
Fr;rpapy; giria cWjpahf cs;sJ.
vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gr;ir epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
KbT
fhu cWg;G Nghpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G Nghpak; FNshiuL
22
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
2. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
fhg;gh;>
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL

5. ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
MnO2 Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
6.
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+ ntg;gk;.
8. cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy.
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.


1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; mjpf msT ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.

1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. fiutjpy;iy. cWjpahfcs;sJ.
23

5.
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.


njhFjpg; gphpg;G

fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G
2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
,y;iy.
4 njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy [pq;f; ,y;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
5 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3 cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
6 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
cz;lhfpwJ. nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;

nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )
ePy epw tPo;gbT nkf;dPrpak;
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp nkf;drhd; cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
fhu cWg;G nkf;dPrpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;
24
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
1. epwk; epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.

2. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>

rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
4. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ry;igL ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
6. MnO2 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + GNuhikL ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
8.

1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL

+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.

3. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
25

5. fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl;
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. mkpy cWg;G
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; + cWjpahf cs;sJ.
mlh; HNO3

1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.


njhFjpg; gphpg;G

,y;iy.
4 njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA mOf;F ntz;zpw njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp V fhucWg;G

5 cz;lhftpy;iy. Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.
,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp VI fhucWg;G

6
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; cz;lhfpwJ. nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;.
nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI)
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G gh];Ngl;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;
26
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
3. Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> fhh;gNdl;
4.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu mkpy cWg;G
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.

MnO2 Nrhjid
6. cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
ntg;gk; ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy
.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA
7. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 cz;lhftpy;iy.
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila
8. mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
,y;iy.
9. cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid

2. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
27

5.
mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.


njhFjpg; gphpg;G

njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G
2 cz;lhftpy;iy. fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy. [pq;f; ,y;iy
5 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + njhFjp V fhucWg;G

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3. cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
6 cz;lhfpwJ. nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;.

nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;
28
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
ntg;gr; Nrhjid epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy mk;Nkhdpak;
epwkhfTk;>mlh; HCl y; ,Uf;fyhk;.
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy..
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL> ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>
5.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; FNshiuL cs;sJ
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>
MnO2 Nrhjid
6. ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis FNshiuL cs;sJ.
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh;H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh;
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w neba kzKila
8. NaOH Nrhjid thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; cs;sJ.
ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
9. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA> FNshiuL

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld; mkpy cWg;G
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit cWjpahf cs;sJ.
jUfpwJ.

1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; + japh; Nghd;w
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
29
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid

4. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
5. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid

fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
mlh; HNO3

1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.

cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;
g+[;[paj; njhFj;pf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;Gf;fiury + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1 cg;Gf;fiury + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G
,y;iy.
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA mOf;F ntz;zpw njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
4

1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3. cz;lhftpy;iy. Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
6 1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; cz;lhftpy;iy. njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;; nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak; (g+[;[paj;njhFjp)
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ne];yh;fuzp + nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
1 kpyp NaOH.
KbT
fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL
30
+1 - Ntjpapay;
(mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwkw;wJ. fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + ntg;gk;. epwkhfTk;> mlh; HCl y; ,Uf;fyhk;.
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA> GNuhikL
5. <ukhd GNshnu];rpd;
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cs;sJ.
jhis gr;ir epwkhf
khw;WfpwJ.
MnO2 Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
6. <ukhd GNshnu];rpd; GNuhikL
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + jhis rptg;G epwkhf cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. khw;WfpwJ.
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

8. cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j cs;sJ.
fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh;
ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
9.
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; + ntspwpa kQ;rs; epw GNuhikL
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. tPo;gbT> NH4OH y; mkpy cWg;G
Fiwthf fiufpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.

31
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury; cz;lhftpy;iy.
gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid

4. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

5. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury;
+ mlh; HNO3

cz;lhftpy;iy.

cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G
2 cz;lhftpy;iy. fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
,y;iy
4 njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA [pq;f; ,y;iy.
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.

1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3. cz;lhftpy;iy. Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
6 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; cz;lhftpy;iy. nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;
mk;Nkhdpak; (g+[;[paj;njhFjp)
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ne];yh;fuzp + nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
1 kpyp NaOH.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G GNuhikL
fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL.
32

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+1

10. Nghpak; FNshiuL 21

11. nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl; 23

12. nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl; 25

13. nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl; 27

14. mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL 29

15. mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL 31

ntg;gr; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA

mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;.

2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid

4 gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid

mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll;Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw

Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid.

nyl; (njhFjp I ) kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT>

3. Rlh; Nrhjid ePyk; fye;j gr;ir

7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

8. NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;

2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> ry;Ngl;

5. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

6. Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

1 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL

6. MnO2 Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>

8. NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;

9. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;

3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

5. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

6. Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

2 njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G

fhg;gh; (njhFjp (II)

2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>

3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

1 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

3 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + gOg;G epw tPo;gbT njhFjp III fhucWg;G

fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid

nghpf; (njhFjp III )

2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;

3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> ry;Ngl;

6. Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw mk;Nkhdpak;

1 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G

2 fUik epw tPo;gbT njhFjp II fhucWg;G

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl + gir Nghd;w njhFjp III fhucWg;G