Optical Fiber Connector Handbook - Ver 1.6

1 OPTICAL FIBER
White Paper
CONNECTOR HANDBOOK
JUL 2017
Optical Fiber Connector

Handbook
Bernard Lee
Tom Mamiya
2 OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTOR HANDBOOK

Handbook
Contents 6 Introduction to SENKO
7 Basic of Optical Fiber
7 Introduction to Optical Fiber
7 Optical Fiber Connectivity
8 Fiber Optic Connectors
8 Basics of Fiber Optic Connectors
9 Fiber Optic Connector Assembly
12 Connector Assurance (GR-326-CORE)
14 Service Life Test
16 Extended Service Life Test
17 Random Mating Loss Performance

18 Connector Testing
18 Insertion Loss
20 Return Loss
22 Introduction to Test Equipment

22 Power Meter & Light Source
22 Limitations
22 Optical Time Domain-based Measurement (OTDR)
23 Limitations
23 Backscatter Coefficient Settings
23 Index of Refraction (IOR)
23 Mode Field Diameter (MFD) Mismatch
24 Dead Zone
24 Helix Factor

Handbook
Contents 25 Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer (OCWR)
25 Limitations
26 Testing Procedure
26 Insertion Loss Measurement with Power Meter & Light Source
26 Cut-back Method
26 Substitution Method
27 Insertion Method
27 Insertion Loss Measurement with OTDR
28 Return Loss Measurement with OTDR
29 Return Loss Measurement with OCWR
30 Connector Hygiene
30 Overview
31 Optical Connector Ferrule & Contamination
32 Inspection Standards
34 Inspection Tools
35 Inspection Tools for MPO Connectors
36 Cleaning Tools
38 Cleaning Challenges for MPO Connectors
39 IEC Connector Type

39.1 IEC 61754-2 BOFC Connector
39.2 IEC 61754-3 LSA Connector
39.3 IEC 61754-4 SC Connector
39.4 IEC 61754-5 MT Connector
39.5 IEC 61754-6 MU Connector
39.6 IEC 61754-7 MPO Connector


Handbook
Contents 39.7 IEC 61754-8 CF08 Connector
39.8 IEC 61754-9 DS Connector
39.9 IEC 61754-10 Mini MPO Connector
39.10
IEC 61754-12 FS Connector
39.11
IEC 61754-13 FC Connector
39.12
IEC 61754-15 LSH Connector
39.13
IEC 61754-16 PN Connector
39.14
IEC 61754-18 MT-RJ Connector
39.15
IEC 61754-19 SG Connector
39.16
IEC 61754-20 LC Connector
39.17
IEC 61754-21 SMI Connector
39.18
IEC 61754-22 F-SMA Connector
39.19
IEC 61754-23 LX.5 Connector
39.20
IEC 61754-24 SC-RJ Connector
39.21
IEC 61754-25 RAO Connector
39.22
IEC 61754-26 SF Connector
39.23
IEC 61754-27 M12 Connector
39.24
IEC 61754-28 LF3 Connector
39.25
IEC 61754-29 BLINK Connector
39.26
IEC 61754-30 CLIK! Connector
39.27
IEC 61754-31 N-FO Connector
39.28
IEC 61754-32 DiaLINK Connector
39.29
IEC 61754-34 URM Connector
61 Biography
Introduction to SENKO
SENKO Advanced Components is a wholly owned
subsidiary of the SENKO Group, which is headquartered
in Yokkaichi, Japan. From its humble beginnings in 1946, the SENKO
Group currently has an estimated annual revenue of $1.4 billion
globally. SENKO Advanced Components itself has 14 offices and
dozens of design and manufacturing facilities providing local support
to customers all around the globe.
SENKO Advanced Components develops, manufactures, markets and

distributes over 1000 fiber optic products for the telecom & datacom
industries worldwide.
SENKO Advanced Components was incorporated in the United States

in the early nineties and has since being recognized as one of the
industry’s specialists in passive fiber optics interconnect and optical
components.
An ISO-9001 approved company, SENKO is able to provide

multinational corporations with the technical expertise to liaise
with engineers, and the manufacturing flexibility to develop custom
products for the ever growing high tech industry.
Many of our products were created to resolve a specific design

challenge faced by our customers. We offer one of the industry’s
largest product portfolios, and our quality is second to none.
Our mission is to be the best global provider of passive fiber optic

components. We strive to provide an extensive portfolio of high
quality products and services, available on a global scale, with
excellent delivery time. We will stand by products, providing our
customers with superior post-sales support.
Our customers, suppliers and partners are essential to our success, and
shall be treated with respect and integrity. Our team is committed to
understanding the technical requirements and service expectations
of our customers, and share the goal of resolving the specific
challenges these clients face in their own business.
Basics of Optical Fiber

Introduction to Optical Fiber
The use and demand for optical fiber networks has experienced
Wireless
exponential grown over the past years. Optical fiber networks
are widely deployed for various applications ranging from global
telecommunications, signaling to desktop computers. These includes Telco/FTTx
Data Centers
the transmission of voice, data and video over short distances of
meters to hundreds of kilometers across continents.
Optical fiber is also used in systems for reliable and secure
Silicon Photonics/
transmission of data and financial information between computer On-Board Optics
terminals, companies and countries around the world. Cable television Security
companies also use optical fiber to deliver data services and digital
video content to consumers. With the introduction of online video
streaming and higher definition video such as the 4K format and Medical Fiber Optic
the upcoming 8K format, optical fiber is required to deliver higher
bandwidth connectivity.
Optical fiber also enables new technology, application and services
such as remote learning and tele-medicine through transmission
of digital content and low latency control of remote devices. Other
applications for optical fiber includes automation, automotive,
industrial, space and military.
Optical Fiber Connectivity

In order to build an optical fiber network, optical connectivity is required to extend, branch or split an optical fiber. There are mainly three
methods to terminate an optical fiber, which are fusion splicing, mechanical splicing and optical connectors.
Fusion splicing is the process of welding two optical fibers together. This is usually done by using and electrical arc in a fusion splicer. The ends
of the two optical fibers are melted and forms a continuous bond. This method results in the lowest attenuation and reflectance. It also provides
the strongest and most reliable joint between two fibers.
Mechanical splicing is the process of jointing two optical fibers through a mechanical splice unit. The mechanical splice is a self-contained unit
that has a V-groove which aligns the optical fiber within the unit. The two fibers are butted against each other with some index matching gel
to improve the optical transmission. Mechanical splicing is a non-permanent connection.
An optical connector is a termination at the end of an optical fiber that enables a quick and flexible fiber mating and demating compared
to splicing. The connectors are mechanically coupled to align the fiber cores. Fiber optic connectors are usually used in situations that require
quick fiber termination or increased flexibility such as in cross connection panels and customer premises termination.
Fiber Optic Connectors

Basics of Fiber Optic Connectors
There are many types of optical connectors. Different types of

connectors are used depending on the equipment and application. Straight Sleeve
Optical connectors have been designed throughout the years either
for specific application, improving on existing connector quality or Ferrule
Fiber
to increase connection density. Optical connection are available for
different types of fiber such as glass optical fiber, polymer optical fiber
and plastic optical fiber. In addition, connectors are also available for
both single mode and multimode networks.
A good connector design is determined by factors such as low Alignment Sleeve

coupling loss, interchangeability, ease of assembly, environmental
resilience, high reliability, ease of connection, repeatability and low
cost of manufacture and operation. There are many different types
of connectors which use a variety of techniques for coupling such as
bayonet, screw-on, latched and push/pull.
Fiber optic connectors are mostly butt joint type connection where
the optical fiber is secured in a precision alignment sleeve called a
ferrule. Two connector ferrules are aligned and butted against each
other within an adapter to complete the fiber optic connection. There
are two commonly used butt-joint alignment designs which are the
straight sleeve and tapered sleeve.
Fiber Optic Connector Assembly
There are generally 3 steps in the optical fiber connector assembly which are adhesion, polishing and assembly. In this example, the general
method of connectorizing an optical cord is outlined.
STEP 1/3
ADHESION
• The connector boot and crimp eyelet is slotted through the fiber cord
• The cord is then stripped to expose the Kevlar and fiber buffer within the cord
• The fiber buffer is then stripped to a certain measurement to expose the optical fiber and cleaned
• A mixture of epoxy is prepared to be used as adhesive for the optical fiber in the ferrule
• The connector ferrule is connected to a pump which sucks the epoxy into the connector ferrule
• The prepared optical fiber is then inserted into the connector ferrule
• The connector ferrule with the optical fiber is then placed in an oven for curing
• After the connector ferrule is cured, excess fiber protruding out of the ferrule is carefully cut
• The connector ferrule is now ready for polishing.
boot, bare buffer
crimp eyelet
connector sub-assembly
connector housing
boot, short
fiber ferrule
dust cap
STEP 2/3
POLISHING
• The prepared connector ferrule is then affixed onto a ferrule holder jig
• The jig is then secured onto a polishing machine above a polishing pad
• Depending on the connector ferrule type and connector polishing requirements, suitable polishing films and
polishing program are chosen
• A piece of polishing film is placed onto the polishing pad. The initial polishing uses a coarse film
• The polishing machine is started. Distilled water is added to help smoothen the polishing
• The polished connector ferrule is then rinsed by using an ultrasonic washer
• The connector ferrule is then polished again by using a finer polishing film and rinsed after finishing
• This step is repeated as many times as required with the suitable polishing film until it is ready for assembly
• After polishing, the ferrule endface is examined by using an interferometer to ensure the prepared ferrule is within
the acceptable tolerances
• If the connector endface ferrule is not within the acceptable limits, the endface ferrule can be re-polished but this
can only be done for a limited number of times before the ferrule is rendered unusable.
After rough polishing After medium polishing
After fine polishing

STEP 3/3
ASSEMBLY
• After the connector ferrule passes the interferometer testing, connector assembly can begin
• The connector ferrule is slotted into the subassembly then few drops of epoxy can be added to the end of the
subassembly where it is to be crimped
• The connector Kevlar is then spread around the end of the subassembly
• The crimp eyelet is then slotted over the Kevlar and subassembly then crimped to secure the cord Kevlar
• The boot is then slotted over the crimp eyelet and pushed toward the subassembly
• The connector housing is then slotted over the subassembly according to the connector orientation
• The connector ferrule is then cleaned and the dust cap is slotted over the connector ferrule to complete the connector
production.
Connector Assurance (GR-326-CORE)
As demand for optical connectors increases globally, so does the

supply. When one visits trade shows, one will find numerous suppliers
offering from basic components to finished cable assembly products.
One key fact that end users have discovered in recent years is ‘not
all connectors are equal’. The quality, reliability, and performance of
GR 326
optical components and cable assembly products such as patch cords
are assured by selecting the best components and by terminating and
polishing with the best equipment and procedures.These components
and procedures must assure that the jumper assemblies meet or
exceed the requirements of all pertinent industry specifications such
CORE
as the internationally recognized GR-326 standards.
This paper describes the relevance of the criteria in the applicable
industry specifications, as well as the importance of the physical
parameters and how they relate to the performance of the jumper
assembly.
GR-326-CORE (Generic Requirements for Singlemode Optical As networks evolve and new products are offered the standards are
Connectors and Jumper assemblies) was initially created by Bellcore typically reviewed to see if there are changes that need to be made
and continues to evolve as one of the more popular standards in or criteria added. A good example of this was the addition of four
the telecommunications industry. Bell Communications Research, wavelength testing (1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm, 1625nm) in GR-326
Inc. or Bellcore was established in the early 1980’s by the Regional issue 4, this was added because of the heavy use of connectors and
Bell Operating Companies (RBOC’S) upon their separation from cable assemblies in FTTH networks. Field data is also a very important
AT&T. Bellcore served as the research and development, training part of the process when determining the need for reissues of the
and standard setting arm for the RBOC’s. Following a divestiture standard. As some of the current networks have been in service for
of the company in 1996, Bellcore was officially renamed Telcordia many years, review of FIT (failure in time) rates along with post mortem
Technologies in 1999. In 2012 Telcordia was acquired by Ericsson. investigations provide invaluable data about the components
long term reliability. When the standards are developed, there are
GR-326-CORE was written as part of Telcordia’s General Requirement many other industry standards that are referenced. Standards from
series to be consistent with the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and IEC, TIA/EIA, ASTM, ISO, ITU, UL as well as other Telcordia General
it is intended to be the industrial specifications for long haul high- Requirement standards are referenced for test procedures, test
speed applications such as telecommunications and cable TV. criteria, intermatebility criteria etc. When these standards are updated,
There has been a total of four issues of GR-326, initial release, Issue they need to be reviewed to determine if a GR-326 reissue is needed
2 December 1996, Issue 3 September 1999 and the current Issue 4 to bring them in line.
February 2010. The Telcordia views in any particular release are The purpose for GR-326 is to determine a connector or connector
developed from the expressed needs of the Telcordia Technical Forum assembly’s ability to perform in various operating conditions, and to
(TTF), the TTF is made up from the companies who participated in the determine long term reliability.
development of each new issue.
The standard is broken down into 4 main categories as shown in table below:
List of Main Test Categories
These General requirements cover documentation, packaging,

General Requirements design features, intermateability, product markings and safety
A sequence of environmental and mechanical tests that

Service Life Testing simulate possible conditions the connectors or connector
assemblies may be under while in service
Extended Service Life Various tests intended to determine long term reliability of
the connector or connector assemblies. Usually a simulated 25
Testing year lifetime
The program focuses on requirements for the manufacturing

Reliability Assurance process that relate to long term reliability and performance of
Program the finish product. Also includes additional testing to ensure
the stability of the manufacturing process
The GR-326-CORE test is one of the most comprehensive testing methodologies which will not only test the product’s material and
manufacturing precision but also the quality of workmanship. A full test will take a minimum of 2000hrs with multiple tests running in parallel.
As mentioned earlier, the GR-326-CORE test is divided into two main tests (i.e. Service Life Tests & Extended Service Life Tests). In the majority
of cases, when a sample is requested, a ‘golden sample’ will be provided which will most definitely pass all tests with flying colors. Hence, one
should always ask for a GR-326-CORE compliance certificate which is issued to manufacturers whom has passed the GR-326 compliance test at
any accredited 3rd party test laboratory in the world.
Service Life Test
The function of the Service Life test is to simulate the stresses a connector may experience during its lifetime. The test is divided into two
sections namely the Environmental Test & Mechanical Tests. The Environmental Tests are NOT ONLY performed to ensure the jumper assemblies
will be able to withstand prolonged exposure to 85°C or temperature fluctuations of up to 125°C but also to accelerate the effects of aging on
jumper assemblies. Details of each of the test are explained in the following table.
GR-326-CORE Environmental Service Life Test
Thermal Aging
The Thermal Age Test is considered the least extreme of the environmental tests in
terms of stress applied, and is intended to simulate and accelerate the processes that
may occur during shipping and storage of the product. Connectors are subjected to a
temperate of 85 degrees Celsius with uncontrolled humidity for duration of 7 days, with
measurements taken before and after testing.
Thermal Cycle During thermal cycling, the temperature fluctuates over an expansive range, subjecting
the product to extreme heat and cold. Thermal cycling involves changing the ambient
temperature of the connector by 115 degrees Celsius (75° to -40°) over the course of
three hours. Heavy stresses and strains will be applied to each of the materials in the
product. This test will also expose any weaknesses in the termination. If the design and
procedures are not optimal, this can lead fiber cracks or breakage.
Humidity Aging
Humidity aging is designed to introduce moisture into the connector and to determine
the effect that the moisture has on the samples. This test is performed at the elevated
temperature of 75 degrees Celsius for 7 days, while the connectors are exposed to 95%
RH (relative humidity)
Humidity/ Condensation Cycle Humidity/Condensation cycling is performed in order to determine the effect that water
has on the connector when a rapid transition in moisture occurs. This can cause water
molecules to freeze or evaporate within the connector assemblies, potentially exposing
“gaps” in the physical contact between connectors within an adapter. This phenomenon
may have previously been masked by the water acting as an optical intermediary. The
purpose is to achieve heavy condensation, so as to simulate a worse-case condition that
may occur in outside plant applications.
Dry-out Step
The product is exposed to a drying step at 75 degrees Celsius for 24 hours before the
Post-Condensation Thermal Cycle is performed. The purpose is to remove any moisture
that may remain from the previously performed Humidity/Condensation Cycling.
Post Condensation Thermal Cycle

This is identical to the Thermal Cycle that was previously performed. The changes that
may occur in the connector during Humidity/Condensation cycling are often revealed
once the condensation is removed (as is the purpose of the ‘Dry-Out’ step), and these
changes can potentially affect the loss and/or reflectance of the connector.
There are several mechanical tests (Figure 6) required to be performed once the aging is complete. These include: Flex Testing, Twist Testing,
Proof Testing, Impact Testing, Vibration Testing, Durability, and Transmission with an Applied Load. Again, details of each of the test are
explained in Table 3.
TABLE 3 GR-326-CORE Mechanical Service Life Test
Vibration Test In a vibration test, the products being tested are mounted to a “shaker.” By stressing
the connectors in this fashion, the test will reveal whether high frequencies of vibration
induce performance change in the connectors being tested. The test is conducted on
three axis for two hours per axis at an amplitude of 1.52mm with the frequency sweeping
continuously from 10 and 55 Hz at a rate of 45Hz per minute.
Flex Test The purpose of performing the flex test is to simulate stresses on the terminated cable
and mated connector that could be incurred over the life of the connector. The boot,
in particular, is important in this test, as it serves as one of the main points of strain
relief. Thus, if the materials in the boot are inadequate, the boot may not function as
intended. In addition, this will confirm that the fiber will not become uncoupled from the
connector under such circumstances.
Twist Test
The twist test puts a rotational strain on the fiber, which tests the strength by which it is
coupled with the connector. In addition, the adequacy of the crimp will also be tested.
This, like the flex test, will help to identify weaknesses in the termination process.
Proof Test Proof Testing ensures the strength of the latching mechanism of the connector, as well as
the crimp during the termination process. Should the jumper assembly receive a sudden
tug after installation, this test ensures that the jumper assembly will neither break nor
pull out of the adapter.
TWAL (Transmission With Applied Load) TWAL testing will stress the samples by applying different weights at multiple angles.
The series of weights used depends on the media type of the cordage, as well as the
form factor. Small Form Factor connectors are subject to a more extensive range of
measurements.
*Note: Live measurements are made while the samples are under stress; this is done to reflect any degradation in
transmission that might have incurred while the product is stressed in the field.
Impact Test
Impact Testing is performed to verify that the connectors are not damaged when they
are dropped. A cinderblock is mounted to the bottom of the fixture, approximately
1.5m from the horizontal plane that the connector will be dropped from. The connector
contacts the cinderblock, and the process is repeated 8 times.
Durability Test Durability testing is designed to simulate the repeated use of a connector. This test
involves repetitively inserting (200 times) the connector into an adapter; this is done
at different heights (3 ft., 4.5 ft., and 6ft) so as to simulate what a user in the field might
encounter when standing in front of a telecom rack. The test can potentially reveal any
problems with the design and/or material flaws in the connector, such as any part of the
latching mechanism that may be heavily strained or flawed by frequent use
Extended Service Life Test
The criteria for connector and jumper assembly extended service life testing are exclusive to GR-326-CORE. The testing includes
exposure to a variety of environments, including additional Environmental Testing and Exposure Testing. The additional Environmental
Tests include extended versions of the Thermal Life, Humidity, and Thermal Cycle. These tests, which run for at least 2000 hours each (83 days),
are further studies in the life of the connector across a range of service environments. Testing is non-sequential, so there is no cumulative effect.
The Exposure Tests include Dust, Salt Fog, Airborne Contaminants, Ground Water Immersion, and Immersion/Corrosion. During the extended
Environmental Testing, many of the extruded compounds used in jacketing and buffering will shrink after exposure to elevated temperatures,
which can cause micro bending in the glass fibers and induce excessive loss..
GR-326-CORE Extended Service Life Test
Dust can seriously impair optical performance. Particles that contaminate endface can block optical
signals and induce loss. Whether or not the dust particles find an exposed path to a ferrule endface is
largely a matter of probability. Over time, dust particles will find their way to the optical connection if it is
possible. While the dust particles are not difficult to remove, the cleaning process involves disconnecting
the connector, which not only stops the transmission, but also exposes the endface to additional risk of
contamination. This test involves intense exposure to a dust of specified size particles in order to determine
if there is a risk of any particle finding its way to the ferrule endfaces.
Salt Fog (referred to as Salt Spray) is performed to guarantee the performance of the jumper assembly in
free breathing enclosures near the ocean. This test involves exposing the connector to a high concentration
of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) over an extended period. After the test, optical testing is performed, followed by
a visual inspection to confirm that there is no evidence of corrosion on the materials.
The Airborne Contaminants test is designed to guarantee the performance and material stability of
connectors in outdoor applications with high concentrations of pollution. The test repeatedly exposes
mated and unmated connectors to various gases and inspects the connector not only optically, but also
performing the same visual examination as in the Salt Fog test. An assortment of volatile gases is used in a
small chamber for 20 days to simulate prolonged exposure to these elements.
The materials are also verified in the Immersion/Corrosion test. This test has no optical requirements,
but instead involves a prolonged submersion in uncontaminated water. This test, like Dust, Salt Fog, and
Airborne Contaminants, involves both mated and unmated connectors. Mated connectors are checked for
ferrule deformation by measuring the Radius of Curvature before and after the test, and comparing the
values. If the ferrule is not geometrically stable during this test, it could be an indication of a flaw in the
zirconia material used in the ferrule. Unmated connectors are checked for Fiber Dissolution, which involves
checking to see if the fiber core has not recessed too far into the fiber cladding.
The final exposure test is Groundwater Immersion.This test verifies the ability of the product to withstand
underground applications. The Immersion/Corrosion test is strictly to verify the materials involved, and
uses de-ionized or distilled water. Connectors deployed in underground environments are much more
likely to be exposed to contaminated mediums if their enclosures fail. During this test, the connector is
exposed to a variety of chemicals found in sewage treatment and agricultural fertilization, among other
applications, as well as biological mediums. These chemicals include ammonia, detergent, chlorine, and
fuel. Presence of these chemicals can have a detrimental effect on the materials comprising the connector
and adapter, reducing optical performance.
Random Mating Loss Performance

The most common optical performance measurement you see tested with a master jumper is what you will be getting in the
for an optical connector is the Insertion Loss and Return Loss. actual usage of the product such as in racks, on devices and any other
Jumper measurement is usually done at the 1310nm and 1550nm finished product. The IEC 61753-1 standard was introduced to outline
wavelength by using a master jumper and a master adapter. This is the Insertion Loss and Return Loss specification based on randomly
to guarantee the performance measurement consistency. A master mated connectors. The compliance to this standard guarantees the
jumper and master adapter are rare products which have near perfect loss performance of random mated connectors and categorizes it into
geometric and loss performance. A master jumper and adapter is 4 grades for Insertion Loss and 4 grades for Return Loss. The difference
usually used for factory assurance measurement to maintain product of a good connector and a bad connector can clearly be differentiated
performance consistency. As such, the connector and adapter loss be measuring the Insertion Loss of a randomly mated connector. It is
performance report from the factory is based on a measurement known that a connector that has a guaranteed IL of 0.5dB against a
with a master jumper and adapter. They are usually not used in actual master can increase to as high as 1.00dB or higher in random mating.
network deployment due to its high cost and rarity in production. It The tables below outlines the Insertion Loss and Return Loss grades.
is commonly misunderstood that the Insertion Loss and Return Loss
Attenuation Attenuation
Random Mated Insertion Loss Random Mated Return Loss
Grade Grade
Grade A Not Defined Yet Grade 1 ≥ 60 dB (mated) with ≥ 55 dB (unmated)
≤ 0.12 dB mean ≤ 0.25 dB max for > 97%

Grade B Grade 2 ≥ 45 dB
of samples
≤ 0.25 dB mean ≤ 0.5 dB max for > 97% Grade 3 ≥ 35 dB

Grade C
of samples
≤ 0.5 dB mean ≤ 1.0 dB max for > 97%

Grade D Grade 4 ≥ 28 dB
of samples
Insertion Loss data against Master Random mating Insertion Loss
GR 326 IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC

Max IL Max IL Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D
(0.4dB) (0.5dB) (0.15dB) (0.25dB) (0.50dB) (1.0dB)
120% 120%
Points where Max IL is reached for each connector brand Points where Max IL is reached for each connector brand
100% 100%
80% 80%
SENKO Low Loss

60% 60%
SENKO Premium
SENKO Standard
40% 40%
High quality Competitor
20% 20% Low quality Competitor
0% 0%
Connector Testing
Insertion Loss
One of the main advantages of fiber optic networks is the efficient
operational wavelength light transmission suited for long distance
telecommunications. Optical attenuation occurs when the light
intensity reduces as light propagates through an optical network.
Optical attenuation which is also known as Insertion Loss (IL) reduces
the potential transmission distance of an optical network.
Although this can be compensated by the use of higher power The largest contributor of attenuation in an optical network are
optics, this will introduce a higher deployment cost. In addition, the interconnect components such as connectors and splitters. The
use of high power optics can introduce new set of problems such as degradation of light intensity is managed through the precise
increased thermal stress on the optical network, thermal lensing, non- engineering, manufacturing, quality control and long term reliability
linear attenuation, and increased requirement for optical hygiene. of optical fibers and the interconnect components. The IEC 61300-
Insertion Loss is defined as the ratio of the optical input power over 3 family of standards outline the basic test and measurement
the optical input power. A representation of IL in decibels (dB) is procedures for fiber optic interconnecting devices and passive
shown below: components.
Optical connectors is one of the largest contributors of attenuation.
Insertion Loss (IL) = Fiber optic connectors are an integral part of an optical network to
enable a point of flexibility to alter the network connectivity such
-10 log10 (Po/Pin)

as a cross-connect rack in an exchange. A fiber optic connection is
made up of two connectors which are plugged into an adapter which
aligns the connector ferrules within its sleeves. Attenuation from
connectors arise from multiple factors such as connector cleanliness,
where: Po = Output Power Pin = Input Power connection gap, core centricity error, angular misalignment and
lateral misalignment.
Example of a perfect connector termination
• Clean connector endface

• Straight joint with good lateral and angular alignment
• Fiber core is aligned and in contac
Example of contaminated connector endface contamination
• Contamination on the fiber core can cause high

attenuation and even permanent damage if the
contamination is burnt by high optical power
• Contamination in between two connectors can
cause a gap
• An air gap between the connectors can result in a
lower return loss.
connector gap
Example of connector with angular

misalignment
Angular misalignment can be caused by:
• Low quality barrel in the bulkhead adapter

or connector ferrule
• Contamination on the side of the ferrule
Example of connector with lateral

misalignment
Lateral misalignment can be caused by:
• Low quality barrel in the bulkhead adapter

or connector ferrule
• Contamination on the side of the ferrule
Example of core concentricity error

Actual position of fiber core
• Position of the fiber core is offset from the actual Central position of fiber core
center of the connector ferrule
• Note: Image is an exaggeration of a core off-set
Core Concentricity Error

Return Loss
To ensure the proper performance of an optical transmission system,

various parameters such as attenuation and Optical Return Loss (ORL)
must be within the acceptable tolerance level of the transmission and
receiving equipment. ORL is measured based on components such as
cables, patch cords, pigtails and connectors as well as an end-to-end
network ORL level.
With increasing data speeds and the use of WDM technology, the In addition to the increase in network attenuation, high levels of
measurement of ORL is becoming more important in characterizing reflected optical power can cause light-source signal interference,
optical networks. ORL is defined as the ratio of light reflected back higher Bit-Error Rate (BER) in digital systems, lower Signal to Noise
from an element in a device, to the light launched into that element. Ratio (SNR), laser output power fluctuations and in more severe
This is usually represented as a negative number in decibels (dB). The situations, permanent damage to the laser source. ORL and reflectance
mathematical formula representing ORL is as shown below: must be measured on a component level, such as connector and cable
assembly, and an end-to-end network level.
Higher transmission bandwidth networks requires higher ORL
performance. For example, an OC-48 2.5Gbps transmission network
has a minimum ORL level of 24dB while an OC-768 40Gbps has
a minimum ORL level of 30dB. An FTTx network delivering video
Return Loss (RL) = content with a low BER tolerance has a minimum ORL level of 32dB.
As outlined in the IEC 61300-3-6 standard, there are mainly 4 methods

to measure return loss which are:
-10 log10 (Pr /Pin) • Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer (OCWR)
• Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
where: Pr = Reflected Power Pin = Input Power • Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR)
• Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR)

Causes of Optical Return Loss
The measurement methods are applied depending on the Device under Test (DUT) condition, level of return loss, measurement distance and
the measurement resolution. This paper will focus on the return loss measurement using the OCWR and OTDR methods. Back reflectance is
described as the ratio of reflected optical power to the incident optical power at the input of the device. The term ORL is used to describe the
ratio of relative magnitude of the cumulated back reflectance or multiple Fresnel events and backscattered signal power to the optical power
at the input of the device. There are mainly two factors that cause ORL which are Fresnel backreflection and Rayleigh backscattering.
Fresnel backreflection is caused by different network elements

where a transition through different mediums occur. Optical
connectors are usually the highest contributors of reflections due light air gap attenuated light
to air gaps, impurities, geometry misalignments, and manufacturing
imperfections. Common sources of Fresnel backreflection are optical
connectors, mechanical splices, open fiber ends and cracks in the
optical fiber. Significant light is backreflected to the source when
light travels from the fiber core to air. In ORL sensitive networks,
Angle-Polished Connectors (APC) are usually deployed to reduce
backreflection to the source.
reflected light
Rayleigh backscattering is an intrinsic property of optical fiber which

causes light to scatter. This is usually caused by defects and impurities
introduced into the fiber core during the manufacturing process, or light Rayleigh scattering
regions of mechanical stress such as microbending. A fraction of the
scattered light which is directed back to the source is detected as ORL
while the majority of scattered light will be lost. Rayleigh scattering
occurs along the total length of fiber.
reflected light
Introduction to Test Equipment
Power Meter & Light Source
The Power Meter and Light Source works as a pair of devices. As the name suggests, the Light Source is a device that injects a certain amount of
light into the DUT while the Power Meter detects the light power level that comes out of the other end of the DUT. The difference in the power
level provides an accurate representation of the DUT insertion loss.
Limitations
Unlike the OTDR, the Power Meter & Light Source testing method is unable to discern the individual elements within the DUT. This testing
method can only give the total insertion loss of the DUT.
Depending on the connector quality, the act of mating and demating a connector can result in a different insertion loss level. When measuring
a low attenuation DUT, the connector loss variable can significantly distort the actual insertion loss reading. This limitation can be overcome by
using a method called the cut-back method which maintains the connector termination to the Light Source and Power Meter but it introduces
a fusion splicing which is a new loss element, which has a very low attenuation level if done properly, that is not part of the DUT.
Optical Time Domain–Based Measurement (OTDR)
Optical time domain–based measurement spatially evaluates backreflection characteristics both in individual components and along the length
of a fiber. One main instrument that uses this measurement method is the optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). An OTDR measures the
backscatter level of the fiber medium itself and the peak reflection level of Fresnel events along an optical link. The backscatter measurement
level is a function of the fiber backscatter coefficient—an intrinsic factor of the fiber under test—and the pulse width used for measurement.
As its name suggests, an OTDR operates in the time domain and measures the backscatter optical-power level from the fiber itself. It enables
users to measure Fresnel backreflection at any point along the fiber under test without de-mating optical interconnections. A light pulse
is introduced into an optical link and will experience both backreflection and Fresnel events along the pathway. The power level of light
reflected back to the source is measured with reference to the time it takes for the light to return to the source. In this way, the OTDR estimates
the distance of an event from the source according to the elapsed time versus the speed of light. This makes the OTDR a very useful tool in
evaluating the distance of the optical network under test as well as the location of components in the network, thus enabling the tester to
evaluate the network for commissioning purposes and locate network faults for maintenance.
There are two types of OTDRs: the photon-counting OTDR (PC-OTDR) and the network OTDR. Although both types of OTDR use the same
principles to measure ORL, the PC-OTDR applies a much shorter optical pulse width, enabling a much higher spatial resolution and reflection
sensitivity. However, this reduced dynamic range lowers the maximum useful DUT length of a PC-ODTR. Due to these differences, the two types
are applied for different purposes: network OTDRs are typically portable and usually deployed in outside plant networks for commissioning
and troubleshooting, while PC-OTDRs are usually used for qualification and troubleshooting of individual components, modules, or subsystems
in which reflections are often closely spaced.
Reflectance
Max Spatial Reflection Optical Pulse Max Length of
Measurement
Resolution Sensitivity Length DUT
Range
Network
>1m −60 dB ≈ 50 dB ≥ 10 ns < 100 km
OTDR
PC-OTDR ≈ 10 mm < −120 dB ≈ 60 dB ≤ 10 ns < 200 m

Limitations
Backscatter Coefficient Settings

As OTDRs measure backreflection power levels, the reflectance of a given element in the DUT depends on the fiber backscatter coefficient,
optical pulse width, and the measured reflectance amplitude with reference to the backscatter level. An inaccurate backscatter coefficient value
setting can lead to an error in measuring reflection level. The percentage of measurement uncertainty increases with a lower reflectance value.
The backscatter coefficient is usually one of the parameters that is set when performing an OTDR measurement. In a fiber-access network,
especially one that has legacy fibers, there may be a combination of various fiber standards – for example from early G652.A fiber to G657.A2
fiber – as well as fiber from different suppliers manufactured with different methods, such as the plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD)
method or the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process. The OTDR’s backscatter coefficient setting cannot be adjusted to match
the varying fiber characteristics in the network under test.
Index of Refraction (IOR)

IOR is a way to measure the speed of light in a medium with reference to the speed of light in a vacuum, where light moves fastest. Light travels
at approximately 3 x 108 ms−1 in a vacuum. The IOR of a medium such as an optical fiber core is calculated by dividing the speed of light in a
vacuum by the speed of light in the medium. By definition, the IOR of light in a vacuum is denoted by 1. A typical single-mode fiber has a silica-
doped core with an IOR of approximately 1.447. The larger a medium’s IOR value, the more slowly light travels in that medium.
An inaccurate IOR setting in an OTDR will cause the total distance of the network measured to be skewed. If the IOR is set too high, the OTDR
will calculate the network distance to be shorter than it actually is; likewise, if the IOR is set too low, the OTDR will measure too long a distance.
A difference in IOR setting of just 0.01 can cause a reading difference of 70 m over a 10 km fiber span. When an OTDR is used to locate a specific
fault in a network, an incorrect IOR setting can cause the fault location shown in the OTDR to be far off from the actual location.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) Mismatch

The MFD of an optical fiber is the area where light propagates. This
area is usually slightly larger than the fiber core as a portion of Backreflection reduced after splice point due to MFD mismatch
light propagates through the cladding as well. When two optical
core cladding core cladding
fibers with different fiber core size and MFD size are spliced, the
attenuation measurement by using an OTDR can result in a gainer or
an exaggerated loss. This is due to the propagation of light through
mediums with different Index of Reflection.
The attenuation reading from the OTDR depends on the difference
in fiber MFD and the measurement direction of the OTDR. If the
OTDR measurement is made from a fiber with a larger MFD to a fiber
OTDR measurement results in an exaggerated loss
with a smaller MFD, the reading will result in a gainer. However, if the
measurement is made from a fiber with a smaller MFD to a fiber with
Backreflection increased at splice point due to MFD mismatch
a larger MFD, the reading will result in an exaggerated loss.
core cladding core cladding
OTDR measurement results in a gainer

Dead Zone
A dead zone is the location of a section of network beyond a reflective event, where
subsequent network characteristics cannot be measured. There are two types of dead Attenuation deadzone
definition Applies to non-saturating
zones: attenuation dead zones (ADZs) and event dead zones (EDZs). peak (good UPC connector)
An ADZ is the minimum distance required to make an attenuation measurement for
an event. This value is usually defined as the distance between the rising edge of a
reflective event to the 0.5 dB deviation from a straight line fit to the optical backscatter
0.5 dB deviation from
level. The optical backscatter level is the sloping line that indicates the fiber attenuation straight line backscatter
over distance.
An EDZ is the minimum distance required for the OTDR to detect two separate events. ADZ
This is usually defined as the distance between two cursor points set at 1.5 dB below a
reflective peak, where the peak is non-saturating.
Dead zone measurement depends on the pulse width and the network element Event deadzone
Applies to non-saturating peak
definition
reflectance level. A shorter pulse width will result in a shorter dead zone, while a (good UPC connector)
connector with a high return loss will result in a longer dead zone. When testing a long-
1.5 dB below peak
distance network, testers will use a higher pulse width, thus increasing the length of the
dead zone. This can cause multiple nearby events to be identified as a single merged
event. Examples include the connector and splice of a pigtail as well as both connector
ends of a patch cord.
EDZ
Most OTDR manufacturers specify the OTDR dead zone for the shortest pulse width
and optimal connector reflectance. However, this specification cannot be taken at face
value. The suitable pulse width to be used for network measurement usually depends
on the total length of the network, while individual components within the network Attenuation deadzones of two
have variable reflectance performance due to manufacturing quality and hygiene. concatenated connectors
Helix Factor
OTDRs are widely deployed in testing and measurement of outside-plant optical fiber
networks. In an outside-plant environment, optical fibers are deployed in cables. The
most common cable types deployed are loose-tube cables and slotted-core cables.
Optical fibers within these cables are not strung in a straight line but spiral around a ADZ-1 ADZ-1
Can’t measure Okay
central strength member in an “SZ” fashion within loose tubes.
As light from an OTDR travels through the optical fiber, OTDRs measure the optical fiber
distance rather than the cable distance. Depending on the helix factor of a cable— Attenuation deadzones of two
which can range from 0.3% to 42%, depending on the cable design—a cable 700 m concatenated connectors
long may comprise 1,000 m of fiber distance. Without an accurate measurement of the
helix factor, fault locating by using an OTDR may result in considerable discrepancy.
Most modern OTDRs have a helix setting to adjust the distance measurement.
ADZ-1 ADZ-1
Can’t measure Okay
Optical Continuous Wave-Based Measurement (OCWR)
OCWR relies on a basic power-meter measurement of the launch power (assuming no DUT) as a base reference and compares this to the optical
power reflected back to the source. For a backreflection meter, this method is usually used to measure the ORL of patch cords. For an Optical
Line Test Set (OLTS), this method can be used to measure the total ORL and attenuation of a network.
Limitations
The OCWR method cannot differentiate between Rayleigh backscatter and Fresnel backreflection. If a patch cord tested with a backreflection
meter yields a low ORL result, it is highly likely that the connector is faulty—although there is a possibility that the cord itself has been
manufactured with microbends. When using test instruments that employ the OCWR method, the network or component under test must be
isolated from the rest of the optical network to prevent any backscatter or reflection from events further down the link. This means that the
OCWR method cannot be deployed on a live network.
To isolate the DUT from unwanted reflections, the optical fiber must be terminated at two different points. The two commonly used termination
methods are the mandrel wrap and the index-matching gel or block. Each of these methods have limitations, as shown in the table below. The
difference in backreflection between the two termination points is calculated to give the DUT backreflection level.
Mandrel Wrap Index-Matching Gel Index Matching Block
Not suitable for connectors with guide pins,

Not applicable to non-bendable structures Matching gel might leave a residue on the
such as MPOs, or where the connector end-
such as hardened cables or cords polished connector end face
face is not accessible, such as E2000.
Bend-insensitive fiber does not exhibit Backscatter of the fiber length between the reflective event
bend loss and the far end of the cable might amplify reflections
Cannot optically isolate far end

Limited effectiveness in terminating reflections
through bending.
Manual process to isolate far end and highly depends on the technician’s skill level
Multimode fiber cannot be terminated effectively using mandrel wraps, as the wraps can introduce bend loss but not totally terminate the fiber.
In most cases, the use of an index-matching gel or block is the only solution. An index-matching gel or block matches the IOR of fiber, which
causes light to diffuse out of the fiber core rather than experience Fresnel backreflection. However, index-matching gels are not as effective
as mandrel wraps, and they can never fully prevent backreflection. Multiple measurements are usually required, with the highest return loss
measurement result taken as an approximation of the potential result if a mandrel wrap is used.
Testing Procedure
Insertion Loss Measurement with Power Meter & Light Source

OCWR relies on a basic power-meter measurement of the launch power (assuming no DUT) as a base reference and compares this to the optical
power reflected back to the source. For a backreflection meter, this method is usually used to measure the ORL of patch cords. For an Optical
Line Test Set (OLTS), this method can be used to measure the total ORL and attenuation of a network.
Cut-back Method
In the cut-back method is the most accurate insertion loss measurement for a Device under Test (DUT). This method is usually used for
component testing in a lab situation. The DUT is connected to a light source with a temporary joint which is usually an optical splice. The output
of the DUT is then connected to a power meter. The power level measurement is noted as P1.
The temporary joint is cut and then spliced to the fiber connected to the power meter. The power level measurement is noted as P0. The optical
attenuation of the DUT can then be calculated as P0 – P1.
Light Source Power Meter

Temporary joint
DUT
Temporary joint
Substitution Method
The substitution method is usually used for component testing where the input and output of the DUT are connectorised. The DUT is connected
to a light source by terminating the DUT input connector to a reference adapter. Similarly, the output of the DUT terminated to a power meter
by using a reference adapter. The power level measurement is noted as P1.
The input and output connectors of the DUT are disconnected and substituted by a patch cord. To achieve a higher DUT attenuation
measurement accuracy, a master patch cord with low loss connectors can be used. The power level measurement is noted as P0. The optical
attenuation of the DUT can then be calculated as P0 – P1.

Temporary joint
Temporary joint
DUT
Insertion Method
The insertion method is usually used to measure a connection attenuation performance such as a splice point, or a field-mountable connector.
The light source and power meter is directly connected and the power level measurement is noted as P0.
The connection between the light source and the power meter is then cut. The cut fiber is then spliced to re-establish the optical network with
a higher attenuation which is measured and noted as P1. The optical attenuation of the DUT, which in this scenario is a splice point, can then
be calculated as P0 – P1.

Temporary joint
Temporary joint
SPLICE or
CONNECTOR
Insertion Loss Measurement with OTDR
An OTDR is not an ideal equipment to measure optical attenuation as it only detects back reflection level at different locations in the optical
network instead of measuring the actual optical output power with respect to the input power. As outlined in a previous section, if two fibers
with different specification are spliced, the MFD mismatch may cause a skewed attenuation reading called a gainer and exaggerated loss. The
gainer and exaggerated loss reading can be corrected by performing a bidirectional OTDR test and getting the average attenuation reading
of the splice event.
Excessive Loss IL
Insertion Loss =
a
a+b
Gainer 2
b
Return Loss Measurement with OTDR
A launch lead, which is a standard patch cord with suitable connectors

Launch Lead
on both ends, must be used to connect the OTDR to the DUT. This OTDR DUT
ensures that the first event in the DUT can be quantified. If a launch
lead is not used, the high reflection from the OTDR internal connector
masks the actual reflectance and attenuation of the DUT.
The correct parameters suitable for the measurement of the DUT is If the optical network parameters are not know, most modern OTDR
set in the OTDR. These parameters include the IOR, backscatter, helix have auto settings. The OTDR tests the network starting with a short
factor, pulse width, measurement distance, and acquisition time. The pulse width and incrementally increases the pulse width until it
importance of an accurate IOR, backscatter and helix factor settings detects an end-of-fiber reading. The OTDR automatically adjusts the
is outlined in the previous section. Other important settings are:: pulse width and measurement distance setting which best suits the
DUT conditions.
• Pulse width: Smaller pulse width has a higher measurement An OTDR trace will be produced to indicate the detected events in the
resolution but has limited distance and vice versa. DUT. There may be discrepancies between the OTDR trace result and
the actual components in the DUT, this may be due to:
• Measurement distance: To be set as closest to the actual network • High quality connectors with low reflectance is recognized as a
distance. If set to be lower, the far end of the network is not tested. splice rather than a connector.
If set to be too high, the resolution of the network under test will • Undetected events such as low attenuation splices.
be low. In PON systems where splitters are installed in the OSP, the use of a
short pulse width, such as a 5ns pulse width, will not be able produce
• Acquisition time: Test result with low acquisition time will result a readable result after the splitter due to the high loss. A 1:16 splitter
in higher noise level. However, longer acquisition time will require will cause about a 14dB attenuation. This will usually cause the OTDR
longer man hours for testing purposes trace to drop below the OTDR noise floor. However, using a larger pulse
width such as 275ns will cause result in a lower resolution reading
before the splitter, thus potentially missing events or merging closely
spaced events.
Connector Receive End

Launch Lead Splice
OTDR
One possible method to test such a network is by using a short pulse splitter to the end of the network. Further tests may be required if the
width, such as 5ns to 10ns, to identify all event locations up to the dynamic range is insufficient to get a noise-floor margin of at least
splitter. A second test is performed by using a medium pulse width, 6dB. Information from the multiple OTDR traces must be analyzed
such as 50ns to 100ns, for increased dynamic range to measure splitter and tabulated into a report. Such testing requires skill and time. In
loss while maintaining good resolution. The third test is performed addition, tests are usually performed using the 1310nm and 1550nm
by a longer pulse width, such as 275ns or higher, to test past the wavelength to detect macrobends, which results in longer test times.
Return Loss Measurement with OCWR
A reference patch cord is terminated to the light source of the OCWR.

The end of the reference patch cord is coiled around a mandrel to ORL A
increase attenuation and prevent Fresnel backreflection from the
open end connector from being detected. The mandrel is applied as Mandrel
close to the end connector as possible. The detected ORL is set as a Reference
Patch Cord
base reference. OCWR
A DUT is then connected to the reference patch cord. The DUT is ORL A
then coiled around a mandrel as close to the connection point as
possible. This reduces the optical fiber backscatter from affecting the
connector reflectance reading. The OCWR displays the ORL of the DUT
with respect to the base reference value.
ORL B
A master patch cord is usually used as the reference patch cord. A
Mandrel
master patch cord is manufactured with very strict quality standards
Reference Patch Cord
to ensure repeatability of measurement result regardless of the test Patch Cord under test
OCWR
equipment type, manufacturer, the operator or the period of test.
The connector interface of the master patch cord has near perfect
ORL B
specification on the end face radius of curvature, apex offset and fiber
protrusion/undercut. ORL of Patch Cord under test = ORL B - ORL A
DUT
FC/APC
BR = -58.0db
BR POWER
I
(LOCAL)
BR0 DARK
1310
1490
Backreflection Meter
O
1550 Measurement
1625
Jumper
DUT
Termination Termination
Point Point
for BRTOTAL for BR0
BRDUT
Connector Hygiene
Overview
One of the drivers of many network operators to deploy optical In the past, connector contamination in optical transport networks
fiber has been, of course, its performance & reliability. Although or data center fiber interconnect networks were less prevalent due to
the general maintenance requirement is greatly reduced, many the controlled environment of exchanges or data centers. However,
network operators around the world is finding one main component with the increasing deployment of optical fiber outside plant
in an optical fiber network to be the cause of network failures. networks, optical connectors are widely used in outdoor enclosures
That component is the optical connector, the ‘weakest link’ of your such as roadside cabinets and pedestals as well as in customer
network. Based on a study conducted by NTT Advanced Technology, premise termination points that do not have filters to reduce dust
4 of the top 5 causes of network faults are connector related and the contamination or environment control systems to reduce humidity.
No.1 cause is contaminated connector end faces. The same problem Although connector contamination is common, it can be easily
is reported by major optical fiber network operators in Asia with the rectified. The main area of an optical connector that must be cleaned
lack of appreciation for fiber cleanliness accounting for 90% of all is the ferrule endface.
reported faults.
! Connector End Face contamination is the N°1 cause of network faults
1st
Contamination of the connector End Face
2nd
Poor polishing of the ferrule
3rd
Mistakes attaching lables to the cable
4th
Damage of the optical connector
5th
Damage of the ferrule End Face
Optical Connector Ferrule & Contamination
The ferrule is the most essential part of the connector which holds
and centers the optical fiber for connection with another section of
a fiber network. As defined in IEC 61300-3-35, an optical connector Clean connection
end face is separated into three zones which are the Core (Zone A)
where light travels, Cladding (Zone B) which is the outer section of the
Core which reflects light back into the Core, and the Buffer Coating
(Zone C) which protects the optical fiber from moisture or damage
from external forces.
The core of a single mode connector is only 9µm. A piece of dirt,

speck of dust or oil smudge in the right position may cause high
reflection, insertion loss and fiber damage. Connector cleanliness is Dirty connection
critical in high power transmission systems such as DWDM systems
or long haul transmission where Raman amplifiers are used, the
optical signal transmission power may be up 1W to 5W. In a single
mode fiber transmission, such high power transmission may burn the
contaminant and fuse the dirt with the silica material of the optical
fiber, thus requiring the replacement of the connector.
The source of contamination is usually due to connector mishandling

and a lack of understanding for optical hygiene. Some of the most
common mistake for contaminating optical connectors are:
• Leaving a connector uncapped for even a short

period of time where it will be prone to dust
contamination.
• Touching the connector end face with fingers

thus leaving skin oil or passing on dirt
• Using unsuitable cleaning methods or products

such as toilet paper, water or even shirt sleeves
• Assuming that connectors which are protected by

dust caps are clean or factory guarantee cleaned
• Not cleaning both connector end faces before

making a connection.
Image above: example of bad practice

Inspection Standards
The ‘IEC-61300-3-35: Fiber optic interconnecting devices and passive

components - Basic test and measurement procedures - Part 3-35:
Fiber microscope
Examinations and measurements - Visual inspection of fiber optic
connectors and fiber-stub transceivers’ sets the standards on
measurement methods, procedure to assess the connector end face
and determines the threshold for allowable surface defects such
as scratches, pits and debris which may affect optical performance
and it is the de facto standard for the fiber optics industry globally.
According to the standards document, there are three inspection
methods which are the:
• Direct view optical microscopy
• Video microscopy
Fiber Inspection Probe (FIP)
• Automated analysis microscopy
The Direct view optical microscopy is essentially a microscope

designed to view optical connector end faces. Although most of
such microscopes have an optical filter to prevent eye damage
from exposure to transmission lasers, many network operators
do not approve its use due to health and safety reasons. Another
disadvantage of this method is different microscopes need to be
used for inspecting a connector or a connector terminated onto a
bulkhead adapter.
Video microscopy uses an optical microscope which projects an

image onto a display screen thus preventing any direct exposure
Automated analysis microscopy
to transmitting lasers. An example of a video microscopy is a
Fiber Inspection Probe (FIP) with a display unit. Most FIPs available
in the market have interchangeable tips to inspect bare connectors
or when it is terminated onto a bulkhead adapter. There are also tips
available for different connector types.
The Automated analysis microscopy is similar to the video

microscopy but with an added feature which uses an algorithmic
process to automatically analyze the connector hygiene based on a
set criteria. This analysis provides a “Pass” or “Fail” result, thus removing
any human assessment ambiguity.
There are two assessment procedures outlined in IEC-61300-3-35 for a single fiber ferrule such as an SC or LC connector and for a multi-fiber
rectangular ferrule such as the MPO connector. The end face of the connectors are divided into measurement regions starting from the center
of the core and moving outwards.The tables below outline the measurement regions:
Measurement regions for Measurement region for

single fiber connector multi-fiber rectangular connector
A
B
C
D
Zone Diameter for single mode Diameter for multimode Zone Diameter for single mode Diameter for multimode
A: Core 0 µm to 25 µm 0 µm to 65 µm A: Core 0 µm to 25 µm 0 µm to 65 µm
B: Cladding 25 µm to 120 µm 65 µm to 120 µm B: Cladding 25 µm to 115 µm 65 µm to 115 µm

C: Adhesive 120 µm to 130 µm 120 µm to 130 µm Note 1: All data above assumes a 125 µm cladding diameter.
Note 2: Multimode core zone diameter is set at 65 µm to accommodate all common core sizes in a practical manner.
Note 3: A defect is defined as existing entirely within the inner-most zone which it touches.
D: Contact 130 µm to 250 µm 130 µm to 250 µm Note 4: Criteria should be applied to all fibers in the array for functionality of any fibers in the array.
Note 1: All data above assumes a 125 µm cladding diameter.

Note 2: Multimode core zone diameter is set at 65 µm to accommodate all common core sizes in a practical manner.
Note 3: A defect is defined as existing entirely within the inner-most zone which it touches.
The IEC-61300-3-35 standard outlines the Pass/Fail threshold level for the visual requirements for the different connector types. These criteria
are designed to guarantee a common level of connector condition for connector performance level measurement. Based on the zones of a
connector, the standard outlines the allowable number of scratches as well as the size and number of defects. There are four main requirements
outlined which are:
• Visual requirements for PC polished connectors, single mode fiber, RL ≥ 45dB
• Visual requirements for angle polished connectors (APC), single mode fiber
• Visual requirements for PC polished connectors, single mode fiber, RL ≥ 26dB
• Visual requirements for PC polished connectors, multimode fibers
The table below outlines the visual requirements for a single mode angle polished connector:
Zone Scratches Defects
A: Core ≤4 None
B: Cladding No limit No limit < 2 µm / 5 from 2 µm to 5 µm / None > 5 µm
C: Adhesive No limit No limit
D: Contact No limit None ≥ 10 µm

Inspection Tools
The race to deploy broadband FTTx networks is resulting in a global To cater for the massive adoption of FTTH services, the cost of
fiber technician skill shortage. It is easy to train a technician to perform setting up all the field technician is highly expensive especially with
a connector hygiene test but experience in operating and maintaining the various tools and equipment required to perform their tasks
a fiber network is required to be able to make correct assessments. effectively. The common connector hygiene inspection tool consists
The use of automated techniques de-skill and reduce the risk of poor of an FIP and a monitor to view the connector end face. The monitor
installation. An automatic Pass/Fail analysis function based on the may be a standalone unit for the FIP, a different test equipment with
IEC-61300-3-35. In addition, Geo tagging features together with cloud a monitor such as an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) or a
storage allow centralized review by fewer highly skilled technicians laptop. The high cost of these equipment becomes a barrier to entry
and confirmation that procedures were correctly carried out: for many fiber technicians or contracting companies and in many
cases, proper inspection is not conducted. Hence, a low cost and high
• Prevent any error with a standardized and performance alternative is needed to cater for the market.
impartial assessment The cost effective SENKO Smart Probe is one of these cost effective
alternative which allows relatively low skilled technicians to inspect
• Increase productivity by speeding up the the fiber end faces and stream the images to any laptop, tablet or
smartphone. Many technicians already carry smartphones or tablets
assessment process through set algorithm
as part of their daily operations hence no additional display device is
required and the SENKO Smart Probe connect to the smart devices via
• Avoid replacement of connectors with slight
conventional Wi-Fi.
defects that do not adversely affect performance
In order to keep a record of connector inspection, all test results can be
• Ensuring excellent long term connectivity uploaded into a cloud repository for future references or for reporting
performance purposes. These uploaded records with their associated location
data give skilled technicians the opportunity to review the hygiene
• Confidence correct process has been carried out of individual connectors and provide network operators with the
confidence that proper procedures have been correctly carried out.
Inspection Tools for MPO Connectors
The race to deploy Connector inspection for MPO is much more

complicated. With current standard Fiber Inspection Probe (FIP) for
MPO connectors, the inspection of a single ferrule with multiple
connectors requires the operator to focus on one single fiber at a
time. The FIP fiber tip comes with a dial which moves the focus from
fiber to fiber.
The inspection is tedious and time consuming. In addition, multi-

fiber inspection probes the boundaries between Zone C and Zone
D is usually not visible to enable proper connector evaluation. Due
to the limited magnification, automated qualification for the MPO
connector inspection is not available.
The SENKO MPO FIP can inspect all fiber endface at once. The entire
connector endface needs to be cleaned even if only one fibre is
contaminated.
MPO Tip Up to 24F Available

· For SM & MM MPO (up to 24F)
· High precision alignment
· Available in APC and PC version
Visualization of MT 12 fiber connector end face

(two fibers of MT 12 fiber connector)
Cleaning Tools
Optical cleaning tools are specialized tools which are used to remove connector end face which attracts dust particles. The dry method
contaminants from optical connectors and bulk heads. There are two usually cleans the majority of connectors, however, in more severe
types of cleaning methods namely the dry cleaning and wet cleaning. cases of contamination, the wet method is more effective.
The standard document, ‘IEC 62627-01: Fibre optic interconnecting The main advantage of the wet cleaning method is the active solvent
devices and passive components - Technical Report - Part 01: Fibre used in the cleaner which acts as a solvent for oils, raises particles
optic connector cleaning methods’ describes a comprehensive to prevent connector end face damage, removes moisture and is
cleaning methodology and is usually adopted as the industry’s best fast drying. The most common solvent used in the market is 99.9%
practice. isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The presence of a solvent prevents the buildup
Dry cleaning is the most common and fastest cleaning method of electrostatic charge on the connector end face. However, the
which is used in connector manufacturing plants and in the field. excessive use of solvents may cause the contaminants to be pushed
The drawback of the dry method is the risk of potentially scratching to a side of the ferrule and slowly creep back into center after the
the end face if there are any hard particles on the connector surface. connector has been inspected and terminated. To prevent such an
In addition, some dry cleaners cause electro static charges on the occurrence, a final dry cleaning is performed after a wet clean.
The following table outlines the most common dry cleaning tools and the area of use:
Lint free swabs can be used to clean the internal barrel of a bulkhead
adapter or the connector end face which is terminated in a bulkhead
adapter.
Lint Free Swabs
If sufficiently large, contaminant on the side of the internal barrel may
cause misalignment of two connectors thus increasing the connector
insertion loss.
Lint free wipes are not usually used to clean connector end face. The
operation of wiping the connector end face with a lint free wipe
Lint Free Wipes requires delicate skill to avoid damaging the connector end face.
A small window is opened to expose the cleaning cloth when the lever
is pressed. This will also turn the cleaning cloth so that a clean cloth
section is used for every clean. The connector end face is pressed and
Cartridge Cleaners wiped against the cloth. For a more effective clean, specially treated
cleaning cloth that prevents electrostatic charge buildup can be used.
Pen cleaners have a reel of cleaning cloth that rotates at the tip of the
cleaner when it is pressed against a connector in a bulk head adapter
or directly onto a connector if a fitting is placed onto the tip. This
Pen Cleaner instrument with a “push and click” mechanism cleans the ferrule end
faces removing dust, oil and other debris without nicking or scratching
the end face. There are mainly three types of pen cleaners suitable for
2.5mm, 1.25mm and MPO connectors.
Adhesive backed cleaners have a sticky tip with a soft backing at

Adhesive Backed the top of the cleaner. This cleaner is pressed onto the end face of a
bare connector or when terminated in a bulkhead adapter. The soft
Cleaner adhesive removed dust and other particles.
Compressed air or air duster is used to blow air through the nozzle
to get rid of dust on the connector end face. To maintain purity and
Compressed Air pressure in the canned air, special material such as difluoroethane or
trifluoroethane is used. It is advisable to select a material which has a
lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) index.
Wet cleaning is usually done by applying 99.9% isopropyl There is currently no industry standard on the number of iterations
alcohol to any of the dry cleaner type in situations when one should attempt to clean the connector end face before disposing
contamination on connectors is unable to be cleared from dry cleaning it but the common practice is generally 3 times. Nevertheless, an
alone. This usually occurs when contaminant on a connector end face internal guideline should be set in order to avoid wasting time and
is left uncleaned for a long period of time. Multiple wet cleaning may resources trying to clean a contaminated/damaged connector. The
be required to fully clean a connector end face and must always be diagram below summarizes the recommended cleaning procedure.
followed by a final dry clean to remove isopropyl alcohol residue.
Inspect endface is endface YES Plug into clean

with fibre scope clean? mating connector
NO
Inspect endface
Dry Clean
with fibre scope
START
NO is endface YES Plug into clean

Dry Clean
clean? mating connector

NO
Wet clean NO
immediately
followed by Dry clean

Cleaning Challenges for MPO Connectors
Unlike single fiber connectors, the cleanliness of the total surface of as the pen cleaner clears contaminants around the optical fiber array.
a multi-fiber connector such as the MPO connector is also critical to However the space around the alignment pins remains contaminated.
making a proper connection. The array of fibers is presented on a flat A new type of MPO cleaning tool such as the SENKO Smart Cleaner
surface which comes into contact when terminated. Any contaminant Stick is able to effectively remove oil, dust and dirt particulate from
around the optical fibers and alignment pin prevents full contact pin to pin on the connector endface. An MPO connector is pushed
of the two connectors. This creates an air space which reduces the onto the cleaner which sticks onto any contaminant, thus removing
connector loss performance. Conventional MPO cleaning tools such any particulate when the connector is removed.
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

1 Sticker cleaner contains 10 “Stick” 2 PUSH MT Ferrule against the stick 3 Remove the MT Ferrule, dirt and oil
cleaning area surface for cleaner will be transferred from the ferrule to
the cleaner
Conventional cleaner NEW “Stick” Cleaner Cleaning Zone

cleaning area will clean the full end face
Particles around the pin area can remain which Full surface will be cleaned
could cause “air gap.”
IEC Connector type

There are many types of connectors specified under the IEC 61754 family of standards. Such standardization enables a more widespread use of
the connectors through a more diverse manufacturers, connector interoperability and connector quality assurance. The list of connectors that
are currently specified under the IEC standard is as follows:
1 IEC 61754-2 BOFC Connector

2 IEC 61754-3 LSA Connector
3 IEC 61754-4 SC Connector
4 IEC 61754-5 MT Connector
5 IEC 61754-6 MU Connector
6 IEC 61754-7 MPO Connector
7 IEC 61754-8 CF08 Connector
8 IEC 61754-9 DS Connector
9 IEC 61754-10 Mini MPO Connector
10 IEC 61754-12 FS Connector
11 IEC 61754-13 FC-PC Connector
12 IEC 61754-15 LSH Connector
13 IEC 61754-16 PN Connector
14 IEC 61754-18 MT-RJ Connector
15 IEC 61754-19 SG Connector
16 IEC 61754-20 LC Connector
17 IEC 61754-21 SMI Connector
18 IEC 61754-22 F-SMA Connector
19 IEC 61754-23 LX.5 Connector
20 IEC 61754-24 SC-RJ Connector
21 IEC 61754-25 RAO Connector
22 IEC 61754-26 SF Connector
23 IEC 61754-27 M12 Connector
24 IEC 61754-28 LF3 Connector
25 IEC 61754-29 BLINK Connector
26 IEC 61754-30 CLIK! Connector
27 IEC 61754-31 N-FO Connector
28 IEC 61754-32 DiaLink Connector
29 IEC 61754-34 URM Connector
IEC 61754-2
39.1 BOFC Connector
The Bayonet Optical Fiber Connector (BOFC) is also more commonly
known as the Straight Tip (ST) Connector. The ST Connector was
developed by AT&T as a connector which deploys a plug and socket
design. This was the first defector standard for fiber optic cabling and
was widely deployed for networking applications in the late 80s and
early 90s.
The connector has a cylindrical shape connector with a 2.5mm
keyed ferrule. The connector and matching adapter has a latch ST Connector
which requires a half-twist bayonet to lock and unlock the connector
termination. The ST connector is spring loaded to enable an effortless
mating and demating operation.
The main application for the ST connector are in CATV networks, LAN
and measurement equipment. The popularity of the ST connector is
soon overtaken by the FC connector which uses the same twist lock
mechanism but with a more compact design.
IEC 61754-3
39.2 LSA Connector
The DIN connector was originally standardized by the Deutsches
Institut für Normung (DIN), a German national standards organization.
The term “DIN connector” usually refers to a family of round connectors
that is usually used for electrical connectivity such as computing data,
video and audio. Due to the wide range, the document number of the
DIN connector standard is also mentioned to discern specific types of
connectors. The optical fiber connector based on the DIN standard is
DIN Connectors
DIN 47256 or also known as the LSA connector.
The connector body is similar to the more known FC connector with
a screw on connector body. However, the ferrule is much larger. This
causes the connector to be much more expensive.
IEC 61754-4
39.3 SC Connector
The Subscriber Connector or more commonly known as the SC
connector is designed by NTT, a Japanese telecommunications
SC 900um Standard Connector
company, as an improvement over the FC connector. The SC connector
is a push/pull type connector which enables a more compact patch
panel where traditional FC connectors require additional operation
space to screw and unscrew the connector locking mechanism. In
addition, the SC connector push/pull mechanism reduces the time to
terminate connectors.
The SC connector has a fully plastic body which is cheaper to
2.0mm Long Boot
manufacture with a moulding compared to machining metallic
connectors. The ferrule size of the SC remains the same as the FC 3.0mm Long Boot
connector with a 2.5mm ferrule.
With increasing deployment of SC connectors in the fiber access

network such as FTTH saw the introduction of field installable
connectors. There are multiple types of SC connectors where the
most common types are designed to be compatible with 250µm fiber,
900µm fiber, fiber cords as well as direct termination to the ends of
cables such as the hardened SENKO IP Connector.
With increasing deployment in network exchange and data centers,
IP-SC Connector
field splice-on connectors are introduced. This is an improvement
on the connector return loss compared to standard field installable
connectors which employs a mechanical splice within the connector
body.
Developments in customer premises fiber termination saw the

improvement of network reliability and safety. The auto-shuttered
SC connector and adapter were introduced to prevent accidental eye
injury from looking directly into an optical connector by users who
have no understanding of optical networks and its safety aspect.
SC SHUTTERED Connector
IEC 61754-5
39.4 MT Connector
The Mechanical Transfer (MT) Connector was first introduced by
NTT in 1988 as the first multi-fiber termination connector that can
terminate up to eight fiber cores in one single connection. The
connector design enables an 8-fiber ribbon can be terminated into
a single MT connector which has a 7mm width and 3mm height
footprint. Further development of the MT connector saw the
introduction of higher density designs which enables up to 48 fiber
core terminations in a single connector.
The MT connector has a male and female design. The male
connector has two guide pins while the female connector has two
holes where the guide pins are slotted into to align the connector.
When the male and female connectors are terminated, a spring
loaded clip is then used to hold the connectors together. To avoid
damaging the connector guide pins, a special MT connector tool is
required to remove the spring loaded clip to demate the connector.
Field assembly MT connectors were also introduced for the
termination of up to 12-fiber ribbon. However, the operation to
assemble the MT connectors requires high precision alignment
to obtain a low loss connector for all 12 fiber cores. In addition,
the assembly requires the use of a magnifier as well as a two-part
epoxy to hold the fiber in place.
Source: Kyoei High Opt
IEC 61754-6
39.5 MU Connector
The Miniature Unit or better known as the MU connector is designed
by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) cooperation and is very
popular in Japan. The use of MU connectors outside of Japan is very MU with 2.0mm
limited. Similar to the LC connector, the MU connector is a Small Form Cable Boot
Factor (SFF) connector with a 1.25mm ferrule. The MU connector
looks like an SC connector but at half the size. The connector uses a
push/pull locking mechanism similar to the SC connector and the MU
connector is sometimes referred to as a mini-SC.
The connector features a pre-assembled body and precision molded
MU with 1.0mm
plastic housing, and a free-floating ferrule held in place with a
Fiber Boot
precision spring. MU connectors are widely used in active device
termination, premise installations and telecommunication networks
such as FTTH, LAN and WAN.
For a patch panel or similar type application, the MU-J type connector
is also available. The MU-J is essentially an MU connector without the
housing. Together with a short boot, the MU-J type connector is ideal MU with 1.0mm
for back panel and high density situations. The MU-J connector is Fiber Short Boot
fully compatible with the MU connector when used with a suitable
bulkhead adapter.
IEC 61754-7
39.6 MPO Connector
The MPO connector was first introduced by NTT in the 1990’s as a The MPO is separated into a male and female connector. The male
solution to a growing FTTH fiber access network. The connector is connector has two guide pins that slots into two holes of the female
based on the MT ferrule technology introduced in 1985 by NTT that connector within the MPO adapter to align the ferrules for connector
was also used in the MT-RJ connector. The MT-RJ has only two fibers termination. As a general practice, the male connector is usually
with a 750μm pitch within the ferrule, however MPO connectors can terminated in the patching back panel, wall outlets or transceivers
have an MT ferrule with a fiber count ranging from 4 to 72 fibers. The while the female connector is used at the ends of jumper cords. This
MT ferrule is typically manufactured by using Polyphenylene Sulfide, practice is to set the male connectors in a static position to protect the
which is a glass filled engineering polymer which has a thermal guide pins from accidental damage.
stability very close to glass. While there are many MT ferrule based
connectors, the MPO is the most common.
The MPO connector has a similar footprint as an SC connector at

82mm2, however the MPO has a rectangular shape instead of square.
Comparing an SC connector with a 72-fiber MPO connector, the fiber
density of the MPO connector is 1.3mm2 per fiber. This is 63 times the
density of an SC connector.
MPO Male Connector
Key Up Key Down
MPO Female Connector
Key Up Key Down

Due to the multi-fiber array of The MPO connector, it is Before deploying MPO connectors, the end-to-end network design
important to ensure that every fiber in the connector must be decided. This includes the polarity of the MPO connector. As
can achieve a high attenuation and return loss performance. The with any patch panel involving MPO connectors, a fan-out from an
connector performance depends on multiple factors such as the MPO to individual connectors, such as an LC connector is required.
fiber-hole position, fiber-hole diameter tolerances, fiber protrusion In duplex networks such as a DWDM transport network, a pair of
level, connector endface angle, alignment pin and hole tolerances fibers is required for the uplink and downlink. The confirmation of
and connector cleanliness. these three parts of the network will help determine the two types
of MPO polarity for the MPO-MPO jumper and the MPO adapter key
orientation. The polarity types are as shown below:
Straight thorugh Fiber MPO Jumper
Position 1 Fiber 1 Position 1
Position 12 Fiber 12 Position 12
Flipped Fiber MPO Jumper
Position 1 Fiber 1 Fiber 12 Position 1
Position 12 Fiber 12 Fiber 1 Position 12
Key Down/Key Up Adapter
Position 1 Position 1
Key Up/Key Up Adapter
More features, same cost
More features,
compared to
conventional MPO
Bare Ribbon Fiber Mini Bare Ribbon Fiber Short
Ribbon Cable Flex Angle Boot

SENKO has a range of MPO connector

solution for different deployment situation.
A few of the solutions are: Mini Connector
th
eng round
rt L
Sho for 3mm
7mm
of 3
• MPO Mini
Features a shorter boot for space constrained situations and
enables polarity change in the field without any special tool and
changing the connector gender in the field.
• MPO Micro
Enables an MPO connection without the connector housing. Able Micro Connector
Unique micro housing/
to mate/de-mate the connector with a simple tool. ferrule design
Push-in and
Removal tool
• MPO Bayonet MPO Micro Connector

ready Adapter
Integrated turn lock connector boot to prevent accidental
connector de-mating.
• MPO Latch Bayonet Connector

MPO connection with no housing that locks into a latch ready
adapter. The latch ready adapter is also compatible with
conventional MPO connectors.
• MPO-HD
MPO connector with a pull-tab release trigger which allows the
connector to be easily disengaged without the need of a special
tool. This allows the connector to be densely packed.
Bayonet Connector
EASY
• IP MPO ASSEMBLY
MPO connector within an external housing for harsh environment
application.
EASY
HANDLING
IEC 61754-8
39.7 CF08 Connector
The parent connector for the type CF08 connector family is a single- the optical axis. The plug has a single male key which may be used to
way plug connector which is characterized by a conical ferrule butting orient and limit the relative rotation between the connector and the
against a 4 mm diameter sphere or equivalent. It includes a push-pull component to which it is mated.
coupling mechanism and a ferrule spring loaded in the direction of
IEC 61754-9
39.8 DS Connector
The DS connector is also known as the F11 type connector based on
the Japanese standard JIS C 5980. The connector was only deployed in
very niche applications. The DS connector has a 2.5mm ferrule and has
an integrated sleeve design.
Source: Tonichi Kyosan Cables
IEC 61754-10
39.9 Mini MPO Connector
The Mini-MPO connector was developed based on the standard
MPO Mini MPO
MPO connector. The mechanism for the mating/demating and ferrule
polishing is exactly the same as the standard MPO connector. The
6,4mm 4,4mm
FERRULE
objective of the Mini-MPO connector is to increase the connection 2,5mm

2,5mm
density of up to four optical fibers. Although the standard MPO

connector can be manufactured for four fibers, the large MT ferrule
4,6mm 2,6mm
size requires high accuracy in fiber endface geometry to achieve
perfect physical contact.
The Mini-MPO uses a ferrule smaller than the MT, with the pitch
9,6mm
CONNECTOR
7,2mm
between the connector guide pins to be reduced from 4.6mm of the
MPO connector to 2.6mm. The structure of the Mini-MPO adapter
4,0mm
5,0mm
is also simplified by using a guide sleeve that is inserted into the

coupling sleeve instead of a reinforcing member. A table comparing
the MPO and Mini-MPO connector is as shown below.
6,4mm
10mm
ADAPTER
8,0mm
9,8mm
IEC 61754-12
39.10 FS Connector
The FS connector is a duplex connector where the connector has a The connector has multiple keyway arrangements and the adaptor
pair of cylindrical spring loaded abutting ferrules of 2,5 mm nominal has multiple key configurations. The keying scheme is exclusionary
ferrule diameter. The optical alignment mechanism is a rigid bore and is used to limit mating between connector and adaptor to specific
or resilient sleeve contained within the adaptor. It includes a hand- key combinations
released latch coupling.
IEC 61754-13
39.11 FC Connector
The Fiber Connector or more commonly known as FC connector is There are four standards for the FC connector. One standard for
designed by NTT as an improvement of the ST connector which was the FC/PC connector, two standards for the FC/APC connector and
the first introduction of an optical connector with a 2.5mm ceramic another standard which is applicable to either type of polishing. These
zirconia ferrule. This connector with a locking mechanism is designed standards differ in the width of the alignment keys.
to be used in high vibration environments. The connector is commonly For the FC/APC connector types, one of them is referred to the “NTT”
used in telecommunication networks, data centers and measurement or “type N” connector which has a key width of 2.09–2.14mm and an
equipment with singlemode fiber as well as polarization-maintaining adapter key width of 2.15–2.20mm. The other standard is known as the
optical fiber. “type R” which refers to its reduced key width. The type R connector
Metallic ferrules have a different expansion coefficient compared key width is 1.97–2.02mm and the adapter key width is 2.03–2.08mm.
to optical fibers. This caused the epoxy adhesive to fail when the The type R connector can be mated with a type N adapter, however
metallic ferrule expands and contracts with the change in ambient the connectors in the adapter may not be precisely aligned, thus
temperature. This is a process called “pistoning”. Ceramic ferrules have reducing the connector attenuation and return loss performance. The
a coefficient of expansion that is closer to optical fiber thus eliminating type N connector cannot be terminated into a type R adapter as the
the adhesive failure. connector key is wider than the adapter key slot.
The FC connector has a screw on connector body which locks the
connector body, isolating the cable tension from the ferrule. The FC
connector and bulkhead adapter has an alignment key to enable
correct ferrule orientation especially for angle polished ferrules. The
bulkhead adapter of the FC connector has a metallic barrel which
becomes a risk for damaging the ferrule when it is improperly inserted.
The FC connector has a machined metallic body which is screwed
onto the bulkhead adapter for connector termination. This connector
was widely used in all optical network when it was first introduced due FC Square Adapter, Solid Body
to its high connector reliability and performance. The FC connector is
no longer widely deployed after the Introduction of the SC connector.
However, the FC connector is still commonly used in optical testing
equipment such as the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) FC Round Adapter, D Style
and Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer (OCWR).
FC Oval Adapter, HD Style
IEC 61754-15
39.12 LSH Connector
The LSH connector, more popularly known as the E2000 connector,
is produced under license of Diamond, a Swiss company specialized
E-2000 APC
in customizing components and equipment. The E2000 name is
also trademarked by Diamond. The E2000 connector is also mainly
manufactured by Reichle & De-Massari (R&M) and Huber Suhner
under the license of Diamond.
The E2000 connector is a plastic push/pull connector with a 2.5mm
ferrule. The E2000 has a latch similar to an LC connector which holds Connector Lever
the connector in the bulkhead adapter to prevent accidental pull out.
In addition, the E2000 has an improvement by having a built-in dust
cap which automatically shuts when the connector is not terminated. E-2000 UPC
The auto shutter is designed with a lever at the top that is pushed to
open the shutter when it is inserted into the bulkhead connector. This
allows the connector ferrule endface to always be covered until it is
terminated to prevent contamination as well as provide protection Crimpset
against accidental laser exposure.
The connector is used mainly in high safety and high powered
transmission such as in DWDM networks. In such high powered
E 2000 Multimode
networks, the E2000 adapter has an angled, anti-reflection surface
that induces light diffusion and low reflectance when unmated. The
adapter can also have an auto shutter which blocks laser light from
escaping an unterminated adapter.
In a harsher environment such as in an underground closure patch
panel, there is a possibility of water ingress in the closure when
it is improperly sealed. In such cases, optical connectors in the
compromised closure will experience reduced performance due
to contamination. The E2000 connectors and adapters can have an
additional O-ring seal which makes the connector itself have an IP65
rating. This prevents water from entering the adapter barrel where the
ferrules mate.
IEC 61754-16
39.13 PN Connector
The PN Connector is also widely known as Plastic Fiber (PF) connector.
This connector is used mostly for Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) multimode
application. The connector has a duplex design with both the lever
locking and friction locking mechanism.
Source: Honda Tsushin Kogyo

IEC 61754-18
39.14 MT-RJ Connector
The Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack, or better known as the MT- process into the MT ferrule. The third iteration was two 900µm buffer
RJ, connector was introduced by AMP in the late 90’s as a low cost tube within a jumper but this design still presents a complication in
connector that looked like the copper RJ45 style connector. The the fiber insertion process. To overcome the fiber pitch issue, some
connector is a Small Form Factor (SFF) duplex connector, with two connectors are designed with a fiber transition boot that guides the
fibers in a single connector, designed to terminate into an Ethernet fiber into a 750µm pitch.
port of a computer modem or router. A single mini MT plastic ferrule A field installable MT-RJ connector but the assembly was complicated
houses two fibers spaced 750µm apart instead of the more prevalent and requires specialized tools such as a crimping tool, VFL with dual
ceramic zirconia ferrule. The connector is based on the multi-fiber MT light source and an MT-RJ to two simplex connectors are required
ferrule designed by NTT. to terminate the fibers. The fiber preparation requires both fibers
The MT-RJ connector is usually used for multimode optical fiber but to be stripped and cleaved with the same length. During the fiber
is also applicable in single mode networks. The connector is a Small insertion process, both fibers need to be inserted at the same time
Form Factor (SFF) duplex connector. The MT-RJ connector is used and the insertion length must be similar to prevent one fiber from
more in multimode networks due to the lower cost to manufacture over bending within the connector boot. In addition, the operator
the glass-filled thermoplastic ferrule by standard injection molding must be very clear on the polarity of the fibers. Due to the high skill
compared to a single mode ferrule that requires a more precise required and the high potential for failure, the field installable MT-RJ
glass-filled thermoset ferrule that must be transfer molded, which is was not popular.
a slower process.
The MT-RJ is separated into a male and female connector. The male
connector has two guide pins that slots into two holes of the female
MT-RJ Female Connector Standard
connector within the MT-RJ adapter to align the ferrules for connector
termination. As a general practice, the male connector is usually
terminated in the patching back panel, wall outlets or transceivers
while the female connector is used at the ends of jumper cords. This
practice is to set the male connectors in a static position to protect
the guide pins from accidental damage. A male to female patch cord
is used in the event where a mid-span connection is required. Some
unique MT-RJ connectors allow for the guide pins to be removed or
inserted to interchange the connector gender.
The connector has a latch that is designed similar to the copper
RJ45 connector. A single latch positioned at the top of the connector
locks the connectors within the bulkhead adapter. Depending on the MT-RJ Male Connector Standard
connector material, latch angle and arm deflection, the latch strength
differs. This causes a varying connector coupling performance
from different manufacturers which complicates the connector
performance consistency.
Due to the unique ferrule, the initial cable designed to be terminated
with the MT-RJ connector was a two fiber ribbon which separates the
fiber with a 750µm pitch which is similar with the fiber pitch in the
ferrule. Although cord construction eases the fiber insertion process
into the MT ferrule, it complicates the process when a hybrid patch
cord is manufactured. The second cord design iteration include a
two 250µm fiber within a 900µm buffer tube which was suitable for
a hybrid jumper manufacturing but complicated the fiber insertion
IEC 61754-19
39.15 SG ConnectorMT-RJ Connector
The SG connector, or better known as the Volition VF-45 connector,
was developed by 3M as a low cost solution for fiber interconnectivity
for fiber-to-the-desktop application. The connector removes the need
for ferrules but instead uses the v-groove fiber alignment technology.
The connector is designed to have the same appearance and
operation of a standard RJ45 connector.
The VF-45 connector is factory terminated with a fiber holder which

secures two or more fibers in place, a shroud and boot which protect
the fibers and secure the cable to the connector and an integral door
which acts as a dust cover. The VF-45 socket is field assembled without
the need of precision alignment tools. The v-groove aligns the fibers
within the socket and a mechanical grip holds the fibers securely in
place. The field assembled sockets are installed into wall outlets and
patch panels similar to RJ45 keystones.
Source: 3M
IEC 61754-20
39.16 LC Connector
The LC connector is designed by Lucent Technologies as the next
generation Small Form Factor (SFF) connector with a 1.25mm ferrule.
This is effectively half the size of an SC connector. The connector uses
a retaining tab mechanism to lock the connector when plugged into
a bulkhead adapter for a single fiber termination. LC connectors also
come in a duplex form for two simplex fiber terminations or quad
form for four simplex terminations. 900µm MINI Boot
LC connectors have been gaining popularity due to its small footprint
which saves precious network space and is currently the most common
SFF connector. The LC connector can be used with singlemode and
multimode fiber. The main area of application are telco networks such
as FTTH, LAN, data processing, device termination, CATV, cell towers &
antennas.
2.0mm MINI Boot
Further development of the LC connector latching mechanism and
boot enables the connector to be further packed into a smaller
space. The SENKO LC-HD connector has a pull tab which activates the
latching mechanism which releases the connector from the bulkhead
adapter. This removes the need for “finger space” between connectors
to fit an operator’s fingers to push onto the latch.
With an increased connector density, connector identification
3.0mm MINI Boot
becomes complicated. Such problems can be solved with new
connector identification technology such as RFID tagging and visual
LED lighting system. One such example is the SENKO EZ-Trace LC
which indicates the connector at the far end when a button on the
connector is pushed.
Push the button to The LED starts Flashing The LED light is Visible on the
1 activate the LED 2 emitting a red light 3 other end of the patch cord
LED Traceable Light

how to:
IEC 61754-21
39.17 SMI Connector
Molex developed the Small Multimedia Interface (SMI) for Plastic
Optical Fiber (POF) connector and transceiver system. The SMI
connector was designed to be a low-cost solution for home and
industrial transmission system. The connector is mostly used in home
networking, High Definition video display, home audio and theater
system as well as industrial network.
The SMI is a duplex connector system that can operate at S200

(250Mbps) speeds for up to 50 meters and S400 (500Mbps) in the
future. The SMI has a push-pull positive latching with a safe-release
mechanism.
The connector has a no-epoxy, no polish solution enables a quick

and simple field-termination process. The SMI solution also includes
a transceiver with a digital integrated fiber optic transmit and receive
modules.
Source: Design World
IEC 61754-22
39.18 F-SMA Connector
The F-SMA connector is one of the first generations of fiber optic
connectors. The connector uses a metallic ferrule where the fiber end
is free from epoxy glue. This allows for better thermal dissipation in the
fiber region of maximum power density. The body of the connector
and adapter are metallic and is a screwed on design.
The connector is designed for multimode fiber use and is mainly used
in high powered application such as industrial and medical systems
where short and medium range performance is required.
Source: Diamond
IEC 61754-23
39.19 LX.5 Connector
The LX.5 connector was introduced by AMP in the late 90’s as one
of the many Small Form Factor (SFF) connectors that gained in
popularity. The LX.5 was marketed as part of ADC’s premises cabling
system called Enterprise. The LX.5 connector adoption is largely
confined within the European markets.
Similar to most SFF connectors at that time, the LX.5 connector uses
a 1.25mm ferrule in a connector. The connector and the shutter has
a built-in shutter designed for eye safety. The spring loaded shutter
automatically rises as the connector fits into the adapter and returns
to fit over the ferrule when the connector is removed. The LX.5 is
available in a simplex and duplex form as single mode and multimode.
The LX.5 connector also has an integrated latching mechanism
that locks the connector into the adapter to prevent unintentional Source: Huber + Suhner
disconnection.
IEC 61754-24
39.20 SC-RJ Connector
The Subscriber Connector Registered Jack (SC-RJ) is a push/pull
Small Form Factor (SFF) developed by Reichle & De-Massari (R&M)
primarily for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet network connections of up to
100Mbps. The SC-RJ is the first connector to be specified for used with
all fiber types which are glass optical fiber, polymer optical fiber and
plastic cladded fiber. The connector can be used for both multimode
and single mode fiber.
On first look, the SC-RJ looks very similar to an SC duplex connector

but there is a difference. Although the SC-RJ is based on the better
known SC connector technology, the size of the SC-RJ is suitable to be
fitted within a standard RJ45 connector. Similar with the SC connector,
the SC-RJ connector uses the 2.5mm ferrule. The SC duplex connector
has two keys on top of each connector. However the SC-RJ connector
has three keys, one each facing the left, top and right side of the
connector.
The connector is specified for use with The SC-RJ is mainly used
Source: RDM
in office networks, campuses and industrial application. R&M has
also developed an IP67 SC-RJ connector for higher environmental
protection especially in industrial conditions. In addition, a field
installable solution is also available, however the fiber preparation is
very tedious, requiring the cord and fiber length to be accurate as well
as the fiber polarity.
IEC 61754-25
39.21 RAO Connector
The RAO connector is a multi-fiber connector which uses the MT
ferrule. This connector is designed with a built-in right-angled bend.
Due to the right-angled bend design, the connector requires the use
of fiber with low bending loss at 30mm bending radius so that the
radius of curvature at the 90 degree bend is maintained with a low
permissible loss.
The optical connection is the physical contact of optical fibres with

the rectangular MT ferrules with nominal dimensions of 6.4mm x
2.5mm which uses two 0.7mm diameter alignment pins.
The RAO connector enables the termination of up to four MT ferrules

in a single termination. Even when less connections is required, the
Source: IEC
connector needs to termination of four MT ferrules to maintain the
connector balance. This connector is mainly used in equipment
termination board and for fiber testing equipment.
IEC 61754-26
39.22 SF Connector
The SF connector is a low cost, high density connector developed by
NTT. The connector is designed to enable a direct multi fiber contact
by using micro holes without the need for ferrules. This allows the
SF connector to have a manufacturing cost of nearly a quarter of
standard multi-fiber connectors such as the MPO connector.
The connector is a plug which holds multiple fibers that are laid out
in a plane. The ends of the cleaved fibers protrude out of the plug. The
connector is terminated into a receptacle block that has micro holes
to align the fibers. One side of the fibers in the plug has a very small
micro bend when fully terminated. This is to ensure that the end faces
of the terminated fiber is pushing onto the fibers on the other side.
When two SF connectors are terminated into a receptacle block, a clip Source: NTT
similar to the MT connector is used to hold the connectors together.

The SF connector is mostly used for fiber termination in equipment
which has space constraints.
IEC 61754-27
39.23 M12 Connector
The M12 connector is a robust and watertight connector that is
suitable for glass optical fiber, plastic optical fiber and photonic-
crystal fiber. The connector is designed to protect the dual 2.5mm
ferrules endfaces during termination. Depending on the connector
design, the M12 connector can have an IP65 or IP67 protection.
The dual ferrules are at a level below the connector housing, thus they
are not exposed. The connector and adapter has notches which aligns
the connector before the ferrules are slid into the adapter barrel.
This ensures that the ferrules are not accidentally damaged during
Source: Phoenix Contact
connector termination.
The M12 connector is usually used in industrial application where a

more rugged connector assembly is required with a high IP rating,
tear-resistance, strain relief and other environmental protection such
as UV resistance.
IEC 61754-28
39.24 LF3 CONNECTOR
The LF3 or better known as the F-3000 connector was developed
by Diamond as the next evolution from their E-2000 connector.The
F-3000 connector was standardized as the LF3 connector in the IEC-
61754-28 standard.The F-3000 connector includes all the technical,
mechanical and optical features of the E-2000 connector in a Small
Form Factor (SFF) footprint.
The connector is available as a simplex, duplex as well as for backplane

application. The connector is fully compatible with the more widely
deployed LC connector.
The F-3000 connector uses Diamond’s patented two-part ferrule

and Active Core Alignment (ACA) technology. The assembly involves
two crimping tools that determines the position of the ferrule center
location and pushes the optical fiber core towards this center location.
This ensures the core concentricity error to be less than 0.2μm.
Source: Diamond
IEC 61754-29
39.25 BLINK Connector
The BLINK connector was introduced by Huber+Suhner as a customer A new keystone adapter, also known as modular jacks, is designed to
premises connection from the Internal Termination Point (ITP) to the enable the fiber termination from a pre-terminated CLIK! Connector
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) such as the Optical Network at the back and the BLINK connector from the front. This enables fiber
Terminal (ONT). Taking into consideration of general end customers termination to be available in existing keystone outlets rather than
who do not have the skill nor experience in handling optical fiber needing a new fiber outlet.
termination, the BLINK connector is designed to be a simple to use
jumper similar to an Ethernet cable.
The BLINK connector follows the standard Small Form Factor (SFF)
connector size and uses a 1.25mm ceramic zirconia ferrule. The BLINK
connector and adapter is designed to have an automatic metallic
shutter to protect the endface of the connector and adapter from dust
and mechanical damage. In addition, it also acts as a safety feature to
prevent exposure to laser light.
One additional feature of the BLINK connector is the auto disengage
from the adapter when the cable is accidentally pulled. Although
the connector can withstand 100N tensile load, this feature prevents
connector damage from a sudden high tensile stress. This design is
similar to standard home cabling for power, HDMI or USB connection.
The BLINK adapter is designed to enable connection to the BLINK
connector to standard LC or SC connector. The design enables the Source: Huber + Suhner
outward facing side of the adapter to be terminated with the BLINK

connector but the inward side to be suited for conventional LC and SC
connectors that will be installed by trained fiber technicians.
IEC 61754-30
39.26 CLIK! Connector
The CLIK! System was introduced by Huber+Suhner in 2011 for Master The CLIK! System includes a two-way and a four-way splitter, each
Antenna Television (MATV) and Direct-To-Home (DTH) applications. with different distribution requirements that are used based on cable
The system enables a quick and easy method to divide signal from a lengths and connectors. Three-way and five-way splitters will also
fiber optic Low Noise Block (LNB), designed for commercially available soon be available.
satellite systems, with matching splitters to deliver signal to multiple
customer premise equipment. The CLIK! System aims to replace
conventional coaxial cable network for satellite signal distribution.
The CLIK! System is currently deployed in Switzerland, Italy, Austria
and Germany.
The CLIK! System aims to use existing ducting within a customer
premise and using existing cabling within the duct as a pull cable
to haul in new fiber optic cable. The connector is designed to have a
small 5mm diameter suitable for hauling in ducting. In addition, the
connector is designed with a pulling eye to enable up to 100N pulling
tension. The connector can then be terminated into a splitter unit for
distribution throughout the customer premise.
Source: Huber + Suhner

IEC 61754-31
39.27 N-FO CONNECTOR
The N-FO connector which is also known as the ODC (OutDoor
Connector) was introduced by Huber+Suhner in 2015 as a robust
connector for Remote Radio Head (RRH) terminations. Huber+Suhner
identified that damage to optical fiber interfaces is one of the main
causes of defects during RRH installations, thus the ODC is designed
as a robust outdoor connector to handle harsh environments and
rough handling.
The ODC family comprises of a two-way and four-way push-pull
circular plug connector and socket set. Each fiber is housed within
a spring loaded 1.25mm ceramic non-angled ferule. The plug
connector has a key which fits into the socket keyway to align the
connector ferrules before termination. The socket has a spring loaded
threaded coupling nut which can be tightened after the connector is Source: Huber + Suhner
terminated.
The ODC provides harsh outdoor environment protection where RRH
are installed such as in coastal areas, urban buildings or rural tower
sites. The ODC can withstand temperature extremes, vibration, salt
mist, corrosive gases and high humidity.
IEC 61754-32
39.28 DiaLINK CONNECTOR
The DiaLink connector family was introduced by Diamond in 2016
as a flexible pre-terminated fiber optic cabling solution suitable for
installation in confined spaces with its slim 6mm connector design.
The DiaLink connector is designed for a wide range of application
including FTTH deployment, fiber optic LAN and medical applications.
DiaLink uses a 1.25mm ferule in a simplex connector with a push-pull
coupling mechanism. DiaLink has a male and a female connector side.
To provide adequate ferule contact, the male side of the connector
has a spring-loaded ferule while the female side has a fixed ferule. The
connector does not require an adapter for termination. Instead, the
fixed-ferule side of the connector has an integrated adapter sleeve to
provide connector alignment.
The DiaLink-Saver connector is designed with a breakaway coupling
device. The connector separates the fiber optic termination when Source: Diamond
subjected to a sudden pull force where the separated connectors can
be easily re-terminated without the need of special tools. The end
faces of disconnected DiaLink-Saver connectors are protected from
the environment, thus they can be re-terminated without the need
for end face cleaning. There are also adapters available to terminate a
DiaLink connector to an E2000 connector.
IEC 61754-34
39.29 URM CONNECTOR
The URM (yoU aRe Modular) fiber optic connector is introduced by
EUROMICRON Werkzeuge GmbH, a company that specialized in
high-tech solutions for digital buildings, smart industry and critical
infrastructure. The URM connector was certified in the IEC 61754-34
standard in October 2016.
The URM is a modular multi-fiber connector system with a small form
factor design for high density data center network application as a
higher performance alternative to MPO connectors. The connector is
available as a two fiber and eight fiber connector with both PC and
APC polished ferule.
Unlike MPO connectors where multiple fibers are terminated in a
single connector, each fiber in the URM connector is guided within
their individual 1.25mm spring loaded ceramic ferule. This enables
each fiber end face to be polished separately. The connector
termination alignment is guided by a resilient sleeve. The modular
Source: Euromicron
design of the connector also enables the connector polarities to be
changed.
The URM connector is specified to achieve low insertion loss of less
than 0.2dB. This is critical in low loss budget links such as 100GbE and
400GbE links.
Acknowledgement
The development of this white paper benefited significantly from the input and support provided by our partner, JGR Optics Inc. Their feedback
and guidance has provided invaluable insights, and the background information they provided has been vital to the development of this white
paper. We would like to give special thanks to each member of their team for sharing their time and expertise with us.
Biography
Bernard H. L. Lee is currently the Regional Technology Director at SENKO Advanced Components. He started his career in optical
communications in 2000 as a Senior Research Officer for DAVID, a European Union IST project. In 2003, he joined the R&D division at
Telekom Malaysia, where he held various technical and management positions, including Head of Photonic Network Research and
Head of Innovation and Communications, before joining the parent company in 2010 as Assistant General Manager of the Group
Business Strategy Division, where he oversees the company’s business direction. Bernard is also a member of the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET), and has served on the Board of Directors
of the Fiber-to-the-Home Council APAC.
Tomoyuki (Tom) Mamiya is currently Manager Engineering and QA Group of SENKO Japan. He joined SENKO Japan in July 1999,
and then joined SENKO Advanced Components in the United States to manage all global engineering efforts as a Engineering
Manager in February 2000. He worked in various engineering and product development positions before being promoted to
Global Vice President of Engineering in 2006. Prior to joining SENKO, he had worked for fiber optic component and equipment
manufacturing company in Japan for more than 5 years as R&D engineer. He hold over 10 patents in fiber optic component field
in world-widely, in the US, Euro, Japan, and Taiwan.

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1 OPTICAL FIBER

Optical Fiber Connector

Optical Fiber Connector

Contents 6 Introduction to SENKO

7 Basic of Optical Fiber

7 Introduction to Optical Fiber

7 Optical Fiber Connectivity

8 Fiber Optic Connectors

8 Basics of Fiber Optic Connectors

9 Fiber Optic Connector Assembly

12 Connector Assurance (GR-326-CORE)

14 Service Life Test

16 Extended Service Life Test

17 Random Mating Loss Performance

22 Introduction to Test Equipment

22 Optical Time Domain-based Measurement (OTDR)

23 Backscatter Coefficient Settings

23 Index of Refraction (IOR)

23 Mode Field Diameter (MFD) Mismatch

Optical Fiber Connector

Contents 25 Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer (OCWR)

27 Insertion Loss Measurement with OTDR

28 Return Loss Measurement with OTDR

29 Return Loss Measurement with OCWR

31 Optical Connector Ferrule & Contamination

35 Inspection Tools for MPO Connectors

38 Cleaning Challenges for MPO Connectors

39 IEC Connector Type

39.2 IEC 61754-3 LSA Connector

39.3 IEC 61754-4 SC Connector

39.4 IEC 61754-5 MT Connector

39.5 IEC 61754-6 MU Connector

39.6 IEC 61754-7 MPO Connector

Optical Fiber Connector

Contents 39.7 IEC 61754-8 CF08 Connector

39.8 IEC 61754-9 DS Connector

39.9 IEC 61754-10 Mini MPO Connector

SENKO Advanced Components develops, manufactures, markets and

SENKO Advanced Components was incorporated in the United States

An ISO-9001 approved company, SENKO is able to provide

Many of our products were created to resolve a specific design

Our mission is to be the best global provider of passive fiber optic

Basics of Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber Connectivity

Fiber Optic Connectors

There are many types of optical connectors. Different types of

A good connector design is determined by factors such as low Alignment Sleeve

Fiber Optic Connector Assembly

• The connector ferrule is now ready for polishing.

boot, bare buffer

polishing program are chosen

• The polished connector ferrule is then rinsed by using an ultrasonic washer

the acceptable tolerances

After rough polishing After medium polishing

After fine polishing

subassembly where it is to be crimped

Connector Assurance (GR-326-CORE)

As demand for optical connectors increases globally, so does the

List of Main Test Categories

These General requirements cover documentation, packaging,

A sequence of environmental and mechanical tests that

The program focuses on requirements for the manufacturing

Service Life Test

GR-326-CORE Environmental Service Life Test