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(1) Find the reduced row echelon form of the following matrices.
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1
1 1 1
A= 0 B= 2 2 2
1 2 3
1 0 1
0 1 2 3
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 3
C= 2 1 2 1 2 D=
2 3 4
0 1 0 1 0
ANSWER:
(a)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3
→ → →
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 −1 −2
0 1 2 3
→ 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b)
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 2 → 0 −2 0 → 0 −2 0 →
1 0 1 0 −2 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
0 −2 0 → 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
(c)
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 → 0 −1 0 −1 0 → 0 −1 0 −1 0 →
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2 PROBLEM SET 14 SOLUTIONS
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 −1 0 −1 0 → 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(d)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 −1
→ → →
2 3 4 0 −1 −2 0 −1 −2
1 0 −1
0 1 2
(2) Compute the ranks of the following matrices.
1 2 0 5 1 2 1
E= 2 3 1 4 F = −1 3 4
−1 −1 −1 1 2 −1 −3
1 2 1 1 3
G= 0 3 1 H = 2 −1
−2 1 4 −1 −3
ANSWER:
(a)
1 2 0 5 1 2 0 5 1 2 0 5
2 3 1 4 → 0 −1 1 −6 → 0 −1 1 −6
−1 −1 −1 1 0 1 −1 6 0 0 0 0
Two pivots so E has rank 2
(b)
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
−1 3 4 → 0 5 5 → 0 5 5
2 −1 −3 0 −5 −5 0 0 0
Two pivots, so F has rank 2
(c)
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
0 3 1 → 0 3 1 → 0 3 1
−2 1 4 0 5 6 0 0 13
Three pivots, so G has rank 3
(d)
1 3 1 3
2 −1 → 0 −7
−1 −3 0 0
Two pivots, so H has rank 2
PROBLEM SET 14 SOLUTIONS 3
ANSWER:
1 3 2 4 −3 | −7 1 3 2 4 −3 | −7
2
6 0 −1 −2 | 0 → 0 0 −4 −9
4 | 14 →
0 0 6 2 −1 | 12 0 0 6 2 −1 | 12
1 3 −1 4 2 | −6 0 0 −3 0 5 | 1
1 3 2 4 −3 | −7 1 3 2 4 −3 | −7
0
0 −4 −9 4 | → 0 0 −4 −9
14 4 | 14
→
0 0 0 46 −20 | −132 0 0 0 23 −10 | −66
0 0 0 −27 −8 | 38 0 0 0 −27 −8 | 38
1 3 2 4 −3 | −7 1 3 2 4 −3 | −7
0
0 −4 −9 4 | → 0 0 −4 −9
14 4 | 14
→
0 0 0 23 −10 | −66 0 0 0 23 −10 | −66
0 0 0 0 −454 | −908 0 0 0 0 1 | 2
1 3 2 4 0 | −1 1 3 2 4 0 | −1
0 0 −4 −9 0 | 6 0 0 −4 −9 0 | 6
→ →
0 0 0 23 0 | −46 0 0 0 1 0 | −2
0 0 0 0 1 | 2 0 0 0 0 1 | 2
1 3 2 0 0 | 7 1 3 2 0 0 | 7
0 0 −4 0 0 | −12 0 0 1 0 0 | 3
→
0 0 0 1 0 | −2 →
0 0 0 1 0 | −2
0 0 0 0 1 | 2 0 0 0 0 1 | 2
1 3 0 0 0 | 1
0 0 1 0 0 | 3
0 0 0 1 0 | −2
0 0 0 0 1 | 2
So x5 = 2 , x4 = −2, x3 = 3, x2 = C, x1 = 1 − 3C, which may
be rewritten as,
1 −3
0 1
3 +C 0
−2 0
2 0
4 PROBLEM SET 14 SOLUTIONS
(4) Find a matrix with the following property, or say why you can-
not have one.
1
1
(a) The complete solution to B · x = 2 is x =
.
0
4
1
5
(b) The complete solution to C · x = is x = 4 .
1
−2
ANSWER:
(a)
1 1
2 0
4 0
or any other
1 a
2 b
4 c
as long as the second column is not a multiple of the first.
(b) There is no such matrix. It would have to have two rows
and three columns. This would mean there would have to
be at least one free variable, and so there would have to be
more than one vector in the complete solution.
(5) The complete solution to
A·x = b
is
1 0 0
x = 0 + c1 1 + c2 0
0 0 1
What is A?
ANSWER: There is some ambiguity in the question. It is not
clear what the dimensions of b are. Assuming that b equals
b1
b2
b3
.
..
bn
PROBLEM SET 14 SOLUTIONS 5
is a linear transformation L : P2 → R.
ANSWER: By definition, L takes in a polynomial and
spits out a number. In fact,
a b
L(ax2 + bx + c) = + +c
3 2
What we have to show is that it does so in a linear way.
The easy answer is to say that a3 + 2b + c is a linear function
of the coefficients, end of story. But just for the sake of
it, let’s also see how to do this by checking the rules for
6 PROBLEM SET 14 SOLUTIONS
1r + 6b + 1y = 44
0r + 2b + 3y = 24
1r + 5b + 0y = 33,
y = 2, b = 9, r = −12