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Tutorial 1
Power Series
n 2
n
c (
n 0
x a ) c0 c1 ( x a ) c 2 ( x a )
Convergence
N
lim N S N ( x ) lim N n 0 C n ( x a ) n exists.
Interval of Convergence
The set of all real numbers for which the series converges.
Radius of Convergence
If R is the radius of convergence, the power series
converges for |x – a | < R and diverges for |x – a| > R.
• Absolute Convergence
Within its interval of convergence, a power series converges
absolutely. That is, the following converges.
n
n0 | cn ( x a) |
• Ratio Test
C n 1 ( x a ) n 1 C n 1
Suppose cn 0 for all n, and lim n
| x a | lim L
n Cn ( x a) n Cn
If L < 1, this
if L > 1, this if L = 1, the test
series converges
series diverges. fails.
absolutely.
Note.1. Power series about x = 0 is
y c 0 c1 x c 2 x 2 c3 x 3 c n x n
n 0
Note.2. Derivatives of Power series
dy
c1 2c 2 x 3c3 x 2 4c 4 x 3 nc n x n 1
dx n 1
d2y
2
2 . 1 .c 2 3 .2 .c 3 x 4 .3c 4 x 2
n n 1c n x n2
dx n2
Identity Property
a2 ( x) y a1 ( x) y a0 ( x) y 0
y P( x) y Q( x) y 0
P = a1(x)/a2(x), Q = a0(x)/a2(x)
Divergent
Example 1
Write n2 n(n 1)cn xn2 n0 cn xn1 as one power series.
Solution
Since
n 2 n 1 n2
n(n 1)c x
n cn x 0
2.1c2 x n(n 1)cn x cn x n1
n 2 n 0 n 3 n 0
k 1 k 1
We now obtain
n2 n 1
n ( n 1) cn x n
c x
n2 n 0
2c2 [(k 2)(k 1)ck 2 ck 1 ]x k
k 1
Solution:
Example
If we seek a power series solution y(x) for
y (1 x ) y 0
we obtain c2 = c0/2 and the recurrence relation is
ck ck 1
ck 2 , k 1, 2 , 3 ,
(k 1)(k 2)
Examination of the formula shows c3, c4, c5, … are expresses in
terms of both c1 and c2. However it is more complicated. To
simplify it, we can first choose c0 0, c1 = 0. Then we have
1
c2 c0
2
Example
c1 c0 c0 1
c3 c0
2.3 2.3 6
c c c0 1
c4 2 1 c0
3.4 2.3.4 24
c3 c2 c0 1 1 1
c5 c0
4.5 4.5 6 2 30