APPLICATION

OF ENERGY & CONTINUITY EQN

The energy (Bernoulli eqn) and continuity equation can
be applied to measure flow rate

 Orifice
 Venturi meter
 Orifice meter

1
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

Flow through small orifice and discharging to the

atmosphere
P1 v12 P2 v 2 2
  z1    z2
X1 g 2g g 2g
h
P1  P2  0; V1  0; Z1  Z2  h
X2

Theoretical
v 2  2gh velocity

2
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

This equation is known as Torricelli’s theorem i.e the

velocity of the issuing jet is proportional to H, where
H is the head producing flow.

Theoretical Discharge, Qtheory = Ao (2gh)

Where Ao= Area of the orifice

3
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

The actual discharge is less than theoretical discharge

because
•There is loss of energy between A and B ; the velocity of
jet is less than (2gH)
The flow area of the issuing jet (at C) is less than the
•

opening area of the orifice (at B)

The pressure at the opening is greater than
•
atmospheric pressure

4
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

Vena Contracta

B AO C  Aj

It only at C the path of the particle become parallel.

The section at C is called Vena Contracta.
5
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

Actual Velocity, Vactual  Cv 2gh

Actual Area of Jet at C, Aj = CcA0
Where Cc = Coefficient of Contraction (The value
depends on the profile of the orifice)

Actual Discharge = Actual Area at C x Actual Velocity at C

Qactual  Cc A o x C v 2gh

Cd  Cc x C v Qactual  Cd 2gh A o
6
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE
The values of coefficients Cd, Cv, Cc are determined
experimentally
Cd = Actual measured discharge
Theoretical Discharge

Cv = Velocity at Vena Contracta

Theoretical Velocity

Cc = Area of the jet at Vena Contracta

Area of the orifice

7
VENTURI METER

Throat

A2

A1

z2
 h
z1 x y
z man
8
VENTURI METER

The use of Venturi Meter is to measure discharge/

rate of flow in a pipeline.

The meter use the concept of pressure, energy and

continuity of flow to measure discharge.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation, first ignoring the
head loss

P1 v1 2 P2 v 2 2
  z1    z2
g 2g g 2g
9
VENTURI METER

Re arranging Bernoulli eqn

 P1  P 2  
v2 
2
v12  2g    z1  z 2 
 g  

 P1  P 2  
   z1  z 2  Can be found from U
 g   tube manometer

10
VENTURI METER

Px =Py

P1  g(z 2  z)  P2  g(z 2  z  h)  mangh

 P1  P2   man
   z1 z 2   h (  1)
 g   

11
VENTURI METER

Applying continuity equation to energy equation

v1A1 = v2A2
v2 = v1A1/A2

 A2   P1  P 2  
v1    2g 
   (z1  z 2)
 A1  A 2  
  g  

Hence the flow rate (discharge) can be obtained,

Q = vA
12
VENTURI METER

 
Q  v1A1  
A1A 2  2g  P1  P 2   (z1  z 2)
 

 A 1
2
 A2 2
 
   g  


 
Q
A1A 2  2gh 

 m an 
 1

 A 1
2
 A22  


  


13
VENTURI METER

From the equation above, it can be seen that Q is

independent of elevation z1 and z2.

In practice, some loss of energy would occur, the value

Q given above is a theoretical value

Actual Discharge, Q = CdQtheoretical

Cd is known as coefficient of discharge

14
ORIFICE PLATE

Uses to measure discharge in a pipeline

Uses the same concept as venturi meter i.e operates by
changing the flow area) by inserting an orifice plate
which has an opening smaller than the internal
diameter of the pipeline.
The arrangement is cheaper compare to the venturi
meter but there is substantial energy loses.

15
ORIFICE PLATE

A1 A2


man

16
VENTURI METER & ORIFICE PLATE
Theoretical/ideal discharge

A 2 A1   m an 
Q theory  2gh   
    1
2 1/ 2
A1
2
 A2  

Actual/real discharge

Qactual  Cd Q theory
Cd = Coefficient of discharge

17
VENTURI METER

The use of Venturi Meter is to measure discharge/

rate of flow in a pipeline.

The meter use the concept of pressure, energy and

continuity of flow to measure discharge.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation, first ignoring the
head loss

P1 v1 2 P2 v 2 2
  z1    z2
g 2g g 2g
18
VENTURI METER

Re arranging Bernoulli eqn

 P1  P 2  
v2 
2
v12  2g    z1  z 2 
 g  

 P1  P 2  
   z1  z 2  Can be found from U
 g   tube gauge

19
VENTURI METER

Px =Py

P1  g(z 2  z)  P2  g(z 2  z  h)  mangh

 P1  P2   man
   z1 z 2   h (  1)
 g   

20
VENTURI METER

Applying continuity equation to energy equation

v1A1 = v2A2
v2 = v1A1/A2

 A2   P1  P 2  
v1    2g 
   (z1  z 2)
 A1  A 2  
  g  

Hence the flow rate (discharge) can be obtained,

Q = vA
21
VENTURI METER

 
Q  v1A1  
A1A 2  2g  P1  P 2   (z1  z 2)
 

 A 1
2
 A2 2
 
   g  


 
Q
A1A 2  2gh 

 m an 
 1

 A 1
2
 A22  


  


22
VENTURI METER

From the equation above, it can be seen that Q is

independent of elevation z1 and z2.

In practice, some loss of energy would occur, the value

Q given above is a theoretical value

Actual Discharge, Q = CdQtheoretical

Cd is known as coefficient of discharge

23
ORIFICE PLATE

Uses to measure discharge in a pipeline

Uses the same concept as venturi meter i.e operates by
changing the flow area) by inserting an orifice plate
which has an opening smaller than the internal
diameter of the pipeline.
The arrangement is cheaper compare to the venturi
meter but there is substantial energy loses.

24
ORIFICE PLATE

A1 A2


man

25
VENTURI METER & ORIFICE PLATE
Theoretical/ideal discharge

A 2 A1   m an 
Q theory  2gh   
    1
2 1/ 2
A1
2
 A2  

Actual/real discharge

Qactual  Cd Q theory
Cd = Coefficient of discharge

26