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Elevators

Is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between


floors of a building. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors
that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist,
or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
Importance of elevators :
 Rapid Development.
 Comfort-To provide efficient and safe vertical transportation to
people in vertical buildings.
 Special Cases-1. vertical transportation of handicapped people.
 Municipals laws.

Components of elevators :

Basic Elevator Components


1. Elevator Car: It is vertically moving chamber in which passenger
or goods are transported. It is constructed of steel or iron
attached with steel frame.
Elevator car can be classified according to the number of entrance and
their locations as following:
 Normal cabin
 Open through cabin
 Diagonal cabin

2. Elevator shaft(hoistway): constructed with reinforced concrete


to accommodate the loading and fire resistance.
3. Counterweight: Counterweight is A tracked weight that is
suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide rails
along the hoistway walls..
4. Buffers: a device designed to stop descending car or
counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the force.
5. Car Operating Panel (COP).
6. Handrails.

Car Operating Panel Handrails


7. Governor: is to actuate the safety gear if the car speed exceeds
110-115% of it's rated value.
8. Suspension cables: Suspension Ropes are Suspension means for
car and counterweight, which are represented by steel wire
ropes.

Various roping systems

9. Doors: there are four types of hoistway doors, slide door, swing
door, telescopic door and collapsible gate.

Types of doors

Standard car size:


To prevent overloading of the car by persons, the available area of the
car shall be limited and related to the nominal/rated load of the
elevator.
Standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads.
Elevators types:
a. Traction Elevators (Pull Elevators) : are lifted by ropes, which
pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the
elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications
and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A
counter weight makes the elevators more efficient.

Traction Elevators
b. Hydraulic elevators : are supported by a piston at the bottom
of the elevator that pushes the elevator up. They are used for
low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum
speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic
elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator
shaft.

Hydraulic elevators

Elevator design
Design procedure:
 Number of needed elevators
 Best capacity of each elevator
 Best speed of elevator
 Required space for elevator car, door and location.
Required information:
 Building function and population
 Number of floors, height of floors and their areas
 Handling capacity or maximum flow rate
 Quality of service

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