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Tsai-Hsiang Chen
Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, National Taiwan Institute of Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4,
Taipei (Taiwan)
Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of Scott and Leblanc transformers for supplying unbalanced electric
railway demands mainly from the point of view of voltage imbalance. Feeding traction loads from the
public power system may lead to some voltage imbalance on the latter and consequently affect the
operation of its power supply system and other equipment connected with it. A Scott connection transform-
ing a three-phase to a two-phase supply (or two single-phase supplies) can reduce the degree of the voltage
imbalance due to large unbalanced railway demands and therefore is adopted in some railway power supply
systems, particularly in systems with small short-circuit capacity. A Leblanc connection has the same effect
but has not gained the same popularity as the Scott connection and is by no means so well known. The
equivalent loads and formulas for estimating the voltage imbalance for these two connections are derived
and compared in this paper. The results are of value to engineers and consultants working in the field to
make a correct selection during periods of planning and design.
Key words: Scott connection; Leblanc connection; Electric railway; Voltage imbalance; Equivalent and
traction loads
b2
2. Scott connection
PCC
Figure 1 shows the phasor and connection dia- Fig. 1. P h a s o r and c o n n e c t i o n d i a g r a m s of a Scott connected
grams of a Scott c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r [4]. It is transformer.
obvious t h a t the Scott c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r
transforms the three-phase to a two-phase supply
(or two single-phase supplies). Because this con- 2.2. Equivalent loads
nection scheme makes the two single-phase loads To simplify the derivations, the transformers
in the s e c o n d a r y side draw three-phase power from were assumed to be ideal. Hence, no impedance
the power supply system on the primary side, it exists in the transformers and therefore no
reduces the degree of voltage imbalance caused by voltage drop and loss is incurred. According to
single-phase traction loads on their power supply this assumption, the t r a c t i o n load and transform-
system. ers in the railway substation can be simply repre-
sented by their equivalent loads and the voltage
2.1. Current and voltage relationships imbalances of the p r i m a r y side of the t r a n s f o r m e r
From Fig. 1, the c u r r e n t and voltage relation- t h a t is the point of common coupling (PCC) can
ships of the primary and s e c o n d a r y of the Scott therefore be e v a l u a t e d easily.
t r a n s f o r m e r are The relationships of the complex powers, cur-
rents, and voltages of the s e c o n d a r y are
-2N2.
i~ - x/~ N1 ~LI (la) SL1 - SL1
i'1 - VL1 -- x/3(N2/N1) Y~,cc (5a)
i~ - i~
2 N2 . ----~N2 ( ~ 3 ~L~
N~ ~L2 " -- iL2) (lb) SL2 -- j SL2
i*z -- VL2 -- x/3(N2/N~) V~cc (55)
ic = i~ g2. N2f 1 )
L --~--~-~L2=~ll~iL~+iL2 (lc) Substituting eqn. (5) in eqn. (1),
----
gpcc/-30
ab o 2 SL1
VL1 = N2 (2a) i~* -- - (6a)
Ni 3 V apcc
. -o Secondary Side
'p-".)\ ~, 12.~,,3
VL2 +--o SL2
2~ 1/3P'u"bl 2/3p.u. b2
1p.u.
y
c
vL2
@
Fig. 3. P h a s o r and c o n n e c t i o n diagrams of a Leblanc c o n n e c t e d transformer•
238
N~ VP~C/- 30°
VL2--
1 N2
3 N
~b
V p c c ( - 1 -{- 2~2 - a) - N2VpcJ60O
N1
ab
(10a)
(10b)
< Z, ZL i[
0
0 ][i~]
Zc"iClLJCL_J
vo
V"
(19)
239
V(p°)~ = - Zsi(~ ) (24) Substituting eqn. (35) into eqn. (32) yields
Vg23c_ - Z s ( 2 k - 1) (36)
Y(p~)o = E~~) - Zsi(~ ) (25)
Y(,'c)c zs + z,,
V(,2)c~= - Zsi(~ ) (26)
Hence,
Substituting eqn. (26) into eqn. (23) yields
V(,Z~)c= - SL(2k - 1) (37)
i(~) = Zx + Zs i(~) (27) V(,12c Ss + SL
Zz So
Substituting eqn. (27) into eqn. (22) gives
d2 = V~)~c - SLI2k -- 11 (38)
V(,) = - Z x ( Z x + Zs) + Z y Z z V~£ Ss + SL
pco Zz i ~) (28)
Equation (38) shows t h a t the imbalance is elimi-
Dividing eqn. (26) by eqn. (28), side by side, pro- n a t e d w h e n the two t r a n s f o r m e r loads are equal,
vides w h e n k --0.5. A comparison of the voltage imbal-
ance with t h a t of the single-phase connection
V(~)c - ZsZz (29) scheme appears in Fig. 5, w h e r e the voltage im-
V(pic)c ZX2 -]- Z x Z S -- Z y Z z balance of the single-phase connection scheme is
Substituting eqn. (21) into eqn. (29) yields
d2 = v~c)c SL
V~2c (z5 + ~ZbL+ ~2Z~)Z~ V(pl:c = SS -~- SL (39)
V(12c (ZLZ
L a b _~ ZLZLb c ~_ ZLZL
) c a -~- ( Z ~ -~- Z b -~- Z ~ ) Z S
(30) Singl¢-Ph~ Corme~on
1
in which
a b b ~ 3 Z L 1 2 Z L 2 ( Z L 1 71- ZL2 )
0.6. Le Blanc Connection
ZL Z L -~ ZL Z L --~ Z~ Z~ = ~ 3ZL12 ~- ZL22
(31a) 0.2-
3 (ZL1 ~ - ZL?)ZL~ 0 I I I I ~ I I I I I
Zp+ + ~ZbL+ ~2Z~+ - (31b) 0 0,1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0,5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2 3ZL12+ ZL22
k
3 (z~ + z~)~z~,
Fig. 5. C o m p a r i s o n of voltage imbalances for v a r i o u s trans-
Z~ + Z~, + Z~ - 2 3ZL] 2 + ZL2 2 (31c) former c o n n e c t i o n schemes.
240
Assuming SL << Ss, eqn. (38) becomes To guarantee the quality of the power supply
system, more detailed study of the imbalance
d2 = VV~)~
(1) ~
SL 12k _ 11 _ d2 (40) effects of the traction load on its power supply
--pcc system is necessary [6, 7]. Hence, a three-phase
Figure 5 shows that the Leblanc connection power flow program with some advanced func-
has the same performance as that of the Scott tions that are suitable to analyze the transmis-
connection from the imbalance point of view. sion system imbalance problem is under
However, the great cost of the Scott transformers development by the author and his research
is the major disadvantage of the Scott connec- team. More rigorous results will be obtained in
tion. Figure 5 shows that the imbalance is signifi- the near future.
cantly reduced if the two transformer loads are
closer. However, the two traction loads depend
on the normal scheduling and the need to main- References
tain an adequate distance between trains. The
inherent diversity of the traction loads also 1 D. I. Bailey and K. M. Jones, The supply of large rail traction
loads from small isolated power systems, Sources and Effects
makes this condition impossible. Therefore, the of Power System Disturbance, IEE Conf. Publ., London, No.
adoption of the Leblanc and Scott connections 210, 1982, pp. 260 266.
requires a suitable operating schedule for the 2 B. A. Ross, Meeting tomorrow's railroad power require-
trains to use the advantages of these systems ments, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., PAS-90 (1971) 393
during the entire operating period. 400.
3 T. H. Chen, Measurement and Analysis of Taipower
Transmission System, Nat. Taiwan Inst. Technol., Taipei,
1992.
5. C o n c l u s i o n 4 I. L. Kosow, Electric Machinery and Transformers, Prentice-
Hall, New York, 1991, pp. 559-562.
5 A. C. Franklin and D. P. Franklin, The J&P Transformer
The Leblanc connection has been proved to Book, Butterworths, London, l l t h edn., 1983.
have the same imbalance effect on the power 6 T. H. Chen, M. S. Chen, K. J. Hwang, P. Kotas and E. A.
supply system as that of the Scott connection. Chebli, Distribution system power flow analysis a rigid
However, more advantages can be obtained by approach, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 6 (1991) 1146
1152.
using the Leblanc rather than the Scott trans-
7 T. H. Chen, M. S. Chen, T. Inoue, P. Kotas and E. A. Chebli,
former. Hence, if a three-phase power supply Three-phase cogenerator and transformer models for distri-
scheme is adopted, the Leblanc transformer is a bution system analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 6 (1991)
better choice than the Scott transformer. 1671 1681.