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1
3.2.1 Caso 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.2 Caso 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2
Capı́tulo 1
The solutions of the free Dirac’s equation in the Dirac’s representation are given by:
(α)
φ 1 0
u(α) = N , φ(1) = , φ(2) = , (1.1)
c/ (E + mc2 ) (~σ · p~) φ(α) 0 1
2 (α)
c/ (E + mc ) (~
σ · p~) χ 1 0
v (α) = N , χ(1) = , χ(2) = , (1.2)
χ(α) 0 1
with a adequate normalization factor N and the set ~σ = (σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 ) of the Pauli’s Matrices.
Choose two of these four solution and derive them from the results of the class wich were
obtained in the quiral representation.
Answer
In the class we have obtained the following solution in the quiral representation
3
3 1 2
E/c + mc − p −p + ip
1 2 3
−p − ip
(2) E/c + mc + p
u(1)
qu = C , uqu = C , (1.3)
E/c + mc + p3 p1 − ip2
1 2 3
p + ip E/c + mc − p
E/c + mc − p3 −p1 + ip2
− (p1 + ip2 ) E/c + mc + p3
(1)
(2)
vqu = C
,
qu v = C , (1.4)
3
− (E/c + mc + p ) −p1 + ip2
− (p1 + ip2 ) −E/c − mc + p3
where
1
C =p (1.5)
2m (E + mc2 )
We get the Dirac’s representation simply by making
(α)
uD = V † u(α)
qu (1.6)
(α)
vD = V † vqu
(α)
(1.7)
where
1 12 −12
V =√ . (1.8)
2 12 12
Therefore, be φ as it follows
φ
1
φ2
φqui =
.
(1.9)
φ3
φ4
So we have
1 0 1 0 φ φ + φ3
1 1
1 0 1 0 1 φ2 φ + φ4
= √1 2
φD = V −1 φqui
=√ (1.10)
2
−1 0
1 0 φ3 2
−φ1 + φ3
0 −1 0 1 φ4 −φ2 + φ4
4
1.1 For u(1)
(1)
uD = V † u(1)
qu
(E/c + mc − p3 ) + E/c + mc + p3
1 2 1 2
(−p − ip ) + (p + ip )
C
= √
2 − (E/c + mc − p3 ) + E/c + mc + p3
− (−p1 − ip2 ) + (p1 + ip2 )
1 2
2E/c + 2mc (E + mc )
c
C 0 2C 0
= √ = √
2 2p 3
2
p 3
1 2 1 2
2 (p + ip ) (p + ip )
1
2C 1
2
0
= √ E + mc (1.11)
2 c p 3
c
(E+mc )2
1 2
p + ip
Of this way
~σ · p~ = σ 1 p1 + σ 2 p2 + σ 3 p3
0 p1 0 −ip2 p3 0
= + +
1 2 3
p 0 ip 0 0 −p
p3 p1 − ip2
=
1 2 3
p + ip −p
5
We define
1
φ(1) = (1.12)
0
Therefore,
3 1 2 3
p p − ip 1 p
(~σ · p~) φ(1) = = (1.13)
1 2 3 1 2
p + ip −p 0 p + ip
6
(2)
uD = V † u(2)
qu
1 2 1 2
(−p + ip ) + p − ip
3 3
−
C (E/c + mc + p ) + E/c + mc p
= √
2 1 2
− (−p + ip ) + p − ip 1 2
3 3
− (E/c + mc + p ) + E/c + mc − p
0 0
2C (E/c + mc) 2C 1 1
= √ = √ E + mc2
2 (p1 − ip2 )
2c
(p1 − ip2 )
c
(E+mc2 )
−p3 −p3
0
r
1 2
, with N = (E + mc )
= N (1.15)
(p1 − ip2 )
mc2
c
(E+mc2 ) 3
−p
Let’s define
0
φ(2) = (1.16)
1
So
p3 p1 − ip2 0 p1 − ip2
(~σ · p~) φ(2) = = (1.17)
1 2 3 3
p + ip −p 1 −p
7
(1)
vD = V † vqu
(1)
3 3
(E/c + mc − p ) − (E/c + mc + p )
1 2 1 2
− −
C (p + ip ) (p + ip )
= √
2 − (E/c + mc − p3 ) − (E/c + mc + p3 )
1 2 1 2
+ (p + ip ) − (p + ip )
3 3
−2p c
p
1 2 (E+mc2 ) 1 2
−2 (p + ip )
C 2C 1 2
(p + ip )
= √ = −√ E + mc
2 −2 1c (E + mc2 )
2c
1
0 0
Whe define
1
χ(1) = ⇒ (1.18)
0
3 1 2 3
p p − ip 1 p
(~σ · p~) χ(1) = = (1.19)
p1 + ip2 −p3 0 p1 + ip2
Therefore
c (1)
(1) 2C 1 (~σ · p~) χ
(E+mc2 )
E + mc2
vD = −√
2c χ(1)
r
c (1)
(~
σ · p
~) χ 2
2
= −N (E+mc ) , N = (E + mc ) (1.20)
χ(1) mc2
8
Using the result (1.10) with v (2) , we find
(2)
vD = V † vqu
(2)
1 2 1 2
(−p + ip ) − p + ip
3 3
− −
C (E/c + mc + p ) E/c mc + p
= √
2
1 2 1
− (−p + ip ) − p + ip 2
3 3
− (E/c + mc + p ) − E/c − mc + p
1 2 1 2
2 (−p + ip ) c
(p − ip )
3 (E+mc2 ) 3
−p
C +2p 2C 1 2
= √ = −√ E + mc (1.21)
2
0
2c
0
2 (−E/c − mc) 1
We difine
0
χ(2) = ⇒ (1.22)
1
3 1 2 1 2
p p − ip 0 p − ip
(~σ · p~) χ(2) = = (1.23)
1 2 3 3
p + ip −p 1 −p
Therefore
c (2)
r
(2) (E+mc2 )
(~σ · p~) χ (E + mc2 )
vD = −N , N = (1.24)
χ(2) mc2
9
Capı́tulo 2
Answer
In the chiral representarion, we have
i
0 12 0 σ
γ0 = , γi = (2.2)
i
12 0 −σ 0
10
Of this way
γ 5 = iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3
1 2 3
0 12 0 σ 0 σ 0 σ
= i
12 0 −σ 1 0 −σ 2 0 −σ 3 0
−σ 1 0 −σ 2 σ 3 0
= i
1 2 3
0 σ 0 −σ σ
σ1σ2σ3 0
= i
1 2 3
0 −σ σ σ
1 2 3 2 3
σ2σ3 = σ ,σ + σ ,σ (2.3)
2
1 231 1
= 2iε σ + 2η 23 12
2 | {z }
0
1
= iσ (2.4)
Therefore
σ 1 (iσ 1 ) 0
γ5 = i
1 1
0 −σ (iσ )
−σ 1 σ 1 0 −12 0
= = (2.5)
0 σ1σ1 0 12
In last class we have derived the spin operator in the representation (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2). Its
components are
i
} σ 0
Si = , (2.6)
2 0 σ i
} 5 0 i
Si = γ γ γ (2.7)
2
Answer
11
From the last answer, we have
i
−12 0 0 12 0 σ
γ 5γ 0γ i =
0 12 12 0 −σ i 0
i
0 −12 0 σ
=
i
12 0 −σ 0
σi 0
= (2.8)
i
0 σ
As we desired!
Justify from the Dirac’s equation that the Hamiltonian for the Dirac’s theory is given by
HD = cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 (2.10)
Answer
From Dirac’s equation, we have
(pµ γ µ − mc14 ) ψ = 0
p0 γ 0 + pi γ i − mc14 ψ = 0
p0 + pi γ 0 γ i − mcγ 0 ψ = 0
cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 ψ
i}∂t ψ =
≡ HD ψ
Therefore
HD = cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 (2.11)
12
2.3 Item (c)
dO i ∂O
= [HD , O] + (2.12)
dt } ∂t
dxi
14 = cγ 0 γ i (2.14)
dt
dS i
= −cεijk γ 0 γ j pk (2.15)
dt
with the O4 matrix in four dimensions.
Answer
For pi , we have
dpi i ∂pi
= HD , pi +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , pi
=
}
i 0 j j
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , pi 14
=
}
i 0 j j i i i 2 0
= cγ γ p , p 14 + p mc γ , 14
} } | {z }
0
i 0 j j i
= cγ γ p , p 14 (2.16)
}
we have
13
For xi , we have
dxi i ∂xi
= HD , xi +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , xi
=
}
i 0 j j
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , xi 14
=
}
i 0 j j i i i 2 0
= cγ γ p , x 14 + x mc γ , 14
} } | {z }
0
i 0 j j i
= cγ γ p , x 14
}
we have
dxi i 0 j j i
= cγ γ p , x 14
dt }
i 0 j j i i 0 i j j
= cγ γ p , x 14 + cγ , x 14 γ p
} } | {z }
=0
i 0 j j i i 0 j i j
= cγ γ p , x 14 + cγ γ , x 14 p
} } | {z }
=0
i 0 j j i
= cγ γ p , x
}
i j
x , p = i}δ ij
dxi i
= − cγ 0 γ j i}δ ij = cγ 0 γ i
(2.19)
dt }
14
For S i , we have
dS i i ∂S i
= HD , S i +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , S i
=
}
i 0 j j 2 0 } 5 0 i
= cγ γ p + mc γ , γ γ γ
} 2
ic 0 j j 5 0 i imc2 0 5 0 i
= γ γ p ,γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ
2 2
ic 0 j j imc2 0
γ γ p , iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i + γ , iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i
=
2 2
2
c mc
= − γ 0 γ j pj , γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i − γ 0, γ0γ 1γ 2γ 3γ 0γ i
2 2
c 0 j j 1 2 3 0 0 i mc2 0 1 2 3 0 0 i
= γ γ p ,γ γ γ γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ γ γ γ
2 2
cpj 0 j 1 2 3 i mc2 0 1 2 3 i
= γ γ ,γ γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ γ
2 2
c 0 j j 1 2 3 i 1 0 1 2 3 i
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ + γ , γ γ γ γ cpj γ j + mc2 14
= (2.20)
2 2
c 0 j j 1 2 3 i c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i , γ j
γ p γ ,γ γ γ γ
2 2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2
3 i j 1 2 j 3 i
γ γ ,γ + γ γ ,γ γ γ
2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i , γ j − γ 3 , γ j γ i
2
c
− γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 , γ j − γ 1 , γ j γ 2 γ 3 γ i
2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 2η ij − 2η 3j γ i
2
c
− γ 0 pj γ 1 2η 2j − 2η 1j γ 2 γ 3 γ i
2
= cpi γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 − cp3 γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ i + cγ 0 p2 γ 1 γ 3 γ i − cγ 0 p1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i
15
For i = 1
c 0 j j 1 2 3 1
γ p γ ,γ γ γ γ = cp3 γ 0 γ 2 γ 1 γ 1 + cγ 0 p2 γ 1 γ 3 γ 1
2
= −cp3 γ 0 γ 2 + cγ 0 p2 γ 3 = cγ 0 p2 γ 3 − p3 γ 2 = −cγ 0 ε1jk γ j pk (2.21)
For i = 2
c 0 j j 1 2 3 2
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = cp3 γ 0 γ 1 − cγ 0 p1 γ 3 = −cγ 0 p1 γ 3 − cp3 γ 1 = −cγ 0 ε2jk γ j pk
(2.22)
2
For i = 3
c 0 j j 1 2 3 3
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = cp1 γ 0 γ 2 − cγ 0 p2 γ 1 = cγ 0 p1 γ 2 − cp2 γ 1 = −cγ 0 ε3jk γ j pk
(2.23)
2
Therefore, we conclude that
c 0 j j 1 2 3 i
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = −cγ 0 εijk γ j pk (2.24)
2
With second term of (2.20) must vanish. Let’s prove it:
0 1 2 3 i
= − γ 1γ 2 γ 3γ i , γ0 = γ 1γ 2
3 i 0 1 2 0 3 i
γ ,γ γ γ γ γ γ ,γ + γ γ ,γ γ γ
= γ 1γ 2 γ 3 γ i, γ0 − γ 3, γ0 γ i
+ γ 1 γ 2, γ0 − γ 1, γ0 γ 2 γ 3γ i
= γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 2η i0 − 2η 30 γ i + γ 1 2η 20 − 2η 10 γ 2 γ 3 γ i
= 0 (2.25)
16
is constant for a free particle.
Answer
dLi dxj k k
j dp
14 = εijk p +x 14
dt dt dt
j k
ijk dx k j dp
= ε p +x 14
dt dt
= εijk cγ 0 γ j pk (2.27)
On other way:
dLi i ∂Li
= HD , Li +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , εijk xj pk 14
=
}
i
HD , εijk xj pk 14
=
}
i ijk 0 m m
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , xj pk 14
= ε
}
i ijk 0 m m j k i
cγ γ p , x p 14 + mc2 εijk xj pk γ 0 , 14
= ε
} } | {z }
=0
ic ijk 0 m m
γ (γ p ) , xj pk 14
= ε
}
ic ijk 0
γ γ m pm , xj pk 14 + γ 0 , 14 xj pk (γ m pm )
= ε
} | {z }
=0
ic ijk 0 m m j k
= ε γ γ p , x p 14 + [γ m , 14 ]xj pk pm
} | {z }
=0
ic ijk 0 m m j k
= ε γ γ p ,x p
}
ic
= − εijk γ 0 γ m xj pk , pm + xj , pm pk
} | {z }
=0
ic
= − εijk γ 0 γ m i}δ jm pk
}
ijk 0 j k
= cε γ γ p ⇒
dLi
= cεijk γ 0 γ j pk (2.28)
dt
17
d ~
Calculus of dt
J
d i d i d
J = L + Si
dt dt dt
= cε γ γ p − cεijk γ 0 γ j pk
ijk 0 j k
= 0⇒
J~ = cte
d
Calculus of dt
h
S i pi 1 X dS i i i
P
d i i dp
h = = p +S
dt |~p| |~p| i dt dt
1 X dS i i
= p
|~p| i dt
cγ 0 γ j X ijk k i
= − ε p p
|~p| i
= 0⇒
h = cte (2.29)
Answer
pµ → pµ − qAµ
(pµ γ µ − mc14 ) ψ = 0 ⇒
18
[(pµ − qAµ ) γ µ − mc14 ] ψ = 0
π i = pi − qAi
0 i i
cγ γ π + mc2 γ 0 + qφ14 ψ
i}∂t ψ =
≡ H̃D ψ
Calculus of [π µ , π ν ]
π µ = pµ − qAµ
19
[π µ , π ν ] ψ = [pµ − qAµ , pν − qAν ] ψ
= [pµ − qAµ , pν ] ψ
= [pµ , pν ]ψ − [qAµ , pν ] ψ
| {z }
=0
− [pµ , qAν ] ψ + [qAµ , qAν ]ψ
| {z }
=0
= −q (A p − p A ) ψ − q (pµ Aν − Aν pµ ) ψ
µ ν ν µ
= i}q [∂ ν Aµ − ∂ µ Aν ] ψ
= −i}q [∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ ] ψ = −i}qF µν ψ ⇒
[π µ , π ν ] = −i}qF µν
d i
Calculus of dt
π
d i ih i ∂
π 14 = H̃D , π + π i 14
i
dt } ∂t
ih i ∂
= H̃D , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i 0 j j ∂
= cγ γ π + mc2 γ 0 + cqA0 14 , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i 0 j j i i 2 0 i
= cγ γ π , π + mc γ , 14 π
} } | {z }
=0
icq ∂
+ 14 A0 , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i 0 j j i
= cγ γ π , π
}
icq 1 0 ∂
p − π , π + π i 14
0
i
+ 14
} q ∂t
20
i 0 j j i ic 0 i
= cγ γ π , π − 14 π , π
} }
ic 0 i ∂ i
+ 14 p , π + π 14
} ∂t
0 i
p , π ψ = p0 π i ψ − π i p0 ψ
= p0 π i ψ + π i p 0 ψ − π i p0 ψ
= p0 π i ψ ⇒
0 i i} ∂π i
p , π = p0 π i =
c ∂t
d i i 0 j j i ic 0 i
π 14 = cγ γ π , π − 14 π , π
dt } }
i
ic i} ∂π ∂
+ 14 + π i 14
| } c ∂t {z ∂t }
=0
j i
π , π = − π i , π j = − −i}qF ij = i}qF ij
F ij = −εijk B k ⇒
j i
π , π = −i}qεijk B k
0 i Ei
π , π = −i}qF 0i = i}q ⇒
c
Where
Ei
F 0i = − ⇒
c
21
Finally
Ei
d i ic i
+ cγ 0 γ j −i}qεijk B k
π 14 = − 14 i}q
dt } c }
i ijk 0 j k
= q E 14 + cε γ γ B (2.31)
22
Capı́tulo 3
with the associated Laguerre’s polynomial Lαm (%) . Important: Note that these polynomios
are defined of a different way that in the mathematical literature.
23
with s = − (σ + 1), show that for the hydrogen atom
Z ∞
1 1
= drrRnl (r)2 = (3.4)
r a0 n2
Z0 ∞
1 1
2
= drRnl (r)2 = 2 3 (3.5)
r 0 a0 n (l + 1/2)
Answer
We know thatwhere
s 3
2 (n − l − 1)!
Rnl (r) = exp (−ρ) (2ρ)l L2l+1
n+l (2ρ) (3.6)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3
r
ρ= (3.7)
an
From (3.4) and (3.6),
Z ∞
1
= drrRnl (r)2
r 0
Z ∞ 3
2 (n − l − 1)! 2l 2l+1 2
= drr 3 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) Ln+l (2ρ)
0 na 2n [(n + l)!]
Z ∞ 3
2 r r 2 (n − l − 1)! 2l 2l+1 2
= (an) d 3 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) Ln+l (2ρ)
0 an an na 2n [(n + l)!]
3
(an)2 2 (n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
2
dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)2l+1 L2l+1
= 3 n+l (2ρ)
2 na 2n [(n + l)!] 0
2 (n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
2l+1 2l+1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
n2 a [(n + l)!]3 0
Z ∞
1 (n − l − 1)! 2
d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)2l+1 L2l+1
= 2 3 n+l (2ρ)
n a [(n + l)!] 0
Defining
% = 2ρ
We find
24
1 (n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
1 2
d% exp (−%) %2l+1 L2l+1
= 2 3 n+l (2ρ)
r n a [(n + l)!] 0
α = 2l + 1
2l = α − 1
m = n+l
1 (n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
1
= 2 d% exp (−%) %α−0 (Lαm (%))2
r n a [(n + l)!]3 0
It follows that
σ=0
3 σ
σ m+k m−α+k
1 1 (n − l − 1)! σ (m!) σ!
X
= 2 3 (−1) (−1)k
r n a [(n + l)!] (m − α)! k=0 k σ σ
3 0
1 (n − l − 1)! 0 (m!) 0!
X 0 m+k m−α+k
= 2 3 (−1) (−1)k
n a [(n + l)!] (m − α)! k=0 k 0 0
| {z }
=1
3
1 (n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!] 1 (n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!]3
= = ⇒
n2 a [(n + l)!]3 (n + l − 2l − 1)! n2 a [(n + l)!]3 (n − l − 1)!
1 1
= 2
r na
From (3.5) and (3.6),
25
Z ∞
1
= drRnl (r)2
r2 0
Z ∞ 3
2 (n − l − 1)! 2l 2l+1 2
= dr exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
0 na 2n [(n + l)!]3
Z ∞ 3
r 2 (n − l − 1)! 2l 2l+1 2
= (an) d 2 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
0 an na 2n [(n + l)!]3
3
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
(an) 2 2l 2l+1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
2
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
2 2l 2l+1 2
= d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
α = 2l + 1
2l = α − 1
m = n+l
2
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
1 2
= d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)α−1 [Lαm (2ρ)]2 ⇒
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
σ = −1 ⇒
s = − (σ + 1) = 0
2 ∞
(n − l − 1)!
Z
1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)α−1 [Lαm (2ρ)]2
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
−1
2 3 s
s α+s−k m−α+k
2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)s−k
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (s + 1)! k=0 k s+1 s
−1
2 3 0
0 α+0−k m−α+k
2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)0−k
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! k=0 k 0+1 0
| {z }
=1
−1
2 3 0
0 α+0−k
2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)0−k
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! k=0 k 0+1
−1
2 3
0 α+0−0
2 (n − l − 1)! (m!)
= 3
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! 0 0+1
| {z }
=1
26
−1
−1
α
α! 1
= =
1 1! (α − 1)! α
2
(n − l − 1)! (m!)3 1
1 2
=
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 (m − α)! α
2
[(n + l)!]3
2 (n − l − 1)! 1
= 3
na 2n [(n + l)!] (n + l − (2l + 1))! (2l + 1)
2
(n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!]3
2 1
= 3
na2n [(n + l)!] (n − l − 1)! (2l + 1)
4 2 1
= 2 3
= 2 3 = 2 3
2a n (2l + 1) a n (2l + 1) a n (l + 1/2)
3.2.1 Caso 1:
∧ 4
p~ 2
e2
1
gVrel =− 3 2 =− H0 +
8m c 2mc2 4πε0 r
27
Z
(0)
hgVrel i = dV φ† (~r) (gVrel ) φ (~r)
2
e2 1
Z
1 †
= − dV φ (~r) H0 + φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r
Z 2 2 2
!
1 e 1 e 1 1
= − dV φ† (~r) H02 + + H0 + H0 φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r2 4πε0 r r
2 2 !
Z 2
1 2 e 1 e 1
dV φ† (~r) En(0) + E (0)
= − + φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r2 2πε0 n r
" 2 2 Z #
2 Z
1 2 e 1 e 1
En(0) + dV 2 φ† (~r) φ (~r) + E (0) dV φ† (~r) φ (~r)
= −
2mc2 4πε0 r 2πε0 n r
" 2 2 (0) (0) #
1 (0) 2
e 1 e2 (0) 1
= − En + + E
2mc2 4πε0 r2 2πε0 n r
Definitions
1 α2
En(0) = − mc2 2
2 n
4πε0 }2
a=
me2
α2 2 }2
mc =
2 2ma
}2 e2 1
α2 = =
m2 c2 a 4πε0 mc2
Therefore
" 2 #
e2 e2 (0) 1
1 (0) 2 1
hgVrel i(0)
= − En + + E
2mc2 4πε0 a2 n3 (l + 1/2) 2πε0 n an2
" 2 2 2 #
1 2 e 1 e 1
En(0) + 4 E (0) +
= −
2mc2 8πε0 an2 n 4πε0 a2 n3 (l + 1/2)
28
we have
e2 1
En(0) = −
8πε0 an2
2
e2
2
2
2an En(0) =
4πε0
So
(0) 1 (0) 2
(0) 2
2 (0) 2
1
hgVrel i = − En − 4 En + 2an En
2mc2 a2 n3 (l + 1/2)
1 (0) 2
(0) 2
(0) 2
4n
= − En − 4 En + En
2mc2 (l + 1/2)
2 2
(0) (0)
En
4n
En
4n
= − 1−4+ =− −3
2mc2 (l + 1/2) 2mc2 l + 1/2
We have yet
1 α2
En(0) = − mc2 2
2 n
2
(0) α 1 3
hgVrel i = En(0) −
n l + 1/2 4n
3.2.2 Caso 2:
29
Z
(0)
hgVDarwin i = dV φ† (~r) (gVDarwin ) φ (~r)
Z ∞ Z
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Ylml ]† (φm s
s †
) (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml φm s )
s
Z0 ∞ Z
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Ylml ]† (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml ) (φm s †
s ) φs
ms
0 | {z }
=1
Z ∞ Z
ml †
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Yl ] (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml )
0
Z ∞
e2 }2
Z
ml †
= drr 2
dΩ R nl [Y l ] δ (3) (~r) (Rnl Ylml )
8ε0 m2 c2 0
1
δ (3) (~r) = δ (r)
4πr2
Z ∞
e2 }2
Z
hgVDarwin i(0)
= drRnl δ (r) dΩ [Ylml ]† Ylml
2
32πε0 m2 c2 0
e2 }2
= R2 (0)
32πε0 m2 c2 nl
s
3
2 (n − l − 1)!
Rnl (0) = exp (−0) (2 · 0)l L2l+1 n+l (0)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3
r
ρ=
an
If l 6= 0 ⇒
Rnl (0) = 0 ⇒ hgVDarwin i(0) = 0
If l = 0 ⇒ s 3
2 (n − 1)! 1
Rnl (0) = Ln (0)
na 2n (n!)3
But, we know that
m−α k
m
(−%) ⇒
X
Lαm (%) = (−1)α m!
k=0 α+k k!
n−1 k
n
(−0)
X
L1n (0) = (−1)1 n!
k=0 1+k k!
n (−0)0
= −n!
1+0 0!
n! (n!)2
= −n! =− ⇒
(n − 1)! (n − 1)!
30
3
2 2 (n − 1)! 1 2
Rnl (0) = 3 Ln (0)
na 2n (n!)
3 !2
(n!)2
2 (n − 1)!
=
na 2n (n!)3
(n − 1)!
3 3
2 1 n! 1
= =4
na 2n (n − 1)! na
Therefore
e2 }2
hgVDarwin i(0) = 2 2
2
Rnl (0)
32πε0 m c
3
e2 }2 1
= 2 2
4
32πε0 m c na
3
e2 }2
1
= ⇒
8πε0 m2 c2 na
e2 1
E0 = −
8πε0 an2
3
(0) e2 2 1
hgVDarwin i = 2 2
} δl0
8πε0 m c na
}2 1 1
= − 2 2 2 E0 δl0
mc a n
}2 e2 1
α2 = =
m2 c2 a2 4πε0 mc2
3
e2
(0) 1
hgVDarwin i = }2 δl0
8πε0 m2 c2 na
α2
= −E0 δl0
n
31