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currents, the harmonic load flow problem can then be
COS('51-'5j- 0j)0
1+1 I1
Pi_ Yjli VjlJ Vil1 1 J calculated using the following equation [ 13]:
i+1
yhvh =Ih
~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2)
(6)
Qi - E YIVl Vil sin(- j ) At any bus i, the rms voltage is defined as:
ill~~~~~~Jj
where
IVil = ( Vih)(7
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~(7)
yJ1i = Y1i01 yj- ~~~~~if=i (3) where H is the maximum harmonic order considered. After
solving load flow for different harmonic orders, the total
harmonic distortion of voltage at bus i (THDV1) is computed as:
whilePi Qi V. and yci are the total active power, reactive
,
X1O00o (8)
line section between bus i and bus i+ 1. Vi
At harmonic frequencies, power system is modeled as
combination of passive elements and current sources. The
system can then be considered as a passive element with IV. HYBRID OF PASSIVE FILTERS
multiple harmonic injection currents. Linear loads are modeled The configuration and complexity of the filter depends on
with a resistance in parallel with an inductance to account for harmonic spectrum and nature of the distortion. If a nonlinear
the respective active and reactive loads at fundamental load is locally causing significant harmonic distortion, passive
frequency. Nonlinear loads are considered as ideal harmonic filters may be installed to prevent the harmonic currents from
current sources that generate harmonic currents and inject being injected into the system. These filters are inexpensive
them into the system. The admittance-matrix-based harmonic compared with most other mitigating devices. Passive filters
power flow is the most widely used method as it is based on are composed of only passive elements (inductance,
the frequency-scan process. In this approach, admittance of capacitance, and resistance) tuned to the harmonic
system components will vary with the harmonic order. If skin frequencies. In practice, passive filters are added to the system
effect is ignored at higher frequencies, the resulting hth starting with the lowest trouble harmonic (e.g., installing a
harmonic frequency load admittance, shunt capacitor seventh-harmonic filter usually requires that a fifth-harmonic
admittance and feeder admittance are respectively given by the filter also be included).
following equations [13]:
h Pli Qli Rf Rf Rf Rf Rf
Yli 2J 2
v7 h v7
L(5) aL(7)f L(l) LL(13) L(17)
Yi h I
(4) (
C5) C(7) (11
Cfl (13) C(17)
h I
Yl,i+l Ri1i+l + jhXi,i+l Fig. 1. Hybrid of passive filters employing five series-resonance filters tuned
at 5th 7th 1 Ith 13th and 17th harmonics
where Pli and Qli are the respective active and reactive linear
loads at bus i. Since drive systems mainly inject low order harmonics, a
The nonlinear load is treated as harmonic current sources hybrid filter block consisting of a number of band-pass filters
and the hth harmonic current injected at bus i introduced by the tuned to dominating harmonic frequencies [4] will be used
nonlinear load with real power Pn and reactive power Q, is: (Fig. 1). The resonant frequency of each shunt branch is:
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frequency drive (Table 1) are placed at buses 15 and 18, after the installation of Filter Bank 1 at bus 15 are shown in
respective. At the fundamental frequency, all loads including Figs. 4 and 6 and Table 2. Therefore, by performing harmonic
nonlinear drives are considered as constant power loads. Three load flow analysis, it may be possible to eliminate unnecessary
cases will be considered. filter banks and reduce the overall cost of harmonic
compensation.
Case C. Impact ofFilter Location on Power Quality
To show the impact of filter locations on the overall power
quality of system, Filter Bank 1 is installed between the two
drive systems at bus 9. Based on the results (Fig. 5, Table 2),
poor placement of power filters will not only deteriorate their
performances, but might also hearten harmonic propagation
and cause additional power quality problems in other sectors
of the system (e.g., in buses 10-15 and 16-18 for Case C).
ASD: PWM adjustable speed drive \ 31 TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF SIMULATION RESULTS FOR THE IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM (FIG. 2)
Fig. 2. The IEEE 30-bus system used for simulations [14-15] BEFORE AND AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF FILTER(S)
Case A. Harmonic Compensation with Two Hybrid Flirters before filtering after filtering (Case A)
minimum maximum minimum maximum
Harmonic analysis before the installation of passive filters 0.8382 pu 1.0003 pu 0.8295 pu 1.0003 pu
rms voltage at bus 15 at bus I at bus 15
indicate very high distortion of both voltage and current at bus 2
1.8492 % 6.5089 pu 1.0548 % 2.1691 %
waveforms (Fig. 3 and Table 2) due to the presence of the two THDv
at bus 5 at bus 15 at bus II at bus 18
ac drives with relatively high power ratings (Table 1). system THDv 3.1820% 1.4818%
According to the IEEE-5 19 standard [7], the individual after filtering (Case B) after filtering (Case C)
harmonic current injections at bus 15 (for 5th, 7th, 1 1th, 13th, minimum maximum minimum maximum
0.8337 pu 1.0001 pu 0.8469 pu 1.0002 pu
17th and I9th harmonics) and bus 18 (for 5th, 7th and 11th rms voltage at bus 5 at bus 2 at bus 15 at bus 2
harmonics) are higher than the allowable level of 400 and the THDv 1.2520 % 1.8629 % 1.0938 % 5.8453 %
electric utility has the right to reject (disconnect) these at bus 22 at bus 18 at bus 6 at bus 15
nonlinear loads. In addition, propagation of injected harmonic system THDv 1.4950 %0 1.8707 %
currents has resulted in unacceptable THDv levels (e.g., larger Voltage waveforms of bus 15 before and after filtering
that 5°O) at buses 12 to 15. Buses 11 and 16 to 18 are also 0.8
experiencing relatively high THDv of more than 400 (Fig. 6).
I
0.6 I
The common procedure is to require the consumers of 0.4 ,.
o 0.2 //
nonlinear loads (at buses 15 and 18) to installation passive
filter banks at the terminals of the AC drives. Figure 3 and Xo /
Table 2 show the simulation results after the installation of the _0.4
According to Table 2, the performance of these filters are Fig. 3. Voltage and current waveforms at bus 15 before and after the
installation of two filter banks at buses 15 and 18 (Case A)
satisfactory; the maximum level of THDv has dropped from
6.51% (at bus 15) to 2.17% (at bus 18) while the average
system THDv is within the permissible limits of the IEEE-519
standard [7].
Case B. Harmonic Compensation with One Hybrid Flirter
This case examines the possibility of meeting IEEE-519
limits with only one filter bank. Simulations results before and
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1 Voltage waveforms of bus 15 before and after filtering VI. CONCLUSION
Distorted distribution systems with nonlinear ac drive loads
are modeled and the impact of numbers, locations and tuning
frequencies of hybrid filters (consisting of shunt passive
_0.6
02 I
branches tuned at the dominating harmonic frequencies) are
investigated. A decoupled harmonic power flow algorithm is
used to simulate the distribution system and nonlinear ac
1
ol~~~~~~~~~~~~fI~
10 T T T 52 3
E~~~~~~~~~~~~~ft~
drives are modeled with harmonic current sources. This simple
approach is very practical and convenient for the analysis of
large distorted industrial systems with inadequate information
about the nonlinear loads (e.g., parameters and ratings of ac
0.04L drives). Simulation results indicate that the common approach
.-I
0.02 of placing filter banks at the terminals of each drive system is
0
0
not always the best and most economical solution. Simulation
ol
0
E results indicate that the number, locations and tuning
_0.02
frequencies of filters have major impacts on the overall quality
-0.04 of the distribution system. It might be possible to control and
-n ns
limit the overall system distortion, as well as the individual
u-ut6 T/2 T 3T/2
= penod
2T 5T/2 3T
bus THDv levels with fewer filter banks if system conditions
Fig. 4. Voltage and current waveforms at bus 15 before and after the before and after harmonic compensation are carefully studied
installation of one filter bank at bus 15 (Case B)
Voltage waveforms of bus 15 before and after filtering
and analyzed. This required fast and relatively accurate
1
algorithms and solution approaches, as presented in this paper.
0.8; g
VII. REFERENCES
[1] M. Villablanca, W. Flores, C. Cuevas and P. Armijo, "Harmonic
reduction in adjustable-speed synchronous motors", IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 239-245, 2001.
-0.4 [2] J. Faiz, H. Barati and E. Akpinar, "Harmonic analysis and performance
-0.6- improvement of slip energy recovery induction motor drives", IEEE
-0.8- Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 410-417, 2001.
filtered
[3] Y. Yin and A.Y. Wu, "A Low-Harmonic Electric Drive System
T
T/2 3T/2
= penod
2T 5T/2 3T
[4] Based on Current-Source Inverter", IEEE Transactions on Power
Current waveforTms of bus 15 before and after filtering
Industry Applications, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 227-235, 1998.
0.04_ [5] J.C. Das, "Passive Filters- Potentialities and Limitations", IEEE
0.03 filtered I Transactions on Power Industry Applications, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 232-
241, 2004.
[6] B. Singh, V. Verma, A. Chandra and K. Al-Hadded, "Hybrid Filters for
Power Quality Improvement", IEE Proceedings-Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 365-378, 2005.
0.02
[7] Y.M. Chen, "Passive Filter Design using Genetic Algorithms", IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 202-208,
2003.
[8] IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519, 1992.
-0.041 ) T2 T 3T2 2T 5T2 3T
[9] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power
Fig. 5. Voltage and current waveforms at bus 15 before and after the Electronics:Converters, Applications, and Design. New York: Wiley,
installation of one filter bank at bus 9 (Case C) 1989.
[10] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications,
| ~~~~~~~~ThD
reduction
2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Uncompensated
1 liter (Case B)
[11] D. Xia and G. T. Heydt, "Harmonic power flow studies, part I -
6 -* 2 titers (Case A) Formulation and Solution," IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
System, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1257-1265, 1982.
[12] T. S. Chung and H. C. Leung, "A genetic algorithm approach in optimal
capacitor selection with harmonic distortion considerations,"
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 21,
a no. 8, pp. 561-569, 1999.
[13] H.-C. Chin, "Optimal shunt capacitor allocation by fuzzy dynamic
2D- 1_ | L I I LL[ programming," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 35, no. 2, pp.
133-139, 1995.
[14] Y. Baghzouz and S. Ertem, "Shunt capacitor sizing for radial distribution
feeders with distorted substation voltage," IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 650-657, 1990.
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
13
;3
Bus [15] J. J. Grainger and S. Civanlar, "Volt/var control on distribution systems
with lateral branches using shunt capacitors and voltage regulators. Part
Fig. 6. Comparison of THDv levels of the IEEE 30-bus system (Fig. 2) before III: The numerical result," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
and after the installation of one (Case B) and two (Case A) filter banks Systems, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 3291-3297, 1985.
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[16] Z. Hu, X. Wang, H. Chen, and G. A. Taylor, "Volt/VAr control in
distribution systems using a time-interval based approach," IEE
Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 150, no. 5,
pp. 548-554, 2003.
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