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New method for indicating voltage stability condition in power system

Article · January 1997

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Mahmoud Moghavvemi Ghauth Jasmon

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Real-time contingency evaluation and ranking
techniquei
M.Moghavvemi
0.Faruque
Indexing terms: Power systerlz monitoring, Voltage Stability, Stability indicators, Contingency evaluation and ranking
Abstract: The tendency towards maximising
economic benefits has led power systems utilities
to run close to the limits of stable operation. This
has necessitated thi: study of the stressed situation
of the power system network to accomplish
efficient energy management without losing its
reliability. On-line monitoring of power system
stability has become a vital factor for electric
utilities. An effective method for real-time
monitoring of sy:item status and thus voltage
collapse prediction is described. The proposed
technique investigstes each line of the system
through calculating an indicator that varies from
0 (no load condition) to 1 (maximum permissible
loading conditiotl). The basic concept of
maximum power transfer through a line is
utilised. The proposed contingency evaluation
technique is applied on the IEEE 24 bus and
IEEE 6 bus reliability test system and is found to
be accurate in assessing the stressful status of the
lines.
1 Introduction
Voltage stability is currently one of the most important
research areas in the field of electrical power systems.
The main causes of voltage collapse may be simply
explained as the inability of the power system to supply
the reactive power, or an excessive absorption of the
reactive power by the system itself. Voltage collapse
occurs when a system is heavily loaded and unable to
maintain its generalion and transmission schedule,
observed by a sudden decline or ‘sag’ in system-wide
voltages. This change in voltage is so rapid that voltage
control devices may riot take corrective actions rapidly
enough to prevent cascading blackouts. The continual
increase in demand for electric power has forced utility
companies to operate their systems closer to the limits
of instability. This has increased the importance of
implementing suitable and efficient techniques for ana-
lysing, monitoring and prediction of possible voltage
collapses in the system prior to their occurrence.
0IEE, 1998
IEE Proceedings online no. 19982119
Paper Grst received 17th February 1998 and in redsed form 12th May
1998
The authors are with the Power and Control Systems Research Group,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University
of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Luripur, Malaysia
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib.. Vol. 145, No. 5. September 1998
Studies have been performed to predict voltage col-
lapse with both static and dynamic approaches. It has
been treated and studied more as a dynamic conse-
quence of changes in loading rather than as a purely
static phenomenon. Throughout the period before the
instant of bifurcation, a static system model can be
used, assuming a slow change in system parameters. A
review of the literature on methods [1-101 or techniques
to study voltage collapse reveals that various analytical
tools based on different concepts have been proposed
to predict voltage collapse. Sterling et al. [1] studied
voltage collapse at load buses of the network using the
concept of maximum power transfer between two
buses. Using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the rele-
vant node, the open circuit voltage and Thevenin’s
equivalent impedance are calculated and utilised in
deriving the stability index. The stability index is the
ratio of Thevenin’s impedance to load impedance and
is at a maximum of 1 when both are equal, indicating
the system’s maximum stable loading at that node. As
long as the impedance ratio is less than 1 the system is
said to be stable. The system loses stability when the
impedance ratio exceeds 1.
Moghavvemi [2] proposed an overall system stability
index based on the concept of power flow through a
single line. A technique is used to reduce the system
into a single line equivalent network. The index reflects
the severity of loading as well as the stability of the sys-
tem. Jasmon and Lee [3] also presented a technique to
check the overall system stability. By reducing the sys-
tem in a single line network, a system stability factor is
calculated, which is then used to predict voltage col-
lapse. Kessel et aZ. [4] developed a voltage stability
index based on the solution of the power flow equa-
tions. A method for identifying the critical buses in a
network is proposed based on certain local stability
indices. The bus with the largest index is said to be the
critical bus in the network. A global indicator has also
been proposed to provide a quantitative measure for
the estimation of the distance of the actual state of the
system with reference to the stability limit.
Chang et al. [5] presented two methods for identify-
ing the weak buses in a power transmission network.
One method is based on the right singular vector, cor-
responding to a minimum singular value of the power
flow Jacobian matrix, indicating the voltage sensitive
areas. The other method calculates a voltage collapse
proximity indicator (VCPI) for each node defined as a
ratio of generator reactive power changes to load reac-
tive power change. The node with the maximum value
of VCPI is the weakest node in the network. Obadina
et al. [6] identified weak buses and segments in a power
517
system network, based on the relative change in the bus
...................................... - ................
voltage going from an initial operating state to the
voltage stability limit.
Lee et al. [7] introduced a technique to identify a sta- load
.....................................
bility margin k that is mainly determined based on the source
reactive power of the network at any bus. Both
dynamic and static stability problems are integrated.
For more accurate analysis of the dynamic voltage sta-
bility, the system model included the excitation sys-
.............
; A;
tems, under-load tap changers (LTC), capacitors and
power system stabilisers in addition to the network Fig.2 Representation of a network through an equivalent Thevenin net-
work
equations. This method to determine the critical bus
bar is based on the minimum stability margin k.
Hiskens and Chakrabarty [8] proposed a technique to Now let us model the single line of Fig. 1 using Ster-
investigate the reactive power limit points as the system ling's concept [l] described earlier. In this case the load
is loaded according to a specified load pattern. The of the line will be treated as the power that is trans-
technique provides approximate limit points and infor- ferred at the receiving end through that particular line
mation on the point of collapse. However, this tech- only, instead of the total load at the node. The repre-
nique is based on linearisation which limits the sentation is shown in Fig. 3, where, Z,L8 is the line
accuracy. Techniques for predicting vulnerability to impedance, ZrL+ is the corresponding load impedance,
voltage collapse in Ell, 121 employ variations on classic +
and = tan-'(Q,/P,).
P-V or Q-V curve calculations, which identify the var- . .......................................
iations in critical bus voltages with respect to changes
in loading or reactive support.
In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate a static
stability indicator for each line of the system, utilising ...................................... i I
normal power flow calculations. A ranking of lines is

A;
source
performed based on the value of indicators. The pur-
pose of this indicator is to quantify how close a partic-
ular operating point is to voltage collapse, i.e. to assess
; 4

the system security. The maximum power transfer the- ..................

ory is used to calculate the indicator. The simple tech- Fig.3 Transmission line modelled with its parameters
nique of evaluating this line stability index will make it
feasible in on-line contingency monitoring and ranking.
The proposed method is capable of identifying the Let us consider the case which is more often encoun-
exact location of voltage collapse in a power system. tered, where only the modulus of the load impedance is
varied while 4 remains constant. This assumption does
2 Formulation of voltage collapse proximity not significantly reduce the accuracy but will simplify
indicator the problem at hand. In practice, efforts are taken to
maintain constant power factor load in the system.
A power system is an electrical network containing With the increase of demand in load, Zr decreases and
components such as generators, transmission lines, current I increases. This leads to a voltage drop at the
loads and voltage controllers. Let us consider the line receiving end:
shown in Fig. 1 as one of the single lines of an inter-
vs
connected system. I=
cos Q+z,
J [(2, sin Q+z,
cos 4 ) 2 + (2, sin +)2]

J
V,,P,+iQr

v,= Z,I
(1)

I- r+jx=ZLB

total load at the node

-
-
zr
J [ l +(zr/-Ts)2
VS
+ 2 ( 2 r / z s ) cos(8 d)] -
Fig.1 Typical transmission line of a power system netwovk (2)
Therefore, the power at the receiving end is described
The simplified theory of voltage stability, derived by as
Sterling et al. [l] from the optimal impedance solution
of a two bus system, was as follows. P, = V, I cos d and &?.= V,I sin 4
Considering the case of a load impedance Z I L @fed Which can be written as
by a constant voltage source V, of internal impedance (Vs /Zs 2,
ZSLBas shown in Fig. 2. With reference to Fig. 2, P - - cos
maximum power transferred to the load is obtained - I + (Zr/Zs)2
+ 2(2,/2,)
cos(8 - 4) 2,
when Zl/Z, = 1, and this ratio was used as a voltage (3)
collapse predictor for that bus after generalising the and
network into a single line with the above parameters.
As long as the ratio is lower than 1, the system is con-
sidered safe, but when it exceeds the maximum limit
value of 1, voltage collapse will occur.
518 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 145, No. 5, September 1998
Similarly, the power loss in the line is 3 Interpretation of proposed voltage collapse
proximity indicators
9 = 12Zsccis8and QL= 12Zssin8
which can be written its From the experimental results it was observed that for
any state of loading, VCPI(1) = VCPI(2) and VCPI(3)
= VCPI(4). Therefore, instead of considering four indi-
cators, either real or reactive terms can be considered.
VCPI(1) and VCPI(3) that give the power ratio and the
loss ratio respectively can be considered, and for the
ease of identification let us denote them as VCPI(p-
ower) and VCPI(1oss). The fundamental cause of volt-
age collapse is considered due to excessive power
The maximum real power that can be transferred to transfer through the line or excessive absorption of
the receiving end can be obtained using the boundary power by the line itself. As the maximum power trans-
condition aPr/aZr= 0. that leads into ZrlZ, = 1. fer theory restricts the amount of power that can be
Substituting Zr/Z,= 1 in eqn. 3, the maximum trans- transferred or absorbed, the proposed indicators should
ferable power Pr(,,,) is obtained as follows; predict the voltage collapse point precisely.
With the increase in demand of more power from the
system, the line power flow increases, resulting in a
slow voltage fall at the receiving end bus. This increase
of line power flow also increases the line losses. There-
Applying the same i;echnique, maximum transferable fore, both VCPI(power) and VCPI(1oss) are increased.
reactive power Qr(maxl, maximum real power loss in the The indicator derived from the line loss, VCPI(loss),
line PI(") and maximum reactive loss in the line Ql(maxl has a low value for light loads compared to VCPI(p-
can be obtained as follows; ower). Both VCPI(power) and VCPI(1oss) show an
almost linear relationship at light load with line power
flow. As the loading condition moves closer to the crit-
ical operating point, both VCPI(power) and VCPI(1oss)
approach 1. Close to the voltage collapse point,
V," cos8 VCPI(power) is less sensitive to further loading while
Pl(maz) = - (9)
2 s 4cos2 Qy VCPI(1oss) is found to be highly sensitive. Values of
VCPI(power) are adequate for indicating the voltage
collapse in the line, but evaluation of VCPI(1oss) helps
to locate the voltage collapse point exactly. Fig. 4 illus-
trates the relationship between the parameters.
Now, based on thelse maximum permissible quanti-
ties, the following Voltage Collapse Proximity Indica-
tors are proposed:
P
VCPI(1) = -r
p,(,,a,)
to the receiving end
Maximum rea1 uower that can be transferred

VCPI(2) = -Q2
QT( .,a,)
I
=I Reactive power transferred to the receiving end
Maximumreactivepower that can be transferred Fig.4
equivalent load admittance
Variation of electrical quantities in a line with its equivalent load
admittance

E' 4 Characteristics of proposed indicators

VCPI(3) = --
Pl (ma,) From eqns. 7 and 11, VCPI(power) can be expressed as
Real power loss in the line
Maximum possible real power loss

In the above equation, the numerator is the real

Qi power transferred to the receiving end, and it depends
VCPI(4) = --
QqWbaz) on system parameters, network topology, interconnec-
Reactive power loss in the line tions and load demand of the system. The denominator
Maximum possible reactive power loss is the maximum power that can be transferred to the
receiving end at a particular instant. The terms that can
affect the denominator are the sending end voltage V,,
Where the values of P,, Q,, PI and Q, are obtained from and the phase angle of the equivalent load (the power
conventional power flow calculations. transferred through the line) $. The value of the send-
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 145, No. 5, September 1998 519
ing end voltage either remains constant or decreases
based on the type of the sending end bus. The phase
angle of the load 4 can be assumed constant; as in
practical power system, efforts are made to maintain a
constant power factor. Therefore, the denominator of
VCPI(power) is almost constant which can be observed
from Fig. 5, where a plot of against P, is shown.
It is found that with an incr in P,, P,(,,,) does not
change appreciably and remains almost constant,
except at heavy loading where a little change is
observed. This shows that the proposed indicator ( P i
Pr(,,,,) should have an almost linear relationship with
P, at light load. At light load it shows almost linear
characteristics, but with further increase of load the
VCPI(power) curve begins to decline and finally flat-
tens out at the critical point. The indicators reach a
value of 1 at the point of voltage collapse.
Fig.5 Variation o~P,~,,,,,,and indieatom with P,
+Pr(m4
0 VCPI(power)
A VCPI(1oss)
Fig. 5 is shown for a typical line of a 6 bus standard
test system. As the power transfer through the line
increases, both VCPI(power) and VCPI(1oss) indicators
are also found to increase, whereas the maximum
power that can be transferred remains almost constant.
VCPI(power) shows a steep slope at light load com-
pared to loading near the critical region. At critical
point, the slope of the curve plotted for VCPI(power)
against Vr becomes zero, indicating a state of maxi-
mum power transfer. On the contrary, VCPI(1oss)
shows a comparatively flat slope at light load. This is
because at light load the line loss is smaller compared
to its critical state With the increase of power flow
through the line, the line loss increases as well. As the
line loss is 12R,the loss increases at a higher rate than
the increase in line current. VCPI(power) and VCPI(-
loss) equals 1 at the point of voltage collapse. This is
clear from the point of intersection shown in Fig. 5,
where both indicators converge to 1 at the voltage col-
lapse point.
4. I Effect of reactive compensation on
indicators
Compensation by means of adding reactive power at
the receiving end is called shunt reactive compensation.
Both VCPI(power) and VCPI(1oss) depend on the value
of phase angle @ in eqns. 11 and 13. When a reactive
source is provided at the receiving end to fulfil the
reactive demand locally, the generator produces and
transmits less reactive power; the term Q, becomes
520
smaller. A decrease in the value of Q, also decreases
the value of angle 4, which ultimately increases the
value of maximum power transfer capacity Pr(mux).
Local supply of reactive power increases the power car-
rying capacity of the transmission line. This also
improves the power factor and hence the overall per-
formance of the system. With greater local reactive
supply, a higher value of Primux)is obtained which
decreases the value of both VCPI(power) and VCPI(-
loss) indicators. Thus, it is confirmed that reactive
compensation extends the voltage stability limit.
4.2 Effect of limited reactive generation on
indica tors
The control of voltage level in power system networks
is accomplished through generators and transmission
lines, with the generation forming the primary control
and the reactive capability of the lines the secondary
control. If the local transmission network is extensive,
reactive power requirement will be large and will usu-
ally be supplied by shunt capacitors. In case of genera-
tors not reaching to their maximum limits, the result is
the same as for the case of unlimited reactive power
generation. But when a generator reaches its limit of
maximum reactive power, it can no longer sustain any
more increase in load. The Automatic Generation Con-
trol (AGC) or the operators will reduce the excitation
to bring reactive loading back within the capability of
the machine. The lower excitation causes a lower volt-
age level, which in turn affects the power transferring
capability of associated lines and lower power can be
transmitted (as P,(,,,) V2)to the receiving ends. As
Primux1is lowered, the VCPI indicators go higher, pre-
dicting a voltage collapse situation at an earlier stage of
loading than that of the unlimited reactive generation
case. The nature of the indicators (whether nonlinear
or discontinuous) largely depends on the voltage level,
but no doubt that it is nonlinear.
4.3 Effect of OLTC on indicators
As well as a reactive shunt compensator, the tap-
changing transformer is also used to improve static
voltage stability in the network. Since it is very effec-
tive in controlling voltage decay in the subsequent
weak areas through OLTC, a temporary recovery in
voltage level can be achieved. The rise in voltage
increases the value of P,(,,,), lowering the value of
indicators for that line and thus extending the stability
limit. Typical experimental results of the control action
of the tap changer are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Indicators and Pdmax)with the increase in P,
Pdmaxi VCPl(power) VCPl(loss)
pr
0.255892 0.7182 0.356296 0.0518
0.447525 0.7381 0.60632 0.1742
0.574193 0.7341 0.782173 0.3352
0.70163 0.7793 0.900334 0.53
0.764942 0.8013 0.9547 0.6761
0.794626 0.7948 0.999781 1.0221
A critical load of P = 0.43p.u and Q = 0.15p.u for
node 5 of a 6 bus test system is selected with an initial
tap ratio of 1:0.9 for the transformer connected
between node 6 and node 5. At the initial stage, line 5
connected between node 2 and node 5 indicates almost
IEE Proc -Gene, Transm Distrib I Val 14.5, No 5 September 1998
a voltage collapse siluation as VCPI(power) for this 1.0-
line is close to 1. With the change of tap ratio, the volt-
age at node 5 is found to be increased and the value of
indicators for the critical line is decreased. Table 1 0.8 -
illustrates the results obtained. The critical line slowly
comes into the safe region with the introduction of tap- 0.6 -
changing, although another line becomes more critical
as the partial load is transferred to that line.
0.4-

5 Test system

The 6 bus standard test system and the IEEE 24 bus

reliability test system have been selected to carry out I I I I I
the tests, adopting different criteria based on the load- 0'0.0024 ' 0.045 0.0763
ing combination. A computer program was developed 0.1178 0.1779 0.1870
to determine the stability indicators described above. PrQ,
The networks' configiirations and line information are Fig.6 Plot at indicator against Pr and Q,for critical line 5
0 VCPI(power)
attached in the Appendix. Testing criteria on which the a VCPI(l0ss)
loading pattern is classified are as follows:
(i) increase of loading at single node keeping the rest
constant at base load, The power demanded from node 5 will be carried by
(ii) multiple load changing. line 4 and line 5 and will make them vulnerable to volt-
age collapse. The results are shown in Table 2. Line 5
6 Test results and discussion is ranked first, followed by line 4. The values of both
VCPI indicators for line 5 are very close to 1. When
As mentioned earlier, two types of loading changes both are equal to 1, the static bifurcation point is
(single load change and multiple load change) with dif- reached and the system will experience voltage instabil-
ferent combinations are selected for the purpose of test- ity.
ing.
6.1.2 24 bus test system (node 12 with heavy
6.1 Single load change load):: Several nodes have been tested by changing the
The loading pattern in this case is chosen so that each power from base load to its critical load, keeping the
time, the load is only changed in one particular node, power in the other nodes constant at the base load. In
keeping the load at other nodes fixed at base load. all cases the proposed method has successfully identi-
fied the critical lines prone to voltage collapse. The
Table 2: Stability indicators of lines for node 5 heavily ranking table is only prepared for lines having high val-
loaded with real and rleactive power ues of VCPI(power). The results for node 12 are listed
in Table 3.
VCPI- VCPI- Rank
Loading (P.u.) Line From To
(power) (loss) Table 3: Stability indicators of lines for node 12 heavily
Q=0.15 5 2 5 0.9984 0.9300 1 loaded with real and reactive power
P=0.4338at 4 6 5 0.9753 0.7419 2 VCPI- VCPI- Rank
node 5 1 1 6 0.7275 0.2591 3 Loading (P.u.) Line From To
(power) (loss)
2 1 4 0.5609 0.1426 4 Q=3.03 2 4 12 1.0021 0.8676 1
6 3 2 0.3978 0.0543 5 P=4.142 at 7 12 24 0.9672 0.7151 2
3 4 6 0.3290 0.0337 6 node 12 6 12 17 0.9554 0.6257 3
7 3 4 0.1861 0.0201 7 27 6 24 0.7198 0.2277 4
15 17 20 0.5206 0.1258 5
6.1.1 6 bus test system (node 5 with heavy 14 17 19 0.5089 0.1184 6
load);: Initially, the 1,est is started with the base load,
21 11 20 0.4646 0.1002 7
and the load is gradually increased at node 5 until volt-
age collapse occurs. Node 5 is connected to node 2
(through line 5) and node 6 (through line 4). The addi- Gradual addition of load was continued at node 12
tion of a load at node 5 makes line 5 critical and hence up to the critical point. Table 3 clearly illustrates the
close to voltage collapse. Using the proposed method capability of the proposed method to rank the lines
of VCPI indicators, 'Table 2 is prepared showing the accurately and predict voltage collapse of the system.
status of lines for a particular instant with heavy load- Node 12 is connected to node 4 (through line 2), to
ing. It clearly illustrates that line 5 is in critical condi- node 17 (through line 6), and to node 24 (through line
tion and will be subjected to voltage collapse with 7).
further addition of load. The stressed condition of the From Table 3 it is understood that the lines directly
other lines is also indicated from their values of line connected to node 12 and their neighbouring lines are
stability indicators. It is expected that addition of a affected more than the rest, due to critical load at node
load at node 5 will stress line 5 and line 4 as they are 12. Line 2, which is ranked first, is already at voltage
directly connected to' node 5. The graph shown in collapse state. The other ranked lines are also found to
Fig. 6 demonstrates the nature of the indicators for have high values of indicators revealing the stressful sit-
line 5. uation.
IEE Proc-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 145. No. 5, September 1998 52 1
6.2 Multiple load change rately, and can also predict the possible occurrence of
Practical power systems networks have hundreds of voltage collapse.
nodes and thousands of lines connected to them.
Depending on the consumer demand, an increasing or Table 6: Random loading and generation of the network
decreasing tendency of overall loading may be including bus voltage and angle
observed. The changes in loading are random. There-
fore, tests have been carried out through changing of Bus Voltage Angle, Load (P.u.) Generation (P.u.)
loading at multiple nodes. A heavily loaded case is no (P.u) deg MW MVAR MW MVAR
illustrated below for both 6 bus and 24 bus test sys-
tems. Table 4 lists the loading level as well as bus volt- 1 1.0006 .OOO 196.166 39.979 2615.567 1020.095
age and angle of the network for the 6 bus test system. 2 11896 -58848 71 804 14.805 62.400 823.087
3 1.0149 -64.661 92.530 18.510 75.000 230.061
Table 4: Loading and generation of the network includ- 4 ,8397 -77.717 179.949 116286 62.400 101 893
ing bus voltage and angle 5 .9061 -57.676 143.609 28.870 .ooo .ooo
Generation (P.u.) 6 ,9991 -39.292 134.659 47.276 66.250 157.153
Bus Voltage Angle, Load (p.u.)
no. (P.u.) deg 7 1.0031 -41.552 174.025 14.805 54.250 1143.146
MW MVAR MW MVAR
8 1.0129 -33.765 246503 150.337 400.000 115708
1 1.000 0.00 0.000 0.000 106.008 92.564
9 1.0178 -33.089 ,000 .OOO 400.000 57.970
2 1.000 -13.921 0.000 0.000 40.000 62.360
10 1.0282 -27378 000 .OOO 300.000 -5.163
3 0.7959 -19 159 32.000 20.000 0.000 0.000
11 ,9999 -37,168 ,000 ,000 458.500 1679.275
4 0.7800 -14.762 35.000 20.000 0.000 0.000
12 7788 -54385 133 245 127.389 .ooo ,000
5 0.5618 -31 076 30.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 13 .8443 -57.848 154.779 121.104 ,000 ,000
6 0.7456 -13.598 30.000 15.000 0 000 0.000 14 ,7851 -67.340 52.558 10.364 ,000 .ooo
15 8277 -60.847 200.674 114.027 ,000 ,000
It shows that there are considerable voltage drops at 16 8921 -61 435 126.583 25.909 ,000 ,000
bus 5 , bus 3, bus 4 and bus 6, indicating heavily loaded 17 ,8182 -44.480 129.544 26.649 ,000 .ooo
conditions. The stressed condition of lines 5 , 4, 1, 2 and
6 are obvious as shown in Table 5. High values of the
18 ,7953 -51.525 244.349 129610 .ooo ,000

indicators indicate that the addition of load at these 19 ,8346 -28.163 .OOO .OOO .ooo ,000
nodes connected to those lines should be done with 20 ,8377 -25.730 ,000 000 000 .ooo
great care to avoid voltage collapse. 21 1.0093 -35.789 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000
22 ,8164 -49.747 881.985 697.389 ,000 000
Table 5: Stability indicators of lines for random loading 23 ,8631 -45.154 914.752 692.470 000 000

Line From To VCPl(power) VCPl(loss) Rank 24 .9039 -43.875 .OOO .OOO ,000 ,000

5 2 5 0.9951 0.87 15 1
Table 7: Stability indicators of lines for random loading
4 5 6 0.9146 0.5279 2
1 1 6 0.8242 0.3607 3 Line From To VCPl(power) VCPl(loss) Rank
2 1 4 0.7848 0.3180 4 1 4 2 0.9593 0.5627 1
6 3 2 0.6681 0.1845 5 22 1 11 0.8777 0.5298 2
7 3 4 0.1159 0.0091 6 18 1 19 0.8738 0.4970 3
3 4 6 0.0089 0.0004 7 5 2 15 0.8573 0.3725 4
20 1 20 0.8446 0.4426 5

The critical buses are 5 and.4, and these are prone to 4 2 18 0.8288 0.3376 6
voltage collapse. The two most critical lines are con- 17 18 20 0.7385 0.3406 7
nected to bus 5. In order to prevent voltage collapse in 16 18 19 0.6922 0.2802 8
the system, the load at bus 5 should not be incremented 29 7 22 0.6560 0.1822 9
further; instead, it is necessary to take action to relieve
its stress. The lines ranked next are also not very far
from the point of voltage collapse. The system can be 7 Conclusions
considered as heavily loaded.
Let us examine the case of loading the 24 bus test To avoid uncontrollable cascading trip-out as a result
system. Loading is changed at multiple buses to carry of voltage collapse, contingency monitoring is essential.
out the test. Table 6 shows the loading at different Due to the increased loading of transmission networks
buses along with the bus voltage obtained after the in recent years, the need for contingency monitoring
load flow solution. The loading has stressed few lines increased and work has also been done to find suitable
very close to the point of bifurcation. This. condition techniques. At present, stability concern is incorporated
resembles an actual power system. The ranking of the with real-time contingency monitoring based on line
lines listed in Table 7 illustrates the stressful condition power flow limitations.
of the network. Finally, it can be concluded that the In this paper a technique to monitor power system
proposed method is capable of ranking the lines accu- status is described. The method was tested on standard
522 IEE Proc.-Gener Transm. Distrib., Vol 145, No. 5, September 1998
test systems and efforts are continuing in order to test 10 Appendix
its practical feasibility. Further work is needed to
improve modelling and simulation techniques to allow Table 8: Line data of standard 6 bus test system
on-line applications. This is based on the concept of
maximum power transferred through the lines of the Resistance Reactance Susceptance
Line no. From To
network. The two indicators, VCPI(power) and VCPI(- (P.U.) (P.U.) (P.U.)
loss), are calculated for each line to represent the 1 1 6 0.102 0.413 0.0
stressed conditions of’ the lines. When both of the two 2 1 4 0.110 0.480 0.0
indicators are equal to 1, the point of voltage collapse 3 4 6 0.120 0.516 0.0
is reached.
4 6 5 0.190 0.820 0.0
The performance of the indicators was excellent,
showing a high degree of accuracy and reliability when 5 2 5 0.368 1.490 0.0
tested on standard test systems. The indicators are very 6 2 3 0.115 0.510 0.0
simple in nature and easy to calculate. This would 7 4 3 0.080 0.360 0.0
make it possible for on-line implementation in a realis-
tic system. The time requirement for computation will
Table 9: Line data of IEEE 24 bus reliability test system
depend on the network topologies. However, it is
expected to be faster than existing methods. Another Resistance Reactance Susceptance
added advantage of the technique is that with the iden- Lineno. From To
(P.U.) (P.U.) (P.U.)
tification of stressed lines, areas possibly prone to volt-
1 4 2 0.0026 0.0139 0.461 1
age collapse may be detected.
The method proposed in this paper concentrates on 2 4 12 0.0546 0.2112 0.0572
the study of systems capability to fulfil the extra 3 4 14 0.0218 0.0845 0.0229
demand of load at any instant. It demonstrates system 4 2 13 0.0328 0.1267 0.0343
status prior to voltage collapse and can be utilised as
5 2 15 0.0497 0.1920 0.0520
an alarm indicating tool to prevent voltage collapse
and cascading blackouts. 6 12 17 0.0308 0.1190 0.0322
7 12 24 0.0023 0.0839 0.0000
8 Acknowledgments 8 13 17 0.0268 0.1037 0.0281
9 14 18 0.0228 0.0883 0.0239
The authors would like to thank the Malaysian Minis-
try of Science, Technology and the Environment for 10 15 18 0.0139 0.0605 2.4590
funding under the Intensified Research in Priority 11 3 16 0.0159 0.0614 0.0166
Areas (IRPA) programme. 12 16 18 0.0427 0.1651 0.0447
13 16 17 0.0427 0.1651 0.0447
9 References 14 19 17 0.0023 0.0839 0.0000

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38 9
2.27-2.45

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distr.’b., Vol. 145, No. 5, September 1998 523
 bus 1

bus 4 bus 3 bus 2

1 -
Fig.7 6 bus standard test system

Fig.8 IEEE 24 bus reliability test system

524 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm Distrrb., Vol. 145, No. 5, September 1998

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