CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Language is “the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by

people of a particular country”.1 All people speak to communicate each other through

language, both written and oral. Cartford defines language as a type of pattern of

human behavior that is a way in which human beings interacts each other in social

situation.2

Language is an object in translation. Without language, translation cannot be

applied. Translation is a process conducted in language, a process in changing a text

in one language into another language. The change consists of some aspects, such as

phonetic, grammatical, and semantic. Therefore, a translator must use the theory of

language as a footing or the principle that supports him/her.

In globalization era, translation is very useful and needed by human. By

translation, communication between human beings in various part of the world can be

done effectively. Science and technology which is evolving from many countries may

be accessed easily. Transfer of science, culture, and other social activities mostly is

done through translation. In other words, translation is an access to the innovation of

science, technology, art and culture in order to a media center of the perspective of

1
A.S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English (New York: Oxford
University press, 2000), p.752.
2
J.C. Cartford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.1.
global communication. As a result, translator is a very lucrative profession as

payment for translation service is quite expensive. Moreover, if a translator has been

a professional translator with specialized certified, high-speed translation ability and

the translation that he/she produces is good. He/she will get big income. However, in

translating, all of the translators, both amateur and professional will face some

problems.

To deal with the problem, learning the expert’s native language is one way; but,

since there are so many experts around the world with their own native language, it

seems impossible to learn each of their language all. So, it is only translation that is

completely suitable to deal with the problem and facilitate experts around the world

in sharing the information they own. Translation is to transmit knowledge in plain,

appropriate and accessible language, in particular in relation to technology transfer –

defining technology not in the old sense of applied science, but as all means and

knowledge used to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comforts.3

So, let the language matter come to the translator and keep the expert work on their

own subject.

The expanding of science and technology has been truly easing the lives. One of

the results of it is the telephone which has been simplifying the lives for connecting

people in different space at the same time, keeping time and money in sending

message, and making effectiveness in business. The growth of telephone is so rapidly

that the dimension of this instrument has changed since its first appearance in 1876

3
Peter Newmark, About Translation, (Clevledon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 1991) p. 43
founded by Alexander Graham Bell.4 The ancestor of telephone has metamorphosed

into the telephone as it is known at present. It is phone cell, or most Indonesian calls

it as hand phone (hp), the one of telephone advancing from its first appearance. The

telephone has changed into its small handy and technologically complex; telephone

has been easy to use now; and telephone is still keeping its basic use to connect

people from different space at the same time but more vary in function since it is

provided with highly technology. No doubt, telephone is the product of science and

technology advance.

The advance of telephone and it’s functionally usage cannot ease the user’s live

if he cannot use the technology installed in his phone cell. The circumstance is same

as the discussion of expert of different language above. The user cannot use optimally

the function of recent telephone when he cannot learn to use the phone cell. The way

to learn technology installed in the phone cell is by reading the user’s guide book

which will help user to deal with difficulties. Reading and understanding the provided

user’s guide book of the phone cell will make the user understand to use his gadget

optimally.

Sony Ericsson is one of the phone cell brands in the world that employs high

technology in its product. The package-box purchased including the user’s guide

book as well which will help the user to employ the installed technology; in order to

enable user to ease his lives by applying the advance of science and technology

4
Anonymous, http://www.ceritakecil.com/tokoh-ilmuwan-dan-penemu/Alexander-Graham-Bell-4,
accessed on 03/05/12
represented by the phone cell. The understanding of technology usage in Sony

Ericsson product will maximize the use of the phone cell.

The problem will rise when user cannot use the language which Sony Ericsson

employs in its user’s guide book. However, as the alluded discussion about

translation and science technology before, to facilitate the gap between languages,

Sony Ericsson provides translation of its user’s guide book which will enable user to

use technology installed in the gadget in the user’s native language. That is, then, that

makes people able to use the phone cell and to follow the advance of science and

technology.

However, the problem of understanding translated user’s guide book is still

remained. It has not been really matter as it is not translated before, but there are still

matters to figure out the understanding of certain expression or word contained in the

translated user’s guide. The matter may appear in understanding the word ikon, tab,

browser, and opsi which are for equivalence of icon, tab, browser, and option in the

English version user’s guide. This seems that each word only changes in a letter or

two without giving any information which will make user understand a little bit more

of the source language (SL) of those words. The others look like to use the SL words

in the translation without translating it. So, it becomes one matter in understanding

the target language text (TLT) when it still contains such of the similar words without

any information added for understanding the meaning.

Some strategies that are frequently used in translating Sony Ericsson user’s

guide book by using borrowing words and Indonesian equivalence. However, using
borrowing words still invite pro and contra. It is because some borrowing words have

the Indonesian equivalence. Moreover, the using of borrowing words for some people

can decrease national identity. On the other hand, those who agree to use the

borrowing words consider Indonesia still needs many borrowing words since there

are some words which do not have the Indonesian equivalence.

Although the Indonesian language has many equivalent words, some translators

prefer to use borrowing words in translating user’s guide book of Sony Ericsson. It

occurs because of several reasons, such as the fact that the translators do not realize

that the borrowing words have Indonesian equivalent words, the translator might

want to make the target readers understand the message easily and they might also

think that using borrowing words are more understandable.

Consequently, the study will analyze the comprehension borrowing words in the

translated user’s guide book of Sony Ericsson. The study wants to find whether the

target readers understand or not the meaning of the borrowing words in the translated

user’s guide book of Sony Ericsson.

B. Focus of the study

Based on the background study above, the research will focus on finding source

language borrowing translated into target language of Bahasa Indonesia on Sony

Ericsson W200i User’s Guide Book. Each corpus of SL borrowing and TL

equivalence will be compared and analyzed by applying the theory of translation.

C. Research Question

From the focus study above, then the research question is:

1. What kinds of borrowing words translation focused in the translation of Sony

Ericsson W200i User’s Guide Book?

2. How does the borrowing occur in the translation process of Sony Ericsson W200i

User’s Guide Book?

D. Objectives of the study

1. Discovering the kinds of borrowing words that occur on the of Sony Ericsson

W200i User’s Guide Book.

E. Significance of the study

By this research, hopefully, this paper can enrich the reader’s knowledge of

translation study and matters related with the borrowing in translating SL into TL.

This study also will be advantageous to writer himself and the readers based on the

experience of the writer how hard in translating text. It can be also a contribution in

the development of translation theory and gives the information to the translators.

F. Research Methodology

1. Method of the study

The method of the study is descriptive analysis by applying qualitative

research in which the collected data are analyzed using the theories of
 translation of equivalence and borrowing. Research finding are, then, exposed

with the result of its analysis.

2. Technique of Data Analysis

The technique of Data Analysis is conducted in several steps below:

2.1.1. Reading and understanding carefully the theories of translation of

equivalence and borrowing words.

2.1.2. Reading the unit of analysis of both Sony Ericsson W200i User’s

Guide Book English and Indonesian version for comparing the

translation process.

2.1.3. Compiling and grouping the data according to the SL borrowing.

2.1.4. Every datum is analyzed qualitatively by applying the theories and

assessed for the type of borrowing that occurs in the translation

process.

2.1.5. Concluding the collected data and exposing the result of their analysis.

3. Instrument of the study

The instrument of the study is the writer himself by reading the user’s guide

book comprehend, observing, signing, and grouping the SL borrowing that

will analyzed; looking up the dictionary for references; and making analysis in

a report.
4. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis of the study is words of the two user’s guide book in

English and Bahasa Indonesia of Sony Ericsson W200i User’s Guide Book.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Translation

1. Definitions of Translation

The term of translation offered by the experts is varying, according to their view

on the language and translation. However, in simply, translation is an operation

performed in languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in

another.5 Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, translation is “the process

of changing something that is written or spoken into another language”. 6 Cartford

stressed the notion of translation as the process of substituting a text from one

language into another language.7 Nida and Taber state that the translation should be

the closest natural equivalent of source language, both in the meaning and the style of

receptor language.8 In other words, a translator optimally attempts to convey the

content and the style of source language. Newmark defines translation as “rendering

the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the

text”.9 According to Larson, “translation consists of transferring the meaning of the

5
J. C. Catford, A Linguistics Theory of Translation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965) p.1
6
A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (New York: New York Oxford University
Press, 2000), p. 1438
7
J.C. Cartford (1965), Op.Cit. p. 20
8
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill,
1982), p. 12.
9
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (UK: Prentice Hall International, 1988), p.5
source language into the receptor language”.10 Thus, they agree that something which

is transferred in a translation is meaning, not form. Besides that, there should be

naturalness in the meaning as the rules of receptor language.11 Wills argues that the

purpose of translation is to get the optimal equivalent and there must be semantic and

pragmatic understanding in receptor language text and there also must be analytical

processing in finding the equivalent. He also pointed that translation is a written

transferring.12 In their book, Hatim and Mason propose the definition of translation

which is suitable to literary translation. It can be used as a foundation for

understanding of literary text translation. They say that translating is looked upon as

“an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic

boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for

different purposes and different readers/hearers)”.13

2. Translation Process

The process of translation can be acquired as in the figure14 below:

10
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (Lanham:
University Press of America, 1984), p. 3.
11
Maurits. D.S. Simatupang, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan (Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi:
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 1999/2000), p. 2.
12
Wolfram Wills, “Translation Equivalence”, Ten Paper on Translation, ed. Richard B.Noss
(Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 1982), p. 3.
13
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 1
14
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), p. 33
 Source Language Text Receptor Language Translation

Analysis Restructuring

X Y

Transfer

The figure explains that translation process starts in analysis phase, where the

message is understood and decoded from the source language text. The message got

from understanding SLT, then, results proposition X will be transferred into TL

proposition, Y, in the second phase. The proposition Y is recoded in the third phase

then, where the message is restructured into TL in the form of target language text.

The result of this phase is the receptor language translation.

3. Types of Translation

According to Cartford, type of translation differentiates one another at the

category of extent, levels, and ranks. Category of extent is determined by the length

of text is translated: it may be a whole library of books, a single volume, a chapter,

paragraph, a sentence, a clause...etc. meanwhile, the category of levels is determined

by the level in which the translation is made: it can be at grammatical or lexical level.

Finally, the category of ranks is determined by the ranks at which translation occur: at
one point, the equivalence is sentence-to-sentence, at another, group-to-group, at

another word-to-word, etc. the discussion below explains each type of translation in

the every category.

At the category of extent, Cartford distinguished translation into:

1. Full translation where the entire text is submitted to the translation

process: that is, every part of the SL text id replaced by TL text material.

2. Partial Translation which left some part of part of the SL text untranslated:

they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.15

At the category of levels, there are two types as well:

1. Total Translation is the replacement of SL grammar and lexis equivalent

TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL

phonology/graphology by (non-equivalent) TL phonology/graphology.

2. Restricted Translation is the replacement of SL textual material by

equivalent TL textual material, at only one level. 16

At the category of ranks, Cartford distinguishes the other two types:

1. Rank-bounded translation is the one in which the selection of TL

equivalents is deliberately confined to one rank (or a few ranks, low in the

rank scale) in the hierarchy of grammatical units. The popular term of this

type may be called as word-for-word translation.

15
J. C. Catford, A Linguistics Theory of Translation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965) p. 21
16
Ibid., p. 22
 2. Rank-unbounded translation is the one in which equivalences shift freely

up and down the rank scale. The popular term for this type is the free

translation.17

Besides the mentioned type of translation above, Cartford distinguishes the

other two types, they are:

1. Phonological Translation in which SL phonology is replaced by

equivalent TL phonology, but there are no other replacements except such

grammatical or lexical changes as may result accidentally from

phonological translation: e.g. an English plural, such as cats, may come

out as apparently a singular cat in phonological translation into a language

which has no final consonant clusters.

2. Graphology Translation is the replacement of SL graphology by

equivalent TL graphology, with no other replacements, except accidental

changes.18

4. Method and Technique in Translation

Method of Translation is varying as well since the translator cannot be faith

with only one method to translate SL into TL. Method is the way used in translation

process that works on the whole text as a united context. Newmark distinguishes the

method into eight types as Word-for-word translation, Literal translation, faithful

17
Ibid., p. 24-25
18
Ibid., p. 23
translation, Semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation,

and communicative translation. However, applying Hervey and Higgins ideas, Hoed

has simplified the method into six types as follow:

1. Exotic Method is the translation that keeps the original exotic word or

expression in order to maintain the exoticism. The term is clearly seen in

translating the sentence:

SL: “Would you like some bacon and egg?’’ Mrs. Henry Rice said

coaxingly.

TL: “Mau bacon dan telur?” kata Nyonya Henry Rice lemah embut.

It is clear that the word of bacon is kept in its original form to keep the

exoticism of the text. It is uncommon to use bacon in bahasa Indonesia,

and the translator keep it to make it has exotic sense in the translation.

2. Cultural Borrowing is the way to translate the specific term such as

Gestalt in Psychology and Philosophy. The word Gestalt is left as its

original form in TLT. This method does also cover the borrowing words

which adopt the SL words into TL words. Example in word gender is

translated into jender; or management is translated into manajemen.

However, this method works as well in loan word which SL word is

directly used in TL like in the word email, save, on, and chatting, that

bahasa Indonesia has accepted the word in its usage of the language.

3. Calque is the method to translate idiomatic expression from SL into TL

although the translation senses uncommon. Calque way occur in words as

 it may be classified to be cultural borrowing, but calque occur more in

phrase or sentence as well. Example:

SL: To be or not be. That is the question.

TL: Ada atau tiada. Itu pertanyaannya.

It can be seen that the idiomatic expression ada atau tiada. Itu

pertanyaannya is uncommon used in bahasa Indonesia usage.

4. Communicative Translation is focusing on transferring the message while

the translation is made in the acceptable and natural TL. The idiomatic

expression of chercher la femme may be literally translated as carilah

perempuan itu. However, the translation does not convey the full sense of

the original expression. Using the communicative translation, the

expression, the expression is translated into carilah penyebabnya pada

perempuan. Now it is clear that both of the translation result keeps the

different equivalence; but, since the communicative translation focuses on

the transferring message, this method seems to be accurate in translation.

5. Idiomatic Translation is the method of translating SL idiom into TL

idiom. The example is the idiom of It’s raining cat and dog that can be

translated with adaptation as Hujan bagaikan dicurahkan dari langit. The

idiom of De aap komt uit de mouw can be equivalent in bahasa Indonesia

idiom of Ketahuan belangnya or Ketahuan aslinya (depends on the

context).
 6. Adaptation is the term, used by Newmark as well, that the SL cultural

elements is substituted with the TL cultural elements. Example is in the

translation of Lafontaine’s fable, where the character of fox is substituted

with kancil that has similar characteristics: smart, cunning, and tricky.

Meanwhile the cheese in the fable is substituted with dendeng in bahasa

Indonesia. The dendeng is more common in this language than cheese, so

the translation should adapt it.19

Method of translation is working together with the technique of translation

which works on the smaller unit of translation such as sentence, clause, phrase, and

word; and it will be discussed below:

1. Transposition is the technique which changes the SL structure into TL

structure to create an equivalent effect. Example: musical instruments are

translated into alat musik, where in musical instruments structure; nominal

of instrument precedes the adjective of musical. Meanwhile, in alat musik,

nominal of alat precedes the adjective of music.20

2. Modulation is the technique used to give equivalent contextual meaning

but semantically different in view or scope of meaning. Hoed says about

it: “Penerjemahan memberikan padanan yang secara semantik berbeda

19
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006) p.
59-65
20
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto, Translation: Bahasan Teori dan Penunutn Praktis
Menerjemahkan, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 2007) p. 68-69
 sudut pandang atau cakupan maknanya, tetapi dalam konteks yang

bersangkutan memberikan pesan/maksud yang sama.” Example:

SL: The laws of Germany govern this agreement.

TL: Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman.

It is seen that the translation of the SL sentence is translated into passive

form meanwhile the SL sentence itself is active. Although there is change

in the translation of govern, the equivalent contextual meaning is remain

similar.21

3. Descriptive equivalent, as its name, tries to describe meaning and function

of SL words. The descriptive equivalent is done since the translator cannot

find SL equivalent words because he doesn’t know the equivalence or

there is actually no equivalence in TL words so that he makes a

description of the TL words. Example: Licensed software is translated into

Perangkat lunak yang dilisensikan.22

4. Contextual conditioning is the technique that gives special word to explain

a certain strange word (for instance, the name of food or drink). Example:

SL: She prefers the black Label rather than the ordinary Johny Walker.

TL: Ia lebih suka wiski Johny Walker Black Label dari pada yang biasa.

21
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Op. Cit., p. 74
22
Ibid., p. 74-75
 Notice that TL word of wiski explains the name of Johny Walker alcoholic

drink.23

5. Addition gives additional information of SL word. Addition of additional

information can be put in the body of the text or out the body of the text in

footnotes. Example:

SL: The skin, which hard and scaly is grayish in color, thus helping to

camouflage it from predators when underwater.

TL: kulitnya yang keras dan bersisik, berwarna abu-abu. Dengan

demikian, kulit ini membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri dengan

keadaan lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari predator, hewan

pemangsa, jika berada dalam air.

Notice that camouflage and predator are given the additional information

in TL in the body text.24

6. Phonologic translation is made as the translator cannot find the

appropriate equivalence in TL (especially in bahasa Indonesia) so that he

makes a new word taken from SL word sound to be suited with TL

phonology and graphology. Example: emitent into emiten, cryptographic

software into perangkat lunak kriptografi, and democratie into

demokrasi.25

23
Ibid., p.75
24
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto, Op. Cit., p. 74-75
25
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Op. Cit., p. 76
 7. Legal translation is made by using the available SL equivalence in TL.

There are some expression, name, area, or institution that is legally

available translated so that the translator can use it directly. Example:

Receiver (in law) into kurator, input into masukan (general) or asupan (in

medicine) or input (in economy, electricity), and Munich into Munchen.26

8. Borrowing is the technique when SL words are given no equivalence as

the translator cannot find the SL equivalence in TL so that the SL word is

just used in TL.27 This may use the addition technique as well,

Example:

SL: Some products of XYZ may require you to agree to additional terms

through an on-line “click-wrap” license.

TL: Beberapa produk XYZ dapat mewajibkan anda untuk menyetujui

ketentuan-ketentuan tambahan mealui suatu lisensi “on-line click-wrap”28

9. Cultural equivalence is the technique that substitutes the SL cultural word

with the equivalent TL cultural word. Example:

SL: Next week the Attorney General Andi Ghalib will visit Switzerland.

TL: Minggu depan Jaksa Agung Andi Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss.

It can be realized that the SL cultural word of Attorney General has an

equivalent TL cultural word of Jaksa Agung. The words keep the same

content.29

26
Ibid., p. 76-77
27
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto, Op. Cit., p. 70-71
28
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Op. Cit., p. 78
 10. Omission or Deletion is done to the word or part of SL text in the TL text.

This means that there are some words or part of the SL text is, in

realization, deleted or not translated in the TL text. It is done may be

because the deleted part is not really important or give no an essential

implication to the general message of the SL. Example:

SL: “Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya.” Katanya lirih.

TL: “Just like her mother.” She whispered.

It is seen that raden and ayu are deleted in translating the sentence into

TL. The message is still the same although the word raden and ayu are not

translated, it is about mother

B. Borrowing

Thirumalai states borrowing is generally resorted to when the target language

has no equivalent for the source language word. Borrowing may be structural or

conceptual. Even in languages which are generally the same as loan translation (idea

translation). In some cases the source language equivalent may be translated using an

expression not of the target language but of another familiar language.30

29
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto, Op. Cit., p. 72
30
M. S. Thirumalai, http://www.languageinindia.com/jan2002/howlang.html#chapter9, 2006 (July 6,
2012)
 Similarly, Larson states borrowing word is a word borrowed from another

language which is completely new to the receptor language speakers. 31 Borrowing

word will have no meaning unless it is modified is some way to build the meaning

into the context. For example, the word ‘Amazon’ could be translated river called

Amazon (Aguaruna, Peru). The word ‘Amazon’ has not meaning unless it is modified

with the other word. Furthermore, Duff uses the term ‘original’ for a word or a phrase

that translated as the original text. He says that, “The ordering of the word and ideas

in the translation should match the original as closely as possible...it will be better if

the translator doesn’t change the style of the original”.32 The translator should find

the closest meaning of the borrowing word which should match to the source

language meaning.

From the definition of translation, based on Duff says that in translating text

sometime the study has problem to translate idiomatic expression including similes,

metaphors, slang and colloquialisms. To solve these problems, there are some hints

that can be used. For example, keep the original in inverted commas, keep the

original expression with a literal explanation in the bracket, and use a non idiomatic

translation.33 In addition, the word “original” in all three statements above is used to

explain the original written text that should be translated (source language) but not all

31
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (Lanham:
University Press of America, 1984), p. 186
32
Alan Duff, Translation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 10
33
Ibid.
the words has the equivalent in the target language. Those ways are used in order to

easily understand by the target readers.

Hence, the borrowing word is a word adopted by the speakers of one language

from a different language (the source language). Then, the borrowing word can be

defined by the translator to transfer the messege or the idea from one language into

the other without changing the style. The translator usually does not find the

equivalent meaning from the source language into the target language. Th translator

also does not want to change the cultural aspects. The cultural aspects is important in

translation when the source language is different from the target language. For

instance, football is translated as football. The word football is not an Indonesian

word so this word is included in the original classification or borrowing word. “Sepak

bola” is more familiar in Indonesia than “football”. “Football” means a game for two

teams in which a ball is thrown away across the field to get a goal, while “sepak bola”

means a game for two teams in which a ball is kicked in the field in order to get a

goal. It is obvious that what is meant by “football” is different from “sepak bola” in

Indonesian. From the explanation before, Indonesian has the similiar word for

“football”; i.e. “rugby”.

According to Ronald Wardaugh in his book, Introduction to Linguistics,

borrowing is another way of adding new vocabulary items to language.34 Borrowing

34
Ronald Wardaugh, Introduction to Linguistics (USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972), p.181
generally deliberates the absorption of lexicon in which Hocket classified this into

three types, as follows:35

1. Loanwords: “Loanword is the process of morphological importation

involving no morphological replacement but with or without substitution in

phoneme.” Example: Data: Data

2. Loan blends: “Loan blend is the combination of morphological substitution

and importation, but the structure fits the model.” Example: Instruction:

Instruksi

3. Loan shifts: “Loan shift is the morphological substitution without

importation but involves loan translation and semantic loans.” Example:

umpan balik: feedback, penyerapan: borrowing

In addition, loanwords can be classified into two types: verbal and non- verbal

loanwords. Verbal loanwords are the loanwords which can be found in verbal

communication, while non-verbal loanwords are the loanwords used in written

text.

C. Change meaning

According to Albert C. Baugh in his book A Story of English language stated

that there are four kinds of the change meaning:36

35
Charles F. Hocket, A Course in Modern Linguitics (USA: MacMillan Publishing co., inc:1958), p.
408-413
36
Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, Fourth Edition, (London: Routledge, 1993), p.
302-303
1. Extension of meaning: “That is process of word experience the change of

meaning from specific into general meaning. It is also called widening or

generalization, it means the word is widening from the special meaning.

When the word became widening its meaning, that word means have several

meaning, not only in one field of science but also in another field.” For

example: the word ‘putera’ and ‘puteri’ used to mean King’s sons or

daughters, but now boy also can called ‘putera’ and girl also called ‘puteri’.

2. Narrowing of meaning: “Narrowing also called specialization. This is a

process of word experience of meaning from general into specific meaning.

In narrowing, the general word change became narrow meaning.” For

example: the word of ‘sarjana’ used to mean a smart person, but now

‘sarjana’ have meaning university graduated.

3. Regeneration of meaning: “Regeneration is a process of meaning change,

the new meaning goes up more higher or better than the old meaning,

regeneration is also called ameliorative, the positive and pleasant meaning is

aimed in it.” For example: the word of ‘wanita’ is better to use than

‘perempuan’.

4. Degeneration of meaning: “Degeneration also called pejorative is a process

of meaning changes where the new meaning changed goes down lower than

the old meaning. Degeneration aim to the negative or unpleasant meaning.”

For example: the word of ‘hostes’ now have negative or lower meaning

whereas originally the meaning of ‘hostes’ was not low.