Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 4

Topic 1: Chemical Bonding

1. Covalent (NM+NM) - Two types:


- 2 atoms share valence shell electrons, forms a) Non-polar – Perfect sharing of electrons
BOND TYPES a chemical bond, turns atoms into 1 molecule b) Polar – Unequal sharing of electrons

2. Ionic (M+NM) - Forms between ions, electrostatic attraction between cation


-Transfer of electrons from 1 ion to another, (M) and anion (NM) holds atoms together
creates bond, turns 2 atoms into 1 molecule - Metal loses e-, non-metal gains e
ELECTRO- - Measure of how strongly an element pulls - The closer an atom is to filling its octet(8e-), the more ΔEN it is.
NEGATIVITY electrons towards its nucleus - Metals have low ΔEN, they want to give away electrons
ΔEN - Fluorine = most ΔEN, Francium = Δleast EN - Noble gases = not ΔEN, they do not need electrons (full octet).
- Unequal sharing of electrons = “tug of war” Classifying Covalent Bonds:
Results in poles of positive and negative ΔEN 0 0.1-2.1 2.1 & higher
charges
Bond Non-polar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic
POLARITY - Occurs in covalent bonds
- Formed when 2 NM of different ΔEN bond Type
together -No polarity, equal -Polarity, -No sharing
- Higher ΔEN element has stronger pull on sharing unequal sharing at all
electrons, creating polarity
Slightly positive + + - Slightly negative Steps:
1. Determine ΔEN for each element
DELTA NOTATION End of arrow (with +) shows electrons are 2. Subtract EN values
pulled towards the right ( negative end) 3. Use difference to classify bond. If bond=polar, proceed to #4.
4. Draw arrows and delta notation pointing electrons pull more to
INTERMOLECULAR Intermolecular – “Weak” - Forces that exist between molecules
& Example: Hydrogen bonding
INTRAMOLECULAR Intramolecular – “Strong” - Forces that hold atoms together within molecule
FORCES Example: Covalent bonding
REMEMBER: LEO the lion goes GER
LEO: Loss of e-= oxidation
Topic 5: Chemical Bonding II GER: Gain of e- = reduction

Oxidation - Loss of e- : Charge increases, becoming more positive


- Loss of electrons (e-)
OXIDATION & -  oxidation #
REDUCTION Reduction - Gain of e- : Charge reduces, becoming more negative
- Gain of electrons (e-) Example: 0 to +1 = more positive, lost e-  oxidation
-  oxidation # 0 to -1 = more negative, gain e-  reduction

ASSIGNING Seven Oxidation Rules Seven Oxidation Rules (continued)


OXIDATION
- 1. Uncombined element oxidation # = 0 - 5. Covalent compound: the more EN element is assigned
NUMBERS
Examples: Na, Li, P, S, Al oxidation # = its anion charge
- 2. Simple ion’s oxidation # = its ion Example: CH4 C= -4, H=+1
Oxidation Number
charge - 6. Ionic compound: sum of oxidation #’s in compound = 0
- Describes how
Examples: N3- = -3, Na1+ = +1, Ag1+ = +1 Example: MgCl2 Mg= +2 , Cl = -1 x2 =-2 Sum = 0
many e- have been
- 3. Hydrogen atom oxidation # = +1 - 7. Polyatomic ion: sum of oxidation # = ionic charge on ion
lost/gain by an
- 4. Oxygen atom oxidation # = -2 Example: SO4 2- S= +6, O= -2 x 4 = -8 Sum = -2
atom
Redox 1. Find all redox #’s for each reactant & product
- Loss or gain of an electron (e-) 2. Identify reducing agent, oxidizing agent, the oxidation and
reduction in reaction.
WRITING & 3. Identify reaction
CLASSIFYING
Non-Redox
REDOX - Oxidizing agent gains electrons,  oxidation # : becomes
- NO loss or gain of e-
REACTIONS reduced
- NO change in oxidation numbers
- Reducing agent loses electrons,  oxidation #: becomes
oxidized
(Agents become opposite of their names)

Combination: A + B  C (Redox & Non-redox)


Decomposition: A  B + C (Redox & Non-redox)
Single Replacement: A + BX  B + AX (Redox ONLY)
Double Replacement: AX + BY  BX + AY (Non-Redox ONLY)
Mole: Unit of measurement to represent a quantity

Avogadro’s # = 6.02 x 1023 (1 mole)


Topic 6: Mole Concept I
Molar Mass To calculate molar mass of a compound:
CALCULATING - Term for weight from periodic table 1. Find the grams of each element in one mole (Molar mass)
MOLAR MASS - Mass of 1 mole of any substance = molar mass 2. Add masses of all the elements
- Unit = g/mol = MOLAR MASS
1-Step Calculations
Conversion factors from Avogadro’s Number:
1 mole 6.02 × 1023 "things" Atom/molecule to Mole:
6.02 × 10 23
"things" 1 mole 1 mole
Given #of atoms/molecules x
6.02 × 1023 "things"
* “Things” can represent atoms or molecules*
Mole to Atoms/molecules:
6.02 × 1023 "things"
Given # moles x
Conversion factors from Molar Mass: 1 mole

1 mole grams Mass to Mole:


1 mole
grams 1 mole Given # of g x
WRITING Molar Mass (g)
CONVERSION
FACTORS Mole to Mass:
Units from numerator from setup on the left must Molar Mass (g)
match the units on denominator on the next Given # of moles x 1 mol
setup to cancel out.
2-Step Calculations
NO MENTION OF MOLES IN QUESTION

Atoms/ molecules to g  Avogadro’s #


1 mole Molar Mass (g)
Given atoms/molecules x 23 x
6.02 × 10 “things”
1 mol

g to Atoms/ molecules  Mass (g)


1 mole 6.02 × 1023 “things”
Given # of g x x
Molar Mass (g) 1 mole

Вам также может понравиться