PIPELINE DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION: A Practical Approach Second Edition By M. Mohitpour H. Golshan A. MurrayTABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments Foreword Dedication Preface Metric Conversion Table xvii Chapter 1 Elements of Pipeline Design il Introduction 1 Fluid Properties 2 Environment 2 Effects of Pressure and Temperature 3 Supply/Demand Seenario, Route Selection 7 ‘Codes and Standards 8 Environmental and Hydrological Considerations 8 Economies 12 Materials/Construction 13 Operation 16 Pipeline Protection 7 Pipeline Integrity Monitoring 19 References 2 Chapter 2 Pipeline Route Selection, Survey and Geotechnical Guidelines 23 Introduction 23 Preliminary Route Selection 23 Key Factors for Route Selection 24 Engineering Survey 31 Legal Survey 36 Construction/As-Built Survey 36 Geotechnical Design 44 References 55iv ML Table of Contents Chapter 3 Natural Gas Transmission 587 Introduction 3s7 General Flow Equation — Steady State 37 Impact of Gas Molecular Weight and Compressibility Factor on Flow Capacity 71 Flow Regimes 74 Widely Used Steady-State Flow Equations B Summary of the Impact of Different Gas and Pipeline Parameters on the Gas, Flow Efficiency 83 Pressure Drop Calculation for Pipelines in Series and Parallel 83 Pipeline Gas Velocity 92 sional Velocity 94 Optimum Pressure Drop for Design Purposes 96 Pipeline Packing 96 Determining Gas Leakage Using Pressure Drop Method 97 Wail Thickness/Pipe Grade 100 ‘Temperature Profile 106 ‘Optimization Process 110 Gas Transmission Solved Problems 8 References 127 Chapter 4 Gas Compression and Coolers 129 introduction 129 Types of Compressors 129 ‘Compressor Drivers 131 ‘Compressor Station Configuration 135 ‘Thermodynamics of Isothermal and Adiabatic Gas Compression 137 ‘Temperature Change in Adiabatic Gas Compression 144 Thermodynamics of Polytropic Gas Compression 147 Gas Compressors in Series 150 Centrifugal Compressor Horsepower 160 thalpy/Entropy Charts (Mollicr Diagram) 162 Centrifugal Compressor Performance Curve 167 Influence of Pipeline Resistance on Centrifugal Compressor Performance 171 Reciprocating Compressors 175 Gas Compression Solved Problems 177 Gas Coolers 202 Introduction 202 Ai-Cooled Heat Exchangers 202 Coolers Heat Transfer Equations 203 Fan Air Mass Flow Rate 208 Required Fan Power 208 Gas Pressure Drop in Coolers 209