See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/224126962

Impedances and Admittances of Underground Cables for the Homogeneous

Earth Case

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · May 2010

DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2034797 · Source: IEEE Xplore

CITATIONS READS
19 544

3 authors:

Theofilos A Papadopoulos Dimitrios Tsiamitros

Democritus University of Thrace Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia
108 PUBLICATIONS   516 CITATIONS    47 PUBLICATIONS   307 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Grigoris Papagiannis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
175 PUBLICATIONS   1,024 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Meeting of Energy Professional Skills (MEnS) View project

Promotion of higher penetration of distributed PV through storage for all (StoRES) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Grigoris Papagiannis on 21 February 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 2, APRIL 2010
Impedances and Admittances of Underground
Cables for the Homogeneous Earth Case
Theofilos A. Papadopoulos, Student Member, IEEE, Dimitrios A. Tsiamitros, Member, IEEE, and
Grigoris K. Papagiannis, Member, IEEE
Abstract—A general formulation for the calculation of the influ-
ence of the earth return path on the impedances and the admit-
tances of underground multiconductor power cable arrangements
is presented in this paper. The expressions for the self and mu-
tual earth correction terms are derived by a rigorous solution of
the electromagnetic-field equations. The involved semiinfinite inte-
grals are calculated by using a suitable numerical integration tech-
nique. The propagation characteristics of a single insulated con-
ductor and of a typical three-phase single-core cable arrangement
are investigated and are compared to the corresponding ones ob-
tained by other approaches. Finally, the cable parameters calcu-
lated by the proposed method are used in a simulation of a fast
transient in a three-phase single-core cable.
Index Terms—Earth return admittance, earth return
impedance, electromagnetic transients, power cable modeling.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE calculation of transient responses for underground
T power cables requires the detailed representation of the
influence of the imperfect earth, which is generally taken into
account by means of proper correction terms.
Pollaczek [1] first suggested these earth correction terms for
the series self and mutual impedances of underground cable
systems, assuming a resistive, homogeneous earth behaving as
a conductor. The Pollaczek’s model has not been widely used
in software packages, such as the CABLE CONSTANTS/PA-
RAMETERS supporting routine of the Alternate Transients
Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP)
[2], due to the difficulties in the numerical evaluation of the
involved integrals. In this routine, the adoption of certain
approximations in the numerical evaluation of the earth cor-
rection terms [3], [4] led practically to the implementation of
the Carson’s model [5]. Nevertheless, Pollaczek’s model was
further developed by Sunde [6], who included the influence of
the earth permittivity on the earth return impedances. A further
extension of the model, providing expressions for the earth
return impedance in cases of power cables buried in a two-layer
earth has been proposed in [7].
However, the accuracy of these models is limited to the low-
frequency range, especially for cases of high earth resistivity,
Manuscript received September 17, 2008; revised January 11, 2009. Current
version published March 24, 2010. This work was supported by the Greek Gen-
eral Secretariat for Research and Technology (PENED 03). Paper no. TPWRD-
00662-2008.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Power Systems Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
GR 54124, Greece (e-mail: grigoris@eng.auth.gr).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2034797
0885-8977/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
961
since they all neglect the influence of the imperfect earth on the
shunt admittances. Several efforts to develop rigorous models at
the high-frequency region (HF), by also introducing earth cor-
rection terms for the shunt admittance for the case of a single
buried conductor in the homogeneous earth are reported in the
literature [8], [9]. Furthermore, formulas for the calculation of
the earth impedance and earth admittance for the case of only
a single conductor were originally proposed by Vance [10] and
have been recently adopted for the calculation of fast-wave tran-
sients in [11]–[13].
In this paper, analytic expressions are proposed for the calcu-
lation of the earth correction terms of the self and mutual im-
pedances and admittances for single-core (SC) multiconductor
power cables in homogeneous earth. They are derived by a rig-
orous solution of the electromagnetic (EM)-field equations. The
proposed expressions include semiinfinite integrals, which are
calculated by using the numerical integration technique of [3].
The impedance and admittance matrices for the physical con-
ductors of the SC multiconductor cable system are formulated
by using the generalized methodology of [14].
Results obtained by the proposed expressions are compared
against those of [11] for the case of a single insulated buried con-
ductor, to check the validity of the formulation. Next, the propa-
gation characteristics of single and multiconductor underground
cable systems are calculated and the influence of the earth re-
turn admittance terms on the wave propagation is investigated.
Finally, the underground cable parameters, derived by the pro-
posed methodology, are used in fast electromagnetic transient
simulations to examine their impact on the transient responses
of actual SC cable systems.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. Dipole Fields
The configuration of Fig. 1 is assumed, consisting of a dipole
with a moment along the -axis, buried in a depth in
the homogeneous earth. The permittivity and permeability of
air are and , respectively. The permittivity, permeability,
and conductivity of the homogeneous earth are , , and ,
respectively.
For problems including the calculation of voltages and
currents along transmission lines or crosstalk phenomena for
frequencies 10 MHz, the quasi-transverse electromagnetic
(TEM) field propagation is a satisfactory approximation, ne-
glecting the contribution of additional propagation modes [12].
Assuming this propagation mode, the electromagnetic-field
equations can be expressed by using the Hertzian vector [6]
since it offers a proper interface between all of the other field
962 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 2, APRIL 2010

Fig. 1. Dipole configuration buried in the homogeneous earth.

Fig. 2. Geometric configuration of two insulated underground conductors in

quantities. Since the field is symmetrical with respect to the the homogeneous earth.
– plane, the component of the Hertzian vector is zero.
The and components of the resulting Hertzian vector in the
air and earth are , , and , , respectively. Their and along the infinite conductor of cable , replacing with
analytical expressions are given in (1) and (2) [6]. , with , with , and assuming the exponential law of
1) Air propagation along the conductor with propagation constant
[6]
(1a)

(1b)
(3a)
2) Earth

(2a)

(3b)
(2b)

The analytic derivation of (3a) and (3b) is described in Ap-

In these equations, the prime indicates the Hertzian vector of
pendix B.
the dipole, as opposed to that of an infinite line. and
A basic difficulty in the calculation of (3a) and (3b) is the
are the Bessel functions of the first kind and zero and first order,
presence of the unknown propagation constant . To overcome
respectively.
this, a common approximation is to assume that at the low-fre-
In addition, , , where
quency range, the propagation constant can be set equal to
, 1, , , is the imaginary unit,
zero. This practically means to neglect the contribution of the
the integral variable, and is equal to .
earth correction term for the conductor admittance [8], [9]. In
The first term of the integral in (2a) refers to the case where the
this case, the self admittances of the conductors are due only to
dipole is placed in a uniform medium of infinite extent [6].
the insulation material, while the mutual admittances between
The unknown functions and in (1) and (2) are obtained
the cables do not exist in SC cable arrangements [14].
from the boundary conditions for the continuity of the tangen-
At high frequencies, a better approximation is to set
tial components of the electric- and magnetic-field intensities
[10]. This is equivalent to assume a lossless
between the two media. The derivation of these functions is pre-
propagation along the conductor and has been selected for the
sented in Appendix A.
analysis of this paper. Since the analysis aims to calculate the
pul earth correction terms for impedances and admittances, the
III. SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCES AND ADMITTANCES
propagation constant will be recalculated by using the results of
For the calculation of the per-unit-length (pul) earth return the proposed expressions.
correction terms of an underground conductor configuration, the Since is set to be equal to , the second integral
general conductor arrangement of Fig. 2 is considered. It con- of (3) can be calculated by using (4) [15]
sists of two SC cables, buried in the homogeneous earth with
the electromagnetic characteristics previously described. The
depths of the two cables from the earth surface are and ,
respectively, and their horizontal distance is .
The pul mutual impedance due to the earth return and the
corresponding pul mutual admittance are generally defined (4)
in (3) and are derived by integrating the dipole functions
PAPADOPOULOS et al.: IMPEDANCES AND ADMITTANCES OF UNDERGROUND CABLES
Assuming the relation , the terms for , cases, involving overhead, underground conductors and combi-
1 transform to and the pul mutual earth
impedances and mutual earth admittances take the form of (5)
and (6), respectively.
Pul mutual earth impedance
(5a)
(5b)
Pul mutual earth admittance
(6a)
(6b)
(6c)
The new integral argument is and the integral terms in (5)
and (6) represent the influence of the imperfect earth on the con-
ductor impedances and admittances. The function is due
to the radial displacement currents and ignoring it results in a
propagation constant equal to .
The earth correction terms for the self impedances and admit-
tances of the cable of Fig. 2 can be derived from (5) and (6),
respectively, by replacing with the cable outermost radius
and with .
The total pul series impedance and shunt admittance matrices
of the cable can be derived by the procedure described in [14] by
adding the earth correction terms to the corresponding elements
of the matrices, expressing the impedances due to the skin ef-
fect and the inductances and capacitances due to the insulation
of the conductors. However, since in [14], the earth return ad-
mittance matrix of SC cables is not defined, due to the lack of
the corresponding expressions, Appendix C has been added to
present the necessary extension.
From (5), the existing formula of earth impedances for un-
derground power cables, proposed by Sunde [6], can be repro-
duced, simply by setting equal to zero. In addition, if the
influence of the earth permittivity is neglected, then (5) reduces
to the corresponding formula of Pollaczek [1].
Exchanging with , with , with and setting
equal to the propagation constant of the free space
, the aforementioned expressions are transformed to the
generalized model of Kikuchi [16] for the earth correction terms
for the impedances and admittances of an overhead line above
homogeneous earth.
The earth correction terms of (5) and (6) include semiinfinite
integrals, which pose certain difficulties in their numerical eval-
uation [3], [4]. In this paper, the integrals of (5) and (6) are cal-
culated by using the integration scheme of [3]. This numerical
integration technique has been used by the authors in various
963
nations of both for both homogeneous and multilayered earth
structures [7], [17], [18]. In all of these cases, the integration
scheme proved to be numerically stable and efficient, leading to
very accurate results. However, other integration techniques re-
ported in the literature [4], [19], [20] can be also implemented
for the calculation of the aforementioned integrals.
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The derived formulation is used in the calculation of the prop-
agation characteristics of a single underground conductor and of
a multiconductor SC cable system. To check the validity of the
results, they are compared to the corresponding ones by other
approaches. The influence of the earth resistivity and permit-
tivity on the propagation characteristics is also investigated.
A. Single Insulated Underground Conductor Case
The examined single insulated underground conductor con-
sists of a conductive core with resistivity
and radius 0.0234 m and of the outer insulation, which has
relative permittivity 3.5 and outer radius 0.0385
m. The conductor is buried in a depth of 1.2 m. The homo-
geneous earth is considered to have resistivity varying from
100 m to 1000 m and variable relative earth permittivity
. The relative permeabilities of all media are assumed to be
equal to unity.
The wave propagation characteristics are calculated first by
using the proposed earth correction terms of (5) and (6).
Next, the earth model of Sunde [6] is considered, where the
influence of the imperfect earth on the admittance is neglected.
The third model examined is proposed by Petrache et al. [11].
In this model, the earth return impedance is similar to that of
[6]; however, it is independent of the burial depth and is eval-
uated numerically by using a logarithmic approximation. The
calculation of the admittance is based on an estimation of the
propagation constant [10], limiting the application range of this
model only in single conductor cases.
In Figs. 4 and 5, the attenuation constant and the phase con-
stant of the single conductor cable are shown as calculated by the
three models, for the case of m and m,
respectively, while 10 in both topologies. In Fig. 3, the
magnitude of the characteristic impedance is presented for the
two earth topologies.
The corresponding terms of the propagation constants
of the earth and of the
insulator are also plotted in Figs. 4 and 5 to show the differences
resulting from each approach, since the propagation character-
istics are expected to be between these boundary values [9].
The results show that the proposed model and the model of
[11] are, generally, in very good agreement, especially for the
attenuation and phase constant terms. Small differences are
recorded in the magnitude of the characteristic impedance at the
high-frequency (HF) region, due mainly to the approximations
in the approach of [11]. However, both models present the same
behavior in all propagation parameters for all examined cases.
The results by Sunde’s model for the characteristic
impedance show a completely different behavior at the HF
region, since they are monotonic functions with frequency.
964
1m
Fig. 3. Magnitude of the characteristic impedance for different methods and
homogeneous earth topologies.
Fig. 4. Attenuation constant for different methods. The earth resistivity is
100
1m.
m and variable earth
Fig. 5. Phase constant for different methods. The earth resistivity is 1000
1m.
Significant differences are also recorded in the propagation
constant terms. The propagation constant obtained by Sunde’s
model tends to higher values than those of the propagation
constant of the earth at the HF region, especially for higher
earth resistivities. Furthermore, all propagation characteristics
of this model are slightly affected by the EM properties of the
soil [13].
On the contrary, the propagation constant calculated by the
proposed model in all examined cases is always between the
corresponding values for the earth and the insulator media,
which is in agreement with the fundamental assumptions of the
quasi-TEM propagation in homogeneous media [9], [21]. The
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 2, APRIL 2010
Fig. 6. Magnitude of the characteristic impedance for earth resistivity 500
and variable earth permittivity.
Fig. 7. Attenuation constant for earth resistivity 500
1
permittivity.
differences between the proposed and Sunde’s models appear
at the frequency region of hundreds of kilohertz depending on
the earth resistivity and permittivity. In this frequency range,
the earth begins to behave also as an insulator and the admit-
tance earth correction terms become significant and cannot be
disregarded.
Finally, the sensitivity of the propagation characteristics cal-
culated with the proposed model is examined for the case where
m and takes values from 5 to 20. Figs. 6 and 7
show the characteristic impedance magnitude and the attenua-
tion constant, respectively, for different earth permittivities.
B. Multiconductor Case
A distinct advantage of the proposed model against those
which aim at the direct calculation of the propagation charac-
teristics is that since it allows the computation of the self and
mutual earth correction terms for the impedances and admit-
tances of underground conductors, it can be also applied to cases
of multiconductor arrangements. The modal propagation char-
acteristics can be obtained by the application of proper modal
transformations [22] on the impedance and admittance matrices
of the cable system.
The horizontal three-phase SC cable arrangement of Fig. 8 is
examined next. The layout and the data for each SC cable are
shown in Fig. 9 and Table I, respectively. Cables are in a depth
1.2 m with a spacing 0.25 m. Two different values
PAPADOPOULOS et al.: IMPEDANCES AND ADMITTANCES OF UNDERGROUND CABLES
Fig. 8. Three-phase SC cable arrangement.
1m.
Fig. 9. Layout of the SC cable.
TABLE I
SC CABLE ARRANGEMENT DATA
1m.
of earth resistivity are examined, namely, m and
m, while the relative permittivity of the earth is
10 and the relative permeability is 1.
The pul earth return correction terms of the underground
cable configuration are calculated by using the proposed and
1m.
Sunde’s models and the corresponding modal propagation
characteristics, derived by using modal decomposition [22], are
compared.
Figs. 10 and 11 show the variation of the characteristic
impedance magnitude and attenuation constant, respectively,
for three out of the six modes of the cable system as a function
of frequency for the case of m. The specific modes
represent the ground mode (mode #1) and the intermediate
modes (modes #2 and #3) and are selected as they are mainly
affected by the earth return path. The other three modes, cor-
responding to the conducting cores, are less affected and the
results obtained by the two examined models are practically
identical for these propagation modes. The corresponding
curves for the characteristic impedance and the phase constant
965
Fig. 10. Modal characteristic impedance magnitude by the different methods.
Earth resistivity is 100
Fig. 11. Modal attenuation constants by the different methods. Earth resistivity
is 100
Fig. 12. Modal characteristic impedance magnitude by the different methods.
Earth resistivity is 1000
for earth resistivity m are plotted in Figs. 12 and
13, respectively.
As shown in the above diagrams, modes #1, #2, and #3 that
have been calculated by the proposed model, show the same be-
havior in all wave propagation terms, quite similar to the corre-
sponding ones for the single insulated conductor case. Further-
more, the values of the three modal propagation constants at the
HF are almost equal.
On the contrary, the modal propagation characteristics of
modes #2 and #3, as calculated using Sunde’s model, retain
considerably smaller values than the corresponding ones of
the ground mode #1. This is attributed to the omission of the
966 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 2, APRIL 2010

Fig. 13. Modal phase constants by the different methods. Earth resistivity is
1000
1m.
Fig. 14. Ground-mode voltage at a distance of 90 m from the sending end for
the two models and for different frequencies. Earth resistivity is 1000
1m.

influence of the imperfect earth on the admittances of the three

cables. Therefore, modes #2 and #3, which practically represent
the coupling through the earth between the cable sheaths differ
significantly, since the mutual admittances between the cables
are ignored.

V. TRANSIENT RESPONSES
In order to check the influence of the detailed cable parame-
ters on the transient response of a three-phase SC power cable,
the following simulation model has been used.
The propagation characteristics of the cable arrangement of
Fig. 8, as calculated by using the new expressions, are used to
formulate a time-domain travelling-wave model. The cable is
assumed to consist of very short line sections of 10 m in length,
with the addition of lumped parameter line segments between
the 10-m sections to include the shunt conductances. This for-
mulation, combined with a time step in the order of nanosec-
onds, though not accurate as a frequency-domain model, can
give, however, a reliable qualitative view of the influence of the
new parameters in the transient responses of cables at discrete
frequencies.
Furthermore, in order to check the validity of this model at the
HF region, the results obtained for a steady-state case have been
checked against those calculated by an exact frequency-domain
line model using the telegrapher’s equations [23]. The results of
the aforementioned described model are in fine agreement with
the corresponding ones by the analytic solution.
A. Modal Responses
First, an equivalent single-phase circuit for each mode of the
three-phase cable arrangement of Fig. 8 is considered. A double
exponential voltage source with a magnitude of 1 p.u. and time
constants 1.2/50 s is connected at the sending end , while
the receiving end is terminated with the corresponding modal
characteristic impedance [22]. The cable length is 100 m. The
time-domain model, described earlier, is used for three discrete
frequencies, namely 500 kHz, 800 kHz, and 1 MHz.
In Fig. 14 the transient modal voltages at the receiving end
of the ground mode are recorded, for an earth resistivity equal
to 1000 m and are compared to the corresponding
ones by the Sunde’s model [6].
Fig. 15. Test configuration of the transient simulation.
The comparison of the results shows significant differences.
The recorded peak levels of the mode voltages, calculated with
Sunde’s model, are considerably smaller, due to the frequency-
dependent behavior of the earth, which is taken into account in
the proposed model and to the higher values of the ground-mode
characteristic impedance.
Finally, the peak voltages decrease as the calculation
frequency of the cable parameters increases, due to the in-
creased cable losses and the resulting increased ground-mode
attenuation.
B. Actual Phase Responses
For the calculation of the real phase responses, the test con-
figuration of [24] is used, as shown in Fig. 15. The cable sheaths
are grounded only at the sending end, in order to avoid unwanted
loop currents. The cable length is assumed to be 100 m. The
double exponential voltage source with magnitude 1 p.u. and
time constants 1.2/50 s is applied at the sending end of the
sheath of cable . The pul parameters of the cable arrangement
are calculated for the proposed and Sunde’s models at 800 kHz.
In the simulation tests, cases of lightning surges on open-
ended cables and of subsequent short-circuit conditions at the
cable receiving end have been examined. In Fig. 16, the results
for the voltage of sheath at a distance of 10 m from the sending
end, when both the cable cores and the sheaths are open-ended,
is reproduced for the case of earth resistivity being equal to 1000
m and of the relative earth permittivity being equal to 10. The
recorded differences in the actual transient voltages show that in
this case, the worst transient results are with the Sunde’s model.
PAPADOPOULOS et al.: IMPEDANCES AND ADMITTANCES OF UNDERGROUND CABLES 967

models is significant enough to justify the use of the new

expressions for the calculation of the cable parameters.
The proposed methodology can be used for practical power
cable systems consisting of multiple conductors in arbitrary ar-
rangements in a homogeneous earth. Therefore, in combination
with a numerical integration scheme, it offers a useful tool in the
calculation of the transient model parameters of underground
cables.

APPENDIX A
DETERMINATION OF THE DIPOLE COMPONENTS
USING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The boundary conditions between two horizontal media and
Fig. 16. Cable b sheath voltage at a distance of 10 m from the sending end for are generally defined as [6]
the two models.
(A1a)

In other cases, the proposed model resulted in either higher volt- (A1b)
ages or currents. Therefore, it is difficult to reach a safe conclu-
sion as to which model leads to the worst transient, depending (A1c)
on the earth model parameters. However, in all examined cases,
the differences between the proposed model and the model of (A1d)
Sunde, are significant enough to be ignored.
The above set of equations is applied to the separating surface
at 0. First, the -components are determined separately and
VI. CONCLUSION then are used for the calculation of the -components. There-
General expressions for the calculation of the earth return fore, substituting (1a) and (2a) in (A.1a)–(A.1b) the following
correction terms for the shunt admittances and the series im- equations are derived:
pedances of underground multiconductor single-core power ca-
bles are presented in this paper. These formulas are derived by (A2a)
solving the electromagnetic-field equations, under the assump-
tion of quasi-TEM-field propagation. The proposed expressions (A2b)
can handle all practical cases of SC underground cable arrange-
ments, taking into account the topology and the EM properties From the above equations, and are
of all involved media. The numerical evaluation of the semiin-
finite integrals in the proposed expressions is accomplished by (A3a)
using a proper numerical integration scheme.
The validity of the new expressions is justified by proper com- (A3b)
parisons of the results obtained by them to the corresponding
ones by other approaches, reported in the literature for the case
Next, using (1b), (2b),and substituting them to the boundary
of single insulated underground conductors.
conditions (A.1c)–(A.1d),the following equations result:
For the case of underground multiconductor arrangements,
the proposed expressions offer a significant improvement over
(A4a)
the approach of Sunde. The modal propagation characteristics
for the case of a typical three-phase SC cable system, as calcu-
lated by using the new expressions, show significant differences
to the corresponding ones calculated by the Sunde’s formula-
tion. These differences, which are greater for the ground mode (A4b)
and the intermediate modes and for greater earth resistivities and
permittivities, start to appear below 100 kHz. where
The propagation characteristics, as calculated by the new
(A5)
expressions, are also used in the simulation of a lightning
surge-type transient. A properly modified time-domain, dis-
The component is calculated from (A4a) and (A4b), using
tributed parameter traveling-wave transmission-line model of
(A5) and the already known and functions
the ATP-EMTP has been used to simulate a typical three-phase
SC cable arrangement. This formulation, though not as accurate
as a frequency-domain model, leads to results which show that
(A6)
the divergence in the transient responses between the compared
968 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 2, APRIL 2010

Thus, the functions in the earth have been completely In (A12), is the internal potential coefficient matrix of
defined. the cable system defined in [14] and includes the admittance
terms due to the cable insulation. The matrix is the earth
APPENDIX B return potential coefficient matrix and it is given by (A13a). In
DETERMINATION OF (3A) AND (3B) (A13a), the diagonal submatrices express the self earth re-
The and components of the electric-field intensity in rect- turn potential coefficients of each SC cable separately and the
angular coordinates defined by the wave function and the in- offdiagonal submatrices represent the mutual earth return
termediate functions and are given by [6] potential coefficients between the SC cable and the SC cable
. If the cable consists of a core, sheath, and armor, the subma-
trices and are 3 3 matrices and are given by (A13b)

(A7a)
.. .. .. .. (A13a)
(A7b) . . . .

and are used in the determination of the pul earth

correction terms of a line with an infinite length in the following (A13b)
expressions [6]:
The elements in (A13b) are calculated by using the new ex-
(A8a) pression in (6).

REFERENCES
(A8b) [1] F. Pollaczek, “Uber das Feld einer unendlich langen wechselstrom-
durchflossenen Einfachleitung,” Elektrische Nachrichtentech., vol. 3,
no. 4, pp. 339–359, 1926.
Substituting in (A7), and and using (A5), and [2] H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference
are derived Manual, Bonneville Power Administration. Portland, OR, 1986.
[3] G. K. Papagiannis, D. A. Tsiamitros, D. P. Labridis, and P. S.
Dokopoulos, “Direct numerical evaluation of the earth return path
(A9a) impedances of underground cables,” Proc. Inst. Eng. Technol. Gen.,
Transm. Distrib., vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 321–328, 2005.
[4] T. Noda, “Numerical techniques for accurate evaluation of overhead
line and underground cable constants,” Inst. Elect, Eng. J Trans. Elect.
Electron. Eng., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 549–559, 2008.
(A9b) [5] J. R. Carson, “Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground return,”
Bell Syst. Tech. J., no. 4, pp. 539–554, 1926.
[6] E. D. Sunde, Earth Conduction effects in transmission systems, 2nd
where and are ed. New York: Dover, 1968, pp. 99–139.
[7] D. A. Tsiamitros, G. K. Papagiannis, D. P. Labridis, and P. S.
Dokopoulos, “Earth return path impedances of underground cables
(A10a) for the two-layer case,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp.
2174–2181, Jul. 2005.
[8] J. R. Wait, “Electromagnetic wave propagation along a buried insulated
wire,” Can J. Phys., vol. 50, pp. 2402–2409, 1972.
[9] G. E. Bridges, “Transient plane wave coupling to bare and insulated ca-
bles buriedin a lossy half-space,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.,
(A10b) vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 62–70, Feb. 1995.
[10] E. F. Vance, Coupling to shielded cables. New York: Wiley, 1978.
Using (A9) and (A10), the expressions of the pul earth cor- [11] E. Petrache, F. Rachidi, M. Paolone, C. A. Nucci, V. A. Rakov, and
M. A. Uman, “Lightning induced disturbances in buried cables-Part
rection terms of (3) are defined in relation to the Hertzian vector I: Theory,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 47, no. 3, pp.
components. 498–508, Aug. 2005.
[12] N. Theethayi, Y. Baba, F. Rachidi, and R. Thottappillil, “On the choice
APPENDIX C between transmission line equations and full-wave Maxwell’s equa-
tions for transient analysis of buried wires,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ADMITTANCE MATRIX OF Compat., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 347–357, May 2008.
MULTICONDUCTOR SC CABLE ARRANGEMENTS [13] N. Theethayi, R. Thottappillil, M. Paolone, C. A. Nucci, and F. Rachidi,
“External impedance and admittance of buried horizontal wires for
The admittance matrix of a cable system consisting of SC transient studies using transmission line analysis,” IEEE Trans. Dielect.
cables is defined as Electr. Insul., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 751–761, Jun. 2007.
[14] A. Ametani, “A general formulation of impedance and admittance
(A11) of cables,” IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., vol. PAS-99, no. 3, pp.
902–910, May 1980.
where is the potential coefficient matrix given by (A12), [15] N. Nakagawa, A. Ametani, and K. Iwamoto, “Further studies on wave
propagation in overhead lines with earth return: Impedance of stratified
as in [14] earth,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 120, no. 12, pp. 1521–1528, 1973.
[16] H. Kikuchi, “Wave propagation along an infinite wire above ground at
(A12) high frequencies,” Electrotech. J., Jpn., vol. 2, pp. 73–78, 1956.
PAPADOPOULOS et al.: IMPEDANCES AND ADMITTANCES OF UNDERGROUND CABLES
[17] D. A. Tsiamitros, G. K. Papagiannis, and P. S. Dokopoulos, “Earth
return impedances of conductor arrangements in multilayer soils-Part
I: Theoretical model,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp.
2392–2400, Oct. 2008.
[18] D. A. Tsiamitros, G. K. Papagiannis, and P. S. Dokopoulos, “Earth
return impedances of conductor arrangements in multilayer soils-Part
II: Numerical results,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. PWRD-23, no. 4,
pp. 2401–2408, Oct. 2008.
[19] F. A. Uribe, J. L. Naredo, P. Moreno, and L. Guardado, “Algorithmic
evaluation of underground cable earth impedances,” IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 316–322, Jan. 2004.
[20] X. Legrand, A. Xemard, G. Fleury, P. Auriol, and C. A. Nucci, “A
Quasi-Monte Carlo integration method applied to the computation of
the Pollaczek integral,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp.
1527–1534, Jul. 2008.
[21] C. Paul, Analysis of Multiconductor transmission lines, 2nd ed. New
York: Wiley, 2007.
[22] L. M. Wedepohl, “Application of the solution of travelling wave phe-
nomena in polyphase system,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 110, no. 12,
pp. 2200–2212, Dec. 1963.
[23] F. M. Tesche, M. Ianoz, and T. Karlsson, EMC Analysis methods and
Computational Models. New York: Wiley, 1997, pp. 405–411.
[24] T.-C. Yu and J. R. Marti, “A robust phase-coordinates frequency-de-
pendent underground cable model (zCable) for the EMTP,” IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 189–194, Jan. 2003.
View publication stats
969
Theofilos A. Papadopoulos (S’01) was born in Thessaloniki, Greece, on March
10, 1980. He received the Dipl. Eng. degree from the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessa-
loniki, Greece, in 2003.
Since 2003, he has been a Postgraduate Student at the Department of Elec-
trical and Computer Engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. His
special interests are power systems modeling, power-line communications, and
computation of electromagnetic transients.
Mr. Papadopoulos received the Basil Papadias Award for the best student
paper, presented at the IEEE PowerTech 07 Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Dimitrios A. Tsiamitros (M’05) was born in Kozani, Greece, in 1979. He re-
ceived the Dipl.-Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering
from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, in 2001 and
2005, respectively.
His special interests are power system modeling and computation of electro-
magnetic transients.
Grigoris K. Papagiannis (S’79–M’88) was born in Thessaloniki, Greece, on
September 23, 1956. He received the Dipl. Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
and computer engineering from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessa-
loniki, Greece, in 1979 and 1998, respectively.
Currently, he is Professor at the Power Systems Laboratory of the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessa-
loniki. His special interests are power systems modeling, computation of elec-
tromagnetic transients, distributed generation, and power-line communications.