OSI Data Link &

Network Layer

Erkki Kukk

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
§  Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
§  Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
§  Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used
to manage communication in data networks

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Layer 2 addressing and its Impact on Network
Operation and Performance
§  Ethernet Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast

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Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
process
§  Mapping IP to MAC Addresses

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Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
process
§  ARP – Destinations Outside the Local Network

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Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
process
§  ARP – Removing Address Mappings

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Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
process
§  ARP Broadcasts - Issues

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Compare and Contrast the Use of Ethernet Switches
versus Hubs in a LAN
§  Describe how a switch can eliminate collisions, backoffs and
re- transmissions, the leading factors in reduced throughput
on a hub-based Ethernet network

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Define the basic role of the Network Layer in data
networks

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Identify the basic characteristics and the role of the
IPv4 protocol

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Describe the implications for the use of the IP protocol
as it is connectionless

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Describe the implications for the use of the IP protocol
as it is considered an unreliable protocol

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Describe the implications for the use of the IP as it is
media independent

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
§  Describe the role of framing in the Transport Layer and
explain that segments are encapsulated as packets

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

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Addressing the Network
– IPv4

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 IP Addressing Structure
§  Describe the dotted decimal structure of a binary IP
address and label its parts

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 IP Addressing Structure
§  Practice converting 8-bit binary to decimal

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 §  Convert decimal to 8-bit binary

Alternatiiv on kahega jagamine ja pärast jääkide järjestamine tagantpoolt:

172/2=86(0), 86/2=43(0), 43/2=21(1), 21/2=10(1), 10/2=5(0), 5/2=2(1), 2/2=1(0), 1/2=0(1)
Järjestades tulemuse tagantpoolt saame 10101100
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 IP Addressing Structure
§  Practice converting decimal to 8-bit binary

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 IPv4 address
§  An IP address has two parts:
network number
host number
11000000 10101000 00010010 00111001

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 IPv4 Address
§  Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing
The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in
most internal networks.

§  Older technology - Classful IP Addressing (later)

Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.
The Cisco IP Routing Table is structured in a classful manner

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 Types of Addresses

§  Network address - The address by which we refer to the

network
§  Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
§  Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network
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 Dividing the Network and Host Portions

11111111111111110000000000000000

§  Subnet Mask

Used to define the:
Network portion
Host portion
32 bits
Contiguous set of 1’s followed by a contiguous set of 0’s
1’s: Network portion
0’s: Host portion
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 Dividing the Network and Host Portions

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Dotted decimal: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Slash notation: /16

§  Expressed as:

Dotted decimal
Ex: 255.255.0.0
Slash notation or prefix length
/16 (the number of one bits)

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Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
§  Use the subnet mask and ANDing process to extract
the network address from the IP address.

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Determine the network portion of the host address
and the role of the subnet mask
§  Observe the steps in the ANDing of an IPv4 host
address and subnet mask

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 Calculating Addresses
§  Given a subnet address and subnet mask, calculate the
network address, host addresses and broadcast
address

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 Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
§  Determine the network, broadcast and host addresses
for a given address and prefix combination

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 Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
§  Name the three types of communication in the Network
Layer and describe the characteristics of each type

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 Address classes
§  Identify the historic method for assigning addresses and
the issues associated with the method

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 Special Unicast IPv4 Addresses

§  127.0.0.0/8 - Loopback Address

§  128.0.0.0/16, 191.255.0.0/16, 192.0.0.0/24,
223.255.255.0/24 – reserved by IANA for future usage
§  169.254.0.0 /16 - Link-Local Addresses
Can be automatically assigned to the local host by the operating
system in environments where no IP configuration is available

§  192.0.2.0 /24 - TEST-NET Addresses

These addresses can be used in documentation and network
examples

§  192.88.99.0/24 – 6to4 relay router

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Private IP
Addresses

§  RFC 1918

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
§  The addresses will not be routed in the Internet
Need NAT/PAT (next)
§  Should be blocked by your ISP
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 Assigning Addresses
§  Explain the importance of using a structured process to
assign IP addresses to hosts and the implications for
choosing private vs. public addresses

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 Assigning Addresses
§  Explain how end user devices can obtain addresses
either statically through an administrator or dynamically
through DHCP

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 Assigning Addresses
§  Explain which types of addresses should be assigned
to devices other than end user devices

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 Who assigns IP Network Addresses?

§  Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) (http://

www.iana.net) is the master holder of the IP addresses.
§  Today, the remaining IPv4 address space has been
allocated to various other registries to manage for
particular purposes or for regional areas.
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

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 Regional Internet Registries (RIR)

§  The 5 RIR’s are:

AfriNIC - http://www.afrinic.net
APNIC - http://www.apnic.net
ARIN - http://www.arin.net
LACNIC - http://www.lacnic.net
RIPE NCC - http://www.ripe.net

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OSI Layer3 devices

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Grouping Devices into Networks and Hierarchical
Addressing
§  List several ways in which dividing a large network can
increase network security

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Grouping Devices into Networks and Hierarchical
Addressing
§  Explain the communication problems that emerge when
very large numbers of devices are included in one large
network

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Grouping Devices into Networks and Hierarchical
Addressing
§  Describe how hierarchical addressing solves the
problem of devices communicating across networks of
networks

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and
Packet Forwarding
§  Describe the role of an intermediary gateway device in
allowing devices to communicate across sub-divided
networks

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and
Packet Forwarding
§  Describe the role of a gateway and the use of a simple
route table in directing packets toward their ultimate
destinations

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and
Packet Forwarding
§  Describe the purpose and use of the destination
network in a route

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses
and Packet Forwarding
§  Trace the steps of several IP packets as they are
routed through several gateways from devices on one
sub network to devices on other sub networks

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and
Packet Forwarding
§  Describe the purpose of routing protocols and the need
for both static and dynamic routes

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and
Packet Forwarding
§  Explain how routes are manually configured to build
routing table

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 Testing the Network Layer

§  Describe the general purpose of the ping command,

trace the steps of its operation in a network, and use
the ping command to determine if the IP protocol is
operational on a local host

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 Testing the Network Layer

§  Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate

with a gateway across a local area network

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 Testing the Network Layer
§  Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate via
a gateway to a device in remote network

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 Testing the Network Layer
§  Use tracert/traceroute to observe the path between two
devices as they communicate and trace the steps of
tracert/traceroute's operation

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Lab Exercises

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Remind the address classes

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1. Use the IP address chart and your knowledge of IP address
classes to answer the following questions:
1. What is the decimal and binary range of the first octet of all possible
Class B IP addresses?
Decimal: From: ________ To: ________
Binary: From: ________ To: ________
2. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a Class C IP address?
___________________
3. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a Class A IP address?
______________________
4. What is the maximum number of useable hosts with a Class C network
address? ___________
5. How many Class B networks are there? ___________________
6. How many hosts can each Class B network have?
__________________________
7. How many octets are there in an IP address? ________How many bits
per octet? __________ 57
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2. Fill in the table:

Host IP Address Network Host Broadcast Default

Class Address Address Address Subnet
Mask
216.14.55.137

123.1.1.15

150.127.221.244

194.125.35.199

175.12.239.244

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§  3. Given an IP address of 142.226.0.15 and a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0, answer the following questions:
§  What is the binary equivalent of the second octet?
_____________________________________
§  What is the class of the address?
_________________________________________________
§  What is the network address of this IP address?
______________________________________
§  Is this a valid IP host address (Y/N)?
______________________________________________
§  Why or why not?
____________________________________________________

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4. Fill in the table:

IP address Valid Why or why not?

address
?
150.100.255.255

175.100.255.18

195.234.253.0

100.0.0.23

188.258.221.176

127.34.25.189

224.156.217.73

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