Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ji oc` S\gg
Ki oc` @`^jhkjndodji ja ?\kdo\gdnh
\i_ Eon ?mdod^n
=in`gh F\kk`
Pm\ing\o`_ ]t =g\no\dm D`hh`in
Raf[`]kl]j) PF
RYk`af_lgf) PN<
$&'( kp]gdnc`_ ]t V`mj >jjfn) /-.4
V`mj >jjfn En \i Ehkmdio ja Fjci Dpio Lp]gdncdib Ho_+) H\pm`g Djpn`) Oo\odji =kkmj\^c)
=gm`najm_) D\ion) O-/1 6FD) QG
% ##$!" ~eck]jjfn+ i`o
rrr+ejcicpiokp]gdncdib+^jh
rrr+ u`mj* ]jjfn+i`o
Bjm _dnomd]pojm _`o\dgn \i_ cjr oj jm_`m kg`\n` qdndo oc` ÜKm_`mdibá n`^odji ji jpm r`]ndo`+
=gg mdbcon m`n`mq`_+ As^`ko ajm ]md`a lpjo\odjin di ^mdod^\g \mod^g`n jm m`qd`rn) ij k\mo ja ocdn
]jjf h\t ]` m`kmj_p^`_ di \it h\ii`m rdocjpo kmdjm rmdoo`i k`mhdnndji amjh oc` kp]gdnc`mn+
Pc` mdbcon ja =in`gh F\kk` \n \pocjm c\q` ]``i \nn`mo`_ di \^^jm_\i^` rdoc oc` ?jktmdbco)
@`ndbin \i_ L\o`ion =^o .655+
= ?EL ^\o\gjbp` m`^jm_ ajm ocdn ]jjf dn \q\dg\]g` amjh oc` >mdodnc Hd]m\mt+
Lmdio`_ \i_ ]jpi_ ]t ?LE Cmjpk &QG' Ho_) ?mjt_ji) ?NK 1UU) QG
?KJPAJPO
Lm`a\^` .
>d]gdjbm\kct .34
Lm`a\^`
/ dd
dio`mi\odji\ggt oc\if( oj om\ing\odjin dioj Eo\gd\i) Ljmopbp`n`)
Cm``f \i_ @po^c+ Pc`n` admno ajpm \mod^g`n \__m`nn oc` bm\_p\g
no\bi\odji ja ^\kdo\gdnh oc\o ^pghdi\o`_ di oc` ^mdndn ja \pophi
/--5+ Pcdn ^mdndn) di a\^o) qdi_d^\o`_ oc\o \nk`^o ja oc` ^mdodlp` ja
q\gp` oc\o c\_ \gr\tn \mjpn`_ oc` bm`\o`no _`bm`` ja di^m`_pgdot)
ji oc` g`ao \n hp^c \n ji oc` mdbco7 oc` \nn`modji oc\o oc`m` dn \i
`ek\ieXc gdhdo oj ^\kdo\gdno kmj_p^odji+ >po oc`n` `nn\tn _`\g ijo
jigt rdoc oc` n`ga*_`nomp^odji ja ^\kdo\gdnh \i_ don ngd_` dioj
]\m]\mdnh8 oc`t \gnj \__m`nn oc` ndhdg\mgt _`nomp^odq` \i_
]\m]\mjpn m`\^odjin oj don _`^jhkjndodji+ H\mb` kjmodjin ja rc\o
k\nn`n oj_\t ajm \ ^mdodlp` ja ^\kdo\gdnh \m` c`m` `s\hdi`_ \n
k\mo ja oc` kmj]g`h m\oc`m oc\i \n k\mo ja oc` njgpodji7 ocpn) oc`
^dqdg nj^d`ot hjq`h`io ja oc` =PP=?0 q\md`ot) oc` cjpi_dib ja
^dot om\_`mn) \i_ ^mdodlp`n aj^pnndib `s^gpndq`gt ji cdbc adi\i^`8
]po \gnj kmjkjn\gn ajm \ m`opmi oj kjgdod^n \i_ ^g\nn nompbbg` )
\n r`gg \n o\gf ja m`b`i`m\odq` qdjg`i^` oc\o rjpg_ n`` ^\kdo\gdno
]\m]\mdnh _`a`\o`_ ]t don jri r`\kjin+ Pc`n` fdi_n ja m`\^odjin
oj oc` ^mdndn \m` adg`_ c`m` pi_`m oc` b`i`m\g o`mh kjkpgdnh ) ajm
_`nkdo` oc`dm m\_d^\g ^\^c`o) iji` ja oc`h m`\ggt ^mdod^dn`n oc`
ajpi_\odjin ja ^\kdo\gdno kmj_p^odji+ Pc`t \m` hp^c hjm`
aj^pnn`_ ji odif`mdib rdoc oc` ntno`h) gjjfdib ajm n^\k`bj\on)
m`dbidodib \io\bjidnhn oc\o c\q` di \^op\g a\^o ^jgg\kn`_ \gjib
rdoc ^\kdo\gdnh don`ga) jm _`n^`i_dib dioj ]gpno`m+
Pc` admno n`^odji ja oc` ]jjf ^jpg_ c\q` ]``i bdq`i oc` odog`
Jj ) epno \n oc` n`^ji_ k\moÉoc` gXij Zfejkil\ejÉ^jpg_ c\q`
]``i odog`_ I\t]` + Ei oc` g\oo`m E `s\hdi` njh` ja oc` m`^`io
m`nkjin`n oj oc` j]qdjpn dhk\nn` di rcd^c ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot adi_n
don`ga \i_ rcd^c) amjh oc` kjdio ja qd`r ja \ m\_d^\g ^mdodlp` ja
^jhhj_dot nj^d`ot) h`mdo njh` \oo`iodji+ Bjm _`nkdo`) \o g`\no
amjh \ _dno\i^`) n`mdjpn gdhdo\odjin c`m` \i_ oc`m`) oc`n`
\kkmj\^c`n ^jpg_ n`mq` oj kjdio oc` r\t ojr\m_n \ m`\g npk`mn*
`nndji ja ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot+ Pc`t oc`m`ajm` h\f` pk rc\o dn ^\gg`_
\ ^mdod^\g _d\gjbp` + Pc` %@\mf Od_`% ja R\gp` \i_ oc` Cdao )
kp]gdnc`_ di dnnp` ij+ 01 ja oc` M\ml\ [l I=QOO1 &n`^ji_ c\ga ja
0
/--6') _`qjo`_ oj oc` oc`h` ja Sc\o En Pj >` @ji`) Sc\o En Pj
>` Pcjpbco =]jpo I\ms Pj_\t< ) ^jhk\m`n) di oc` k\b`n ja oc`
g`\_dib kp]gd^\odji ja oc` oc`jm`od^d\in ja oc` bdao ) oc` I=QOO
bmjpk%n oc`jmt ja oc` bdao \n `g\]jm\o`_ jq`m oc` g\no ocdmot t`\mn)
rdoc oc` ^mdodlp` ja q\gp` rcjn` q\mdjpn \nk`^on \m` nphh\mdn`_
di ocdn \mod^g`+ Eo h\t oc`m`ajm` n`mq` \n \i diomj_p^odji oj oc`
^mdodlp` ja q\gp` \i_ ]` m`\_ admno+ % ?jhhji @`^`i^t% jm
?jmkjm\odnh< K]n`mq\odjin ji oc` Sjmf ja F`\i*?g\p_` Id^c`\
admno \kk`\m`_ ji oc` r`]ndo` ja I=QOO \i_ np]n`lp`iogt di
dnnp` ij+ 3*4 ja oc` ejpmi\g Dcclj`f &nkmdib /-.-'+ Eo \i\gtn`n ji` ja
oc` hjno dio`m`nodib \i_ jmdbdi\g ^jiomd]podjin oj nj^d\g ^mdod^dnh
kp]gdnc`_ di Bm\i^` di oc` g\no o`i t`\mn+ @`bmjroc`mn) Ki`
Ijm` Aaajmo Ea Ujp S\io oj >` N`qjgpodji\md`n admno \kk`\m`_) di
k\mo) di dnnp` ij+ /25*/26 &Fpgt /--6' ja oc` Ok\idnc ejpmi\g @c
Q`\af Ofgf WPc` Kg_ Ijg`Y) di m`nkjin` oj \ npmq`t ji oc`
_`bmjroc hjq`h`io+ Eo \i\gtn`n oc` h`mdon \i_ oc` gdhdo\odjin ja
ocdn hjq`h`io) rcd^c c\n n``i \ g\mb` di^m`\n` di don \p_d`i^`
jq`m oc` g\no a`r t`\mn+ Bmjh Ki` Qojkd\ oj =ijoc`m \kk`\m`_
di dnnp` ij+ / ja ?$<`cc\lij) oc` ejpmi\g ja oc` @Zfc\ i\^`feXc\
jlg\i`\li\ [$Xik [\ =\jXe^fe W>`n\iZji O^cjjg ja Bdi` =monY)
_`qjo`_ oj oc` oc`h` ja pojkd\n + Eo `s\hdi`n oc` \h]dbpdot ja
oc` ^ji^`ko ja pojkd\ ) rcd^c dn ji^` \b\di `iejtdib \ npmb` ja
kjkpg\mdot \hjib k\mo ja oc` kp]gd^+
Bdi\ggt) oc` ocdm_ k\mo) gXij cl[\ej) ^jiamjion ji` k\mod^pg\m
\m`\7 ^jio`hkjm\mt \mo \i_ oc` mjg` ja ^pgopm` di oc` _`^gdi` ja
^\kdo\gdnh+ Pc` ?\o) oc` Ijpn`) ?pgopm` \i_ oc` A^jijht dn \
^jiomd]podji oj \ nthkjndph c`g_ di /--5 di I`sd^j \n k\mo ja oc`
Bdaoc Bjmph ja Lp]gd^ =mo ) \i_ r\n kp]gdnc`_ di dnnp` ij+ /30
&@`^`h]`m /--6' ja @c Q`\af Ofgf+ E c\q` _`gdq`m`_ ocdn g`^opm` di
n`q`m\g \mo n^cjjgn di Bm\i^` \i_ do c\n h`o rdoc a\dmgt kjndodq`
m`nkjin`n) _ `nk do`*j m k`mc\kn ]`^\pn` j aÉoc` _\h idib
ep_b`h`io do k\nn`n ji ^jio`hkjm\mt \mo \i_ oc` g\oo`m%n np]jm_d*
i\odji oj oc` ^jhhj_dad^\odji ja gda`+ En Pc`m` \i =mo \ao`m oc`
Ai_ ja =mo< r\n kp]gdnc`_ di /--4 di oc` ^\o\gjbp` ja oc` 6oc
1
Htji >d`iid\Y ja ?jio`hkjm\mt =mo) rcd^c a`\opm`_ oc` odog` Pc`
Ddnojmt ja \i =n U`o J\h`g`nn @`^\_` + Pcdn o`so c\n ]``i
^jind_`m\]gt `sk\i_`_8 cjr`q`m) do km`n`mq`n don n`hdi\g
^c\m\^o`m) oc\o dn) don \oo`hko oj nf`o^c oc` jpogdi`n ja \ apopm`
diq`nodb\odji+ Ojh`odh`n) epno ji` n`io`i^` h\t ^jio\di h\oo`m
ajm a\m*m`\^cdib `som\kjg\odjin+
?\i oc` ^jind_`m\odjin oc\o \kk`\m di ocdn ]jjf ]` ^c\m\^*
o`mdn`_ \n jkodhdnod^ jm k`nndhdnod^ < Ki oc` ji` c\i_) oc`
^mdodlp` ja q\gp` c\n \gr\tn ajm`^\no oc` _jrir\m_ nkdm\g ja
^\kdo\gdnh) \i_ `q`i ^\o\nomjkcd^ _`q`gjkh`ion+ Pcdn ]jjf ^jpg_
c\q` ]``i `iodog`_ H\e\) O\b\c) Pg_Xij`e+ Pc`n` r`m` oc` htno`*
mdjpn rjm_n oc\o) \^^jm_dib oj oc` Kg_ P`no\h`io &@\id`g 2') r`m`
rmdoo`i ]t \ npk`mi\opm\g c\i_ ji oc` r\ggn ja oc` k\g\^` ja Gdib
>`gnc\uu\m ja >\]tgji \o oc` q`mt hjh`io rc`i c` ]`gd`q`_ c`
r\n \o oc` c`dbco ja cdn np^^`nn8 rjm_n oc\o g`\_ oc` fdib oj
_dn^jq`m oc\o c` c\_ ]``i r`dbc`_ di oc` ]\g\i^` \i_ ajpi_
r\iodib) \i_ oc\o cdn fdib_jh c\_ ]``i bdq`i jq`m oj cdn
`i`hd`n rcj r`m` r\dodib jpond_` don r\ggn+ N\_d^\g ^mdodlp`
m`h\din rcjggt pia\u`_ ndi^` do c\n ij dio`iodji ja n\qdib jpm
r\t ja gda` + ?mdndn oc`jmt c\n \gr\tn h`o rdoc jpomdbco m`e`^odji)
\n hp^c amjh om\_dodji\g I\msdnon \n amjh ]jpmb`jdn ocdif`mn+
Pc` g\no a`r t`\mn) cjr`q`m) c\q` kmjqd_`_ pi_`id\]g` ^jiadm*
h\odji ja don q\gd_dot+ Ei /--/ E b\q` \ nk``^c di Hji_ji ji oc`
Odop\odjidnon di rcd^c E \gnj `qjf`_ oc` _``k*n`\o`_ ^mdndn ja
^\kdo\gdnh+ = m`qd`r di \i Aibgdnc I\msdno kp]gd^\odji \_hdoo`_
oc\o ht nk``^c r\n q`mt dio`m`nodib) ]po ^g\dh`_ oc\o do r\n
piajmopi\o`gt h\mm`_ ]t npmm`\g \nn`modjin \]jpo ^\kdo\gdnh%n
dhh\i`io Tj`ZV ^jgg\kn` +2 D\_ ocdn ]``i nds t`\mn g\o`m) E \h ijo
npm` oc`t rjpg_ c\q` _``h`_ ht \nn`modjin lpdo` nj npmm`\g+
Pcdn dn) cjr`q`m) nh\gg ^jinjg\odji+ Bjm ^mdndn dn g`nn oc\i `q`m
ntijithjpn rdoc `h\i^dk\odji+ Pcdn ^g\dh) rcd^c dn \o oc` c`\mo
ja ocdn ]jjf) dn ]t ij h`\in jkodhdnod^+ Eo rjpg_) cjr`q`m) ]`
kjdiog`nn oj ^\mmt ji ijo r\iodib oj _mdq` >dgg\i^jpmo oj
_`nk\dm +3 Eo dn ijo oc` kpmkjn` ja oc` ^mdodlp` ja q\gp` oj apmidnc
2
_dm`^o kjdio`mn ajm dhh`_d\o` \^odji+ Pcdn m`apn\g jao`i j^^\ndjin
\ ^`mo\di \hjpio ja _dn\kkjdioh`io ji oc` k\mo ja ocjn` k`jkg`
`\b`m ajm m\_d^\g nj^d\g ^mdodlp`) ]po rcj dhh`_d\o`gt m\dn` oc`
lp`nodji ja rc\o oc` km\^od^\g \kkgd^\odji ja ocdn adi` oc`jmt
hdbco ]`+ Eo dn i`^`nn\mt) cjr`q`m) ajm ^mdodlp` oj \qjd_
np^^ph]dib oj oc` _`h\i_ oc\o do \gr\tn kmjqd_` ^ji^m`o`
dhh`_d\o` njgpodjin+ =gocjpbc do dn g`bdodh\o` oj `sk`^o oc\o \
^mdodlp` ja ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot ncjpg_ \gnj ]` \]g` oj m`q`\g \
kjnnd]g` giXo`j ja npk`mn`nndji) oc`m` \m` bjj_ m`\njin oj dindno ji
oc` i`^`nn\mt \pojijht ka oc`jmt+ Ei_``_) r`m` don ^jmjgg\mt di
dhh`_d\o` \^odji oc` jigt ocdib \ggjr`_ oj bjq`mi `q`mtocdib
ocjpbco jm n\d_) oc` q`mt ajmhpg\odji ja m\_d^\g oc`jmt rjpg_ ij
gjib`m ]` kjnnd]g`+ Pc` ^\o`bjmd^\g ]m`\f oc\o ajmhn oc`
]\^fbmjpi_ oj oc` ^mdodlp` ja q\gp` ^\iijo ]` opmi`_ dino\iogt e
dioj \ kjgdod^\g nom\o`bt) \n dn oc` ^\n` ajm `s\hkg` rdoc oc`jmd`n ja
oc` hpgodop_` jm ja \go`m*bgj]\gdn\odji 8 ijm dn dino\io\i`jpn
\kkgd^\odji oj ji`%n k`mnji\g gda` rdocdi don bdao+ Ki oc` joc`m
c\i_) ^ji^`kop\gdndib \ ]m`\f rdoc oc` ]\nd^ ^\o`bjmd`n ja
^\kdo\gdno nj^d\gdn\odji) `q`i da np^c \ ]m`\f ^\iijo ]` m`\gdn`_ di
oc` c`m` \i_ ijr) `i\]g`n \ aj^pn oj ]` h\dio\di`_ rcd^c bj`n
a\m ]`tji_ oc` ^jpiog`nn kmjkjn\gn di ocdn _\t \i_ \b` oc\o n``f
oj ^c\ib` oc` km`n`io rdocjpo c\qdib oj ^c\ib` \itocdib+
S` \m` _mdaodib ojr\m_n \ ndop\odji rc`m` cph\in rdgg ]` e
ijocdib ]po r\no` &Vtbhpio >\ph\i'+ Pc` ^jpiog`nn k`jkg`
rcj npmqdq` ]t kd^fdib ocmjpbc b\m]\b`É\i_ ijo jigt di oc`
Pcdm_ Sjmg_ Éncjr pn rc`m` \ cph\idot oc\o c\n h \_` oc`
q\gjmdn\odji kmj^`nn don ^cd`a m`lpdm`h`io dn c`\_dib7 cph\idot
don`ga ]`^jh`n npk`magpjpn rc`i do dn ij gjib`m i`^`nn\mt ajm oc`(3
m`kmj_p^odji ja oc` ^\kdo\g*a`odnc+ Pc`m` \m` di^m`\ndib iph ]`mn e
ja k`jkg` rcj \m` ij gjib`m bjj_ ajm \itocdib) ijo `q`i ajm
]`dib `skgjdo`_) rcdg` \o oc` n\h` odh` oc`t c\q` ]``i nomdkk`_
ja \gg h`\in ja np]ndno`i^`+ =i_ ocjn` rcj nodgg kjnn`nn m`njpm^`n (
jao`i kpo oc`h oj _dn\nomjpn pn`+ Ei oc`n` ^dm^phno\i^`n) oc`m` dn
ijocdib `gn` ajm do ]po \ api_\h`io\g m`diq`iodji ja oc` kmje`^o ja
3
cph\i `h\i^dk\odji+ Pc` jg_ km`n^mdkodjin \m` n^\m^`gt ja \it
pn` di \ rjmg_ oc\o c\n ^c\ib`_ nj hp^c+
Eo dn ]`tji_ _jp]o oc\o `h\i^dk\odji ^\iijo ]` \ h`m` ^jin`*
lp`i^` ja ^\kdo\gdno _`q`gjkh`io) \i_ do dn ijo \ h\oo`m ja
f``kdib oc` g\oo`m bjdib ]t m`kg\^dib don h\i\b`mn) jm ]t gd]`m*
\odib oc` ajm^`n oc\o do ^m`\o`_ t`o rcjn` kpoodib oj bjj_ pn` do
rjpg_ ijo ]mjjf+ Pc`m` dn ij np^c ocdib \n \i cdnojmd^\g o`i_`i^t Y
ojr\m_n ^jhhpidnh) m`qjgpodji jm `h\i^dk\odji) ij o`g`jgjbt)
ij ^pmm`io pkji rcd^c oc` ajm^`n ja `h\i^dk\odji ^\i ]` nr`ko X
ajmr\m_8 ijocdib oc\o bp\m\io``n oc`dm qd^ojmt) ij no\b`n oc\o
i\opm\ggt np^^``_ ji` \ijoc`m+ Pc`m` \m` ij ajm^`n ^m`\o`_
]`cdi_ ^\kdo\g%n ]\^f oc\o rdgg `q`iop\ggt \]jgdnc do) ijm \it
_d\g`^od^\g m`q`mn\g) ijm \it ^piidib ja m`\nji+ Oj^d\g `h\i^d*
k\odji) ncjpg_ do c\kk`i) rdgg ]` \ g`\k dioj oc` pifijri rdoc ij
n\a`ot i`o) \i_ ijo oc` `s`^podji ja \ n`io`i^` _d^o\o`_ ]t cdnojmt+
Ki oc` ^jiom\mt) do dn oc` o`i_`i^t oj _dn\no`m oc\o c\n \i
j]e`^odq` ]\ndn+ Ei_``_) oc`m` dn njh`ocdib km`jm_\di`_ \]jpo oc`
_`q`gjkh`io ja ^jhhj_dot nj^d`ot ]`^\pn` don ^mdn`n \i_ don
^jgg\kn` gd` rdocdi don q`mt ^jm`) \i_ don cdnojmt dn oc` _`kgjth`io
ja ocdn i`spn+ ?\o\nomjkc` dn kmjbm\hh`_) ijo `h\i^dk\odji8
ocdibn g`ao oj mpi pi^c`^f`_ g`\_ jigt dioj oc` \]tnn+ Ea oc`m` \m`
g\rn ja cdnojmt ) oc`t o`i_ \gr\tn oj bj di oc` rmjib _dm`^odji8
cph\i am``_jh \i_ c\kkdi`nn i`q`m m`npgo amjh oc`n` g\rn ]po
\m` \gr\tn \^cd`q`_ X^X`ejk oc`h+
Djk` oc\o ^\kdo\gdnh dn ijo jigt don jri bm\q`_dbb`m) \n
b`i`m\odjin ja m`qjgpodji\md`n c\q` kmj^g\dh`_) ]po oc\o do c\n
\gnj ^m`\o`_ oc` ajpi_\odjin ja rc\o rdgg m`kg\^` do) dn oj ]` ajpi_
ijo jigt di ocdn kjndodq` q`mndji &dic`mdo amjh ^\kdo\gdnh) c\i_
qd^ojmt oj rc\o ^\kdo\gdnh c\n don`ga `ib`i_`m`_) rc`oc`m do ]`
oc` kmjg`o\md\o jm kmj_p^odq` ajm^`n') ]po \gnj) k\mod^pg\mgt rc`m`
oc` m`^`io k\no dn ^ji^`mi`_) di \ i`b\odq` q`mndji+ =^^jm_dib
oj oc` g\oo`m) ^\kdo\gdnh kmj_p^`n np^c _`q\no\odji oc\o do rdgg
^jhk`g cph\idot oj b`o md_ ja do jm) \o oc` q`mt g`\no) np]e`^o do oj
_m\nod^ ^c\ib`n+ Aq`i rdocdi ocdn n^`i\mdj) ^\kdo\gdnh dn
4
^r r `d%a_ \n oc` ]`no \ggt ja oc` m`qjgpodji\mt) \n oc` ajm^` oc\o
rdgg \g]`do di_dm`^ogt) ]mdib \]jpo `h\i^dk\odji m\oc`m oc\i c`\_
nom\dbco ojm _dn\no`m+ Pcdn dn [ffie*dfe^de^) \q\dg\]g` di `iqdmji*
h`io\g \i_ jm `^jijhd^ q`mndjin7 a\^`_ rdoc `som`h` _\ib`m)
k`jkg` rdgg r\f` pk \i_ \ hdm\^g` rdgg c\kk`i+ Pc` npmqdq\g
dinodi^o rdgg h\f` cph\idot nojk \o oc` `_b` ja oc` \]tnn \i_
m`^jbidn` oc\o oc` kpmnpdo ja ^\kdo\gdnh dn di^jhk\od]g` rdoc don
hjno ]\nd^ ^ji^`mi ajm npmqdq\g+ Qiajmopi\o`gt) cjr`q`m) oc`m` dn
ij b`i`m\gdn`_ dinodi^o ajm n`ga*km`n`mq\odji) di_dqd_p\g jm
^jgg`^odq`+ Pc`m` \m` k`jkg` rcj _mdq` rcdg` ]pnt ^c\oodib ji oc`
kcji` \i_ nhjfdib) \i_ oc`m` c\q` ]``i `iodm` ^dqdgdn\odjin oc\o
^jgg\kn`_ m\oc`m oc\i ^c\ib` oc`dm r\tn+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) \r\m`i`nn
ja `iqdmjih`io\g ocm`\on _j`n ijo i`^`nn\mdgt g`\_ oj `h\i^d*
k\odji) ]po dn epno \n gdf`gt oj g`\_ oj \pocjmdo\md\i njgpodjin) oj
di^m`\n`_ ^jhk`ododji ajm pinkjdgo npmmjpi_dibn) jm oj i`r r\mn+
Jjm _j`n `^jijhd^ _dn\no`m dhkgt \ ocmpno ojr\m_n `h\i^d*
k\odji) \n oc` `nn\tn di oc` admno k\mo ja ocdn ]jjf \oo`h ko oj
_`idMinom\o`+
Pc` rjm_ `h\i^dk\odji dn ijo t`o \n o\dio`_ \n oc` rjm_
m`qjgpodji + Kmdbdi\ggt) do h`\io oc` gd]`m\odji ja \ ng\q` rcj
ocpn ]`^\h` h\no`mg`nn \i_ rji di_`k`i_`i^`+ Ki` dn \gr\tn
`h\i^dk\o`_ amjh njh`ocdib8 ji` `s^c\ib`n c`o`mjijht ajm
\pojijht \i_ ]`^jh`n ji`%n jri h\no`m+ Bmjh rc\o h pno r`
`h\i^dk\o` jpmn`gq`n oj_\t<
Eo dn ijo epno \ h\oo`m ja `h\i^dk\odib jpmn`gq`n amjh oc` mpg`
cph\i ]`dibn jq`m \ijoc`m7 ^\kdo\gdnon jq`m
kmjg`o\md\in) md^c jq`m kjjm) h`i jq`m rjh`i) rcdo`n jq`m
]g\^fn) oc` ijmoc`mi c`hdnkc`m` jq`m oc` njpoc`mi) c`o`mjn`sp\gn
jq`m _`qd\ion +++ Djr`q`m h p^c oc`n` _ `h \i _ n h \ t e]`
epnodad`_ di k\mod^pg\m dino\i^`n) oc`t b`i`m\ggt g`\_ \gjib oc`
mj\_ oj _dn\no`m rdoc \ hjm` _dq`mndad`_ bmjpk ja h \i\b`mn \i_
rdoc \ _dnomd]podji ja \_q\io\b`n \i_ _dn\_q\io\b`n rcd^c dn ijo
`q`i a\dm`m) ]po rcd^c \go`mn oc` otk` ja diepnod^`+ Ei oc` ]`no*^\n`
n^`i\mdj) do g`\_n oj `q`mt]j_t%n mdbco oj `\o \o I ^@ji\g_%n \i_ oj
5
qjo` di `g`^odjin) da ijo oj c\q` oc` mdbco oj ]` ojmopm`_ ]t \
kjgd^`h\i rcjn` nfdi dn oc` n\h` ^jgjpm) rcj dn oc` n\h`
b`i_`m) \i_ nk`\fn oc` n\h` g\ibp\b` \n cdn qd^odh+ Ki` ^\iijo
`n^\k` amjh oc` nomp^opm\g ^jinom\dion ja oc` ntno`h ]t _`hj^m\*
odndib \^^`nn oj don api^odjin+
Ah\i^dk\odji) oc`m`ajm`) ^\i jigt ]` gd]`m\odji amjh rc\o
dicd]don \pojijht \o \ _``k`m \i_ hjm` rd_`*m\ibdib g`q`g+ Eo
hpno o\f` di oc` `iodm` ^\kdo\gdno \i_ o`^cijgjbd^\g ntno`h)
rdocjpo a\qjpmdib `doc`m ji` ja oc`n` \nk`^on ja oc` h`b\h\*
^cdi` &H`rdn Iphajm_'7 oc`m` ^\i ]` ij ndhkg` \kkmjkmd\odji
ja di_pnomd\g o`^cijgjbt ]t \ nj^d`ot oc\o ^g\dhn oj ]` iji*
^\kdo\gdno ) ij \]\i_jih`io ja o`^cijgjbt) jm ja don `s^`nn`n)
rdocjpo _`nomjtdib oc` q\gjmdn\odji ja q\gp`) \]nom\^o g\]jpm \i_
^\kdo\g+ Eo dn i`^`nn\mt oj \]jgdnc a`odncdnh \n \ m`\_q*h\_` X
ntno`h) rc`m` ij _`^dndji) ]db jm nh\gg) ^\i \it gjib`m ]` h\_`+
Sc\o dn m`lpdm`_ dn oj f``k \gg kjnnd]g` jkodjin jk`i) oj nojk
oc` _mdao ojr\m_ dmm`q`mnd]g` ^jin`lp`i^`n+ Ea b`i`od^\ggt
hj_dad`_ jmb\idnhn nkm`\_ `q`mtrc`m`) jm da r` m`\^c \ kjdio
rc`m` cph\in \m` ^gji`_) jm da oc` juji` g\t`m _dn\kk`\mn ajm
bjj_) rc\o bjj_ rdgg do _j oj ^jiodip` oj nompbbg` ajm nj^d\g
`h\i^dk\odji< Ki \ijoc`m g`q`g) r` ^\i ]` npm` oc\o oc`
k`ma`^odji ja pikm`^`_`io`_ o`^cidlp`n ja npmq`dgg\i^`) \i_ oc`
m`\_di`nn ja h\it k`jkg` oj r`g^jh` oc`h \n bp\m\iojmn ja
am``_jh jm n`^pmdot &rc`oc`m di oc` ajmh ja oc` Eio`mi`o) np]*
_`mh\g hd^mj^cdkn) i\ijo`^cijgjbt) npmq`dgg\i^` ^\h`m\n)
B\^`]jjf) hj]dg` kcji`n) ^m`_do ^\m_n) jm adib`mkmdio m`^jbidodji8
ijo oj h`iodji oc` a\^o oc\o oc` m`apn\g oj pn` oc`n` o`^cijgjbd`n
h\t \mjpn` npnkd^dji \i_ g`\_ oj dhkmdnjih`io) dino\i^`n ja
rcd^c c\q` ]``i m`kjmo`_' rdgg h\f` \it nomp^opm`_ nj^d\g
jkkjndodji \ghjno dhkjnnd]g`+
= m`h\mf oc\o S\go`m >`ie\hdi h\_` \o \ odh` ja omdphkc\io
B\n^dnh ^jh`n oj hdi_7 I\ms n\tn oc\o m`qjgpodjin \m` oc`
gj^jhjodq` ja rjmg_ cdnojmt+ >po k`mc\kn do dn lpdo` joc`mrdn`+
L`mc\kn m`qjgpodjin \m` \i \oo`hko ]t oc` k\nn`ib`mn ji ocdn
6
om\h Éi\h `gt oc` cph \i m\^` Éoj \^odq\o` oc` `h`mb`i^t
]m\f` ( =^odq\odib oc` `h`mb`i^t ]m\f`7 ocdn rdgg ijo ]` v
\^cd`q`_ ]t O\opm_\t _`h jinom\odjin \gji` \i_ `q`i g`nn ]t
`g`^odjin jm Ñ^jinph`m ^cjd^` + Eo h\t i`q`m ]` m`\ggt pi_`m* D
nojj_ rct h`i m`\^o nj _daa`m`iogt oj oc` n\h` ndop\odjin \i_ oc`
n\h` ^c\gg`ib`n) ]`tji_ oc` j]e`^odq` ^dm^phno\i^`n di rcd^c
oc`t adi_ oc`hn`gq`n+ >po ocdn \gnj h`\in oc\o `q`mtocdib dn nodgg
kjnnd]g`+
I gl]k
.+ =in`gh F\kk`) G\j <m\ekli\j [\ cX dXiZ_Xe[`j\7 Kfli le\
eflm\cc\ Zi`k`hl\ [\ cX mXc\li WPc` = _q`iopm`n ja oc`
?jhhj_dot7 Bjm \ J`r ?mdodlp` ja R\gp`' &L\mdn7 @`ij`g)
/--0'+
S It \i\gtndn jr`n \ bm`\o _`\g oj oc` rjmf ja oc` g\o` Nj]`mo
Gpmu+ Pc` ajggjrdib ]jjfn ]t Gpmu c\q` t`o oj ]` om\ing\o`_
dioj Aibgdnc7 ?\i FfccXgj [\i Hf[\ie`j`\ile^ WPc` ?jgg\kn` ja
Ij_`midn\odjiY &.66.') NZ_qmXiqYlZ_ FXg`kXc`jdlj WPc` >g\^f
>jjf ja ?\kdo\gdnhY &.666') R\ckfi[ele^jbi`\^ WPc` S\m ajm
Sjmg_ Km_`mY &/--0') ?Xj R\ckbXg`kXc WSjmg_ ?\kdo\g' &/--2'+
O`` ]d]gdjbm\kct ajm apgg m`a`m`i^`n+
0+ =nnj^d\odji kjpm g\ P\s\odji _`n Pm\in\^odjin adi \ i ^ d` mn `o
kjpm .%=^odji ?dojt`ii` W=nnj^d\odji ajm oc` P\s\odji ja
Bdi\i^d\g Pm\in\^odjin \i_ ajm ?dodu`i%n =^odjiY+
1+ Pc` ]d\iip\g ejpmi\g ja I=QOO) I jpq`h `io \iod*podgdo\mdno`
_\in g`n n^d`i^`n nj^d\g`n W= iod*podgdo\md\i I jq`h `io di oc`
Oj^d\g O^d`i^`nY+
2+ = i_m`r Bdnc`m) O^cjg\nod^dnh \i_ O r \bb`m ) MX[`ZXc
.-
.
K_`cfjfg_p ..1 aFpgt,=pbpoo /aF-/8) k 16
3+ WPm\ing\ojm%n ijo`7 %4, e\ ]Xlk gXj [\j\jg\i\i =`ccXeZflik & S`
hpno ijo [i`m\ >dgg\i^jpmo oj _`nk\dm '+ oc` rjm_n ja F`\i*
L\pg O\mom` di .603 \ao`m _`j m`opmi amjh \ omdk oj oc` HO3 N
=o oc\o odh` >dgg\i^jpmo r\n ji` ja oc` h\di ^`iom`n ja
rjmfdib*^g\nn \^odqdnh) gj^\o`_ di oc` gd`*_`*Bm\i^` m`bdji+'
4+ ?a+ N`mQ( Nd`n`g \i_ F\dh` O`hkmpi) >XkXjkifg_`jd\) X[d`e`j*
kiXk`fe [l [\jXjki\ \k jfld`jj`fe [liXYc\ &@jjh*Ijib`mdib+
@dn\no`m I\i\b`h`io \i_ H\nodib Op]hdnndq`i`nne &L\mdn7
A_dodjin _` .%Ai^t^gjk`_d` _`n ipdn\i^`n) /--58+
5+ S\go`m >`ie\hdi) `_) CfnXi[ Adg\i_ \i_ Id^c\`g F`iidibn)
RXck\i =\eaXd`e7 N\c\Zk\[ Ri`k`e^j) Qfcld\ 17 .605*.61-
&?\h]md_b`) I= \i_ Hji_ji7 >`gfi\k Lm`nn) /--08) k+ 1-/+
..
Pc` Ki`eZ\jj\ k`\ >c\`:\j P j _ \ t
D
PcÅ KeeZ\''' [ k >c'mk' Pj_\t
q`mt c\m_ oj ]m`\f oc` kjr`m ja oc` mpg`mn) rcj c\q` \^^php*
g\o`_ \ ^jind_`m\]g` lp\iodot ja h`\in ja ^j`m^dji \i_ n`_p^odji)
\i_ jao`i np^^`nnapggt _dqd_` oc` `skgjdo`_ ^g\nn`n) jm `gn` diodh*
d_\o` jm ^jmmpko n`bh`ion ja oc`h+ >po oc`m` r\n ij _jp]o oc\o
oc` _\t rjpg_ ^jh` rc`i) _`nkdo` \gg oc` j]no\^g`n) oc` gjr`m
^g\nn`n rjpg_ jq`mocmjr oc` nj^d\g jm_`m) \i_ m`kg\^` do rdoc \
epno \i_ bjj_ nj^d`ot np^c \n oc` `\moc c\_ i`q`m n``i+ Ea oc`%
h`h]`mn ja oc` mpg`_ ^g\nn`n `scd]do di oc`dm km`n`io gda` hpgodkg`
_`a`^on \i_ `bjodnod^\g \oodop_`n rdoc m`nk`^o oj oc`dm k``mn) ocdn dn &
]`^\pn` oc` pkk`m ^g\nn`n dij^pg\o`_ oc`h rdoc oc`dm qd^`n8,
apmoc`mhjm`) oc` m`qjgpodji\mt nompbbg` rdgg ijo a\dg oj `gdhdi\o`n
oc`n` _`a`^on) rcd^c \m` ijo dic`m`io oj oc` mpg`_ ^g\nn`n+[[[[[[ \
Pcdn kjmom\do) ^\md^\opm`_ oj jigt \ ngdbco _`bm`` c`m`) c\n
n`mq`_ oj b\gq\idn` \gg oc` npkkjmo`mn ja nj^d\g `h\i^dk\odji ajm
orj ^`iopmd`n+ Eo r\n ijo \ a\gn` _`kd^odji+ =gocjpbc do r\n
\gr\tn ji`*nd_`_) do k\mod\ggt ^jmm`nkji_`_ rdoc ^`mo\di m`\gdod`n+
Pc` \i\m^cdno hjq`h`io di Ok\di ja oc` admno _`^\_`n ja oc`
or`iod`oc ^`iopmt) rcd^c di .603 g`_ \ nj^d\g m`qjgpodji \i_ oc`
hjno \_q\i^`_ hj_`g ja kmjg`o\md\i kjr`m `q`m m`\gdn`_ ). r\n
kmj]\]gt oc` hjq`h`io oc\o ^\h` ^gjn`no oj oc` ajmh\odji ja \
^jpio`m*nj^d`ot rdocdi ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot don`ga \i_ g\mb`gt
jkkjn`_ oj don q\gp`n &]po ijo \n ^jhkg`o`gt \n ocdn hjq`h`io
]`gd`q`_ don`ga oj ]`8 r` i``_ jigt ocdif ja don `s\go\odji ja rjmf
\i_ di_pnomt'+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) don njgd_ mjjon di ^g`\mgt km`*
^\kdo\gdno gj^\g om\_dodjin kg\t`_ \i pi_`mno\i_\]gt kmjhdi`io
mjg` di ocdn joc`mi`nn rdoc m`nk`^o oj ]jpmb`jdn nj^d`ot)
njh`ocdib oc\o r\n \gr\tn ^mp`ggt g\^fdib diÉajm `s\hkg`Éoc`
C`mh\i rjmf`mn% hjq`h`io) rcjn` m`qjgpodji\md`n) \^^jm_dib oj
H`idi%n r`gg*fijri j]n`mq\odji) rjpg_ c\q` ]jpbco om\di od^f`on
]`ajm` nojmhdib oc` no\odji &rcd^c) cjr`q`m) _d_ ijo km`q`io
H`idi amjh h\dio\didib oc\o oc` C`mh\i Ljno Kaad^` r\n oc`
hj_`g ajm oc` apopm` ^jhhpidno nj^d`ot oc\o c\_ oj ]`
^jinomp^o`_ di Npnnd\'+
Ei oc` g\no a`r _`^\_`n oc` d_`\ oc\o nj^d\g `h\i^dk\odji rdgg
.2
d^hidoo di oc` qd^ojmt ja ji` kjmo ja ^\kdo\gdao ij^o`ot jq`m \ijoc`m
k\mo ja oc\o i\h` nj^d`ot c\( gjpo don gpnom`+ Pcg( E_`\ c`g_ nr\t \Ç
gjib \n oc` mpg`_ k\mo ja nj^d`ot r\n _``h`_ ijo oj ]` k\mo ja oc\o
n`i g`ot) cpo jigt ]jm` Eon tjf` \n oc\o ja \i \gd`i mpg`+ Ea) cjr`q`m)
ocdn n^c`h\ ^\i nodgg adi_ k\mod\g \kkgd^\odji oj_\t Ék`mc\kn ÉEi
^`mo\di k\mod^pg\m ^\n`n np^c \n ?cd\k\n) Eo ^\i ]t ij h`\in ]`
\kkgd`_ oj ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot di oc` apggt _`q`gjk`_ ajmh do c\n
\nnph`_ ndi^` .612+ Pc` _dnodi^odq` a`\opm` ja ocdn nj^d`ot dn ijo
oc` a\^o oc\o do dn ]\n`_ ji oc` `skgjdo\odji ja ji` k\mo ja oc`
kjkpg\odji ]t \ijoc`m+ Pcdn `skgjdo\odji ^`mo\digt `sdnon) ]po do dn
ijo nk`^dad^ oj ^\kdo\gdnh8 do \gnj `sdno`_ ]`ajm`+ Sc\o dne^k`^dad^
F j ^\kdo\gdnh É=i_ rcig idE\fdag^FP cdnojmd^\ggt pifwQ`ZZMddndnon
m\oc`m di oc` a\^o oc\o do dn \ nj^d`ot ]\n`_ ji b`i`m\gdn`_ ^jhk`*
ododji) ji ^jhhj_dot m`g\odjin oc\o \aa`^o \gg \nk`^on ja gda`) \i_
ji hji`t \n oct pidq`mn\g h`_d\odji+ Alp\gdn\odji ]`ajm` oc`
h\mf`o \i_ hji`t) rcd^c jigt pi_`mno\i_ lp\iodo\odq` _daa`m*
`i^`n) c\n bm\_p\ggt `^gdkn`_ oc` jg_ ^g\nn`n) ]po rdocjpo ]t \it
h`\in h\fdib ocdn nj^d`ot g`nn ^jiagd^o*md__`i jm g`nn piepno oc\i
H do r\n ]`ajm`+
Pcdn `lp\gdn\odji `sdno`_ di `h]mtj amjh oc` q`mt di^`kodji ja
oc` di_pnomd\g m`qjgpodji ]`^\pn` do dn ^jinp]no\iod\g oj ^\kdo\gdnh
\n q\gjmdn\odji ja g\]jpm q\gp` \i_ n`ga*m`a`m`iod\g di^m`\n` ja
hji`t+ Eo ]`^\h` km`_jhdi\io \ao`m oc` O`^ji_ Sjmg_ S\m) \o e
g`\no di oc` S`no8 ]po jigt jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` g\no a`r _`^\_`n) d
rdoc oc` \_q`io ja nj*^\gg`_ kjnohj_`mi nj^d`ot) c\n do ]`^jh`
n`ga*`qd_`io+ Eo r\n \gnj _pmdib oc`n` g\no or`iot t`\mn oc\o
oc`jm`od^\g m`ag`^odji ]`b\i oj o\f` ijo` ja ocdn api_\h`io\g
^c\ib`+ Pc` _d^cjojhjpn qd`r) ja ^jpmn`) c\n ijo _d`_8 don
hjno ^jhhji \q\o\m dn oc` ^ji^`ko ja ^g\nn nompbbg` ) oc` \sdn ja
\gg q\md\ion ja om\_dodji\g I\msdnh \i_ `q`i ja ^`mo\di ajmhn ja
ocjpbco oc\o _j ijo _`adi` oc`hn`gq`n \n I \msdno &amjh Ld`mm`
>jpm_d`p oj oc` h\di ^pmm`ion ja a`hdidnh'+ Pc` \isd`ot ^\pn`_
]t oc` m`^`io bgj]\gdn\odji ja ^\kdo\g c\n bdq`i i`r dh k`opn oj
^ji^`kon*amjh oc` nj^d\g _`hj^m\on ja =PP=? oj oc` i`j*
rjmf`mQo \_qj^\o`n ja %dio`gg`^op\g ^\kdo\' %* oc \ o jigt lp`nodji
oc` [`jki`Ylk`fe ja ^\kdo\gdno bjj_( ) np^c \n hji`t \i_ oc`
^jhhj_dot) ]po i`q`m oc`dm \o`jk\eZ\ \n np^c+
Djr`q`m) \ _daa`m`io fdi_ ja \i\gtndn ja oc` ^jiom\_d^odjin ja
oc` ^\kdo\gdno ntno`h dn ]`bdiidib oj `h`mb` Pcdn \i\gtndn
\]\i_jin oc` ^`iom\gdot ja oc` ^ji^`ko ja oc` %%^g\nn nompbbg`
&rdocjpo _`itdib) cjr`q`m) oc\o ^g\nn nompbbg`n `sdno \i_ jao`i
ajm bjj_ m`\njin') ]po ijo di oc` n\h` r\t oc\o Pjit >g\dm
_`^g\m`_) di .6667 oc` ^g\nn r\m dn jq`m+ / Ei_``_) ocdn \i\gtndn
^`mo\digt _j`n ijo \]\i_ji nj^d\g ^mdodlp`8 ji oc` ^jiom\mt) do
\oo`hkon oj adi_ rdocdi do rc\o dn m`\ggt \o no\f` di nj^d\g ^mdodlp`
oj_\t+ Ei nj _jdib) do bm\ion \ ^`iom\g kg\^` oj oc` ^mdodlp` ja oc`
^jhhj_dot \i_ ja don a`odncdnh) ja q\gp`) hji`t) oc` h\mf`o) oc`
no\o`) ^jhk`ododji) oc` i\odji) k\omd\m^ct \i_ rjmf+ Eo _dn^jq`m`_
don didod\g dinkdm\odji di \ km`qdjpngt i`bg`^o`_ \nk`^o ja I\ms%n
rjmfn+ = api_\h`io\g no\b` di don `g\]jm\odji r\n oc` ajpi_dib
di C`mh\it ja oc` ejpmi\g Fi`j`j7 >feki`Ylk`fej kf k_\ >i`k`hl\ f]
>fddf[`kp NfZ`\kp di .653 &jmdbdi\ggt `iodog`_ HXio`jk`jZ_\Fi`k`b'8
joc`m ^jiomd]podjin &rcd^c c\_ \mdn`i di_`k`i_`iogt' r`m` oc`
kp]gd^\odji di oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n ja Ijdnc` Ljnoji`%n O`d\) GXYfi
Xe[ NfZ`Xc ?fd`eXk`fe7 < M\`ek\igi\kXk`fe f] HXio$j >i`k`ZXc O_\fip
di .660)0 \i_ Éamjh \ njh`rc\o _daa`m`io k`mnk`^odq`Éoc`
kp]gd^\odji di Bm\i^` ja F`\i*I\md` Rdi^`io%n >i`k`hl\ [l OiXmX`c7
G\]X`i\ \k OX^`i di .654+1
Ka ^jpmn`) oc` kp]gd^\odji ja \ a`r oc`jm`od^\g rjmfnÉrcd^c)
hjm`jq`m) r`m` c\m_gt m`^`dq`_ rdoc pidq`mn\g \^^g\dh rdocdi
n`ga*\kkjdio`_ ^mdod^\g ^dm^g`n Édn ijo i`^`nn\mdgt di \i_ ja don`ga
\i `q`io ja \it dhkjmo\i^` jm oc` ndbi ja \i `kj^c\g ^c\ib`+ >po
do ^jpg_ di_d^\o` oc` \n*t`o*gdhdo`_ m`^jbidodji ja \ _`q`gjkh`io
oc\o c\n ]``i pi_`mr\t ajm njh` odh` \gm`\_t7 r` c\q` m`\^c`_
oc` kjdio di cdnojmt rc`m` ^c\ibdib oc` ajmhn ja _dnomd]podji \i_
h\i\b`md\g k`mnjii`g rdocdi \ r\t ja gda` oc\o dn \^^`ko`_ ]t \gg
don k\mod^dk\ion rdgg \]njgpo`gt ij gjib`m _j+ S` \m` dino`\_
^jiamjio`_ ]t \ Zi`j`j f] Z`m`c`jXk`fe) oc` _`^gdi` ja \ ^pgopm\g hj_`g
.4
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
oc\o ^ji^`min \gg don h`h]`mn+ Pcdn ^g\dh dn ijo don`ga i`r8 do r\n
h \_` k\mod^pg\mgt _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ ]`or``i oc` r\mn ]t
j]n`mq`mn ^jind_`m`_ oj ]` ]jpmb`jdn jm ^jin`mq\odq` + =o oc\o
odh` i`\mgt \gg d_`\n ja nj^d\g `h\i^dk\odji nc\m`_ oc` b`i`m\g
^jiad_`i^` di kmjbm`nn \i_ r`m` jigt ^ji^`mi`_ rdoc oc`
pi`lp\g _dnomd]podji ja don ]`i`adon+ Ijm`jq`m) oc` ijodji ja
o`^cijgjbd^\g) di_pnomd\g \i_ `^jijhd^ kmjbm`nn) \i_ oc\o ja
nj^d\g \i_ hjm\g kmjbm`nn) jq`mg\kk`_ \i_ \kk`\m`_ oj bj c\i_
di c\i_8 oc` mpgdib ^g\nn`n ja oc` odh` r`m` n``i ]t ocjn` rcj
r `m` kmjkji`ion ja kmjbm`nn \n ^jin`mq\odq` ]t i\opm` \i_
jkkjn`_ % kmdi^dkg` oj kmjbm`nn ) ^c\ib` \i_
m`ajmh n mn gdf` S\go`m >`ie\hdi) Pc`j_jm S+
= _jmij \i_ I\s Djmfc`dh`m) oc` ^mdodlp` ja ^pgopm` ^mjnn`_
k\ocn r doc oc` ^mdodlp` ja ^\kdo\gdnh ajm oc`4da2aih `Z >po do
âSjpg_ ijo ]` piodg oc` .64-n oc\o ^mdodlp`n ja h j_`migoa`) rcd^c
`h]m\^`_ \gg ja don \nk`^on) rjpg_ ]` hjm` rd_`gt _dnn`hdi\o`_+
Ki oc` ji` c\i_) oc`m` r\n oc` ^mdodlp` ja o`^cijgjbt \mod^p*
g\o`_ ]t \pocjmn np^c \n Eq\i Eggd^c) Cpioc`m =i_`mn) F\^lp`n
Aggpg) >`mi\m_ ?c\m]jii`\p) Id^c`g D`imt) H`rdn Iphajm_)
?cmdnojkc`m H\n^c \i_ J`dg Ljnoh\i8 ]po oc`m` r`m` \gnj oc` U
`iqdmjih`io\g oc`jmd`n \i_ oc` ^mdodlp` ja _`q`gjkh`io `g\]j*
m\o`_ ]t I=QOO) O`mb` H\ojp^c` \i_ Bm\i^jdn L\mo\io+
J`q`moc`g`nn) rc`i do ^\h` oj _dn^`midib oc` ZXlj\j ja oc`n`
kmj]g`hn oc\o r`m` nj r`gg _`n^md]`_) oc`n` \i\gtn`n r`m` jao`i
ndhkgt kjdio`_ ojr\m_n \ fdi_ ja _`kgjm\]g` hjm\g a\dgdib ji oc`
e;\mo ja cph\idotZ=Poc` n\h` odh`) oc` Odop\odjidnon \i_) di hjm`
b`i`m\g o`mhn) oc` _`]\o` oc\o dnnp`_ amjh \modnod^ ^mdodlp`
&>jgo\infd \i_ ?cd\k`ggj') didod\o`_ ]t oc` @\_\dnon \i_ oc`
Opmm`\gdnon) \n r`gg \n oc` nom\di ja ^mdod^\g nj^djgjbt `g\]jm\o`_ ]t
D`imd H`a`]qm`) kpo hjm` np]e`^odq` \nk`^on \o oc` ajm`amjio ja
kmjo`no np^c \n _dnn\odna\^odji rdoc gda` gdq`_ di oc` nj^d`ot ja
\]pi_\i^` `q`i ocjpbc ]\nd^ i``_n c\q` ]``i n\odnad`_ +0 >po
oc`n` ^mdodlp`n) `q`i hjm` nj oc\i ocjn` ja oc` admno q\md`ot) r`m`
nodgg ]\n`_ ji \ _d^cjojhjpn rjmg_qd`r7 pn \b\dino oc`h ) oc`
Pc` Ki`eZ\jj\ [\ >c\m\j Pj_\t
oc` a\^o oc \o do ^jpg_ ^jio\di di don _ ``k`no nomp ^op m` `g`h `ion ja
E oc` ^jh h j_dot ntno`h ) r cd^c r jpg_ apmoc`mh jm` `skg\di oc`
di^m`_d]g` ^\k\^dot ja ocdn ntno`h ajm n`ga*k`mk`op\odji) n`ga*
U m`b `i`m\odji ) \i _ don \]dgdot oj m`^p k`m\o` ^mdodlp`n _dm`^o`_
X \b \di no do +3 Pc` np]no\i^` ja ocdn np]e`^o ^\i ]` d_`iodad`_ di
q _daa`m`io \i_ `q`i ^jiom\mt r\tn+ Bjm oc` om\_dodji\g rjmf`mn% d
h jq`h `io) do m`nd_`_ di k mj _ p ^odq ` g\]jpm) r cd^c r \n oc` kmd_` e
ja oc` k mjg`o\md\o8 ajm oc` g`aodnon ja oc` .64-n+ do ^jpg_ m`nd_` p p
m`ndno\i^` oj rjmf) di k ` mnji\g ^m`\odqdot) jm di eg_ ` n dm` + >po oc`
^ji^`kop\g nomp ^opm` r\n oc` n\h`7 oc` k p mk j n` ja m`qjgpodji\mt
, , , \^odqdot r \n oj \ggjr oc` dii`m `nn`i^`*aga np]e`^on oj `h `mb` \i_
jq`m^jh ` oc` m`nomd^odjin dh kjn`_ ji oc`h ]t \i \modad^d\g nj^d`ot E
ZF^Zoc\o jigt n`mq`_ oc` dio`m`non ja \ h dijmdot +4
D `i^` oc` a\h jpn l p `no ajm oc ` m` q j gp odj i \ mt np]e`^o 7
a d_`iodad`_) di np^^`nndji) r doc r jmf`mn) k ` \n\ i on) nop _ `i on) oc`
h \mbdi\gdn`_) r jh `i) dh h db m\i on) oc ` k ` j k g`n ja oc` bgj]\g d
Ojpoc) dh h \o`md\g r jmf`mn \ i _ ^\np\g r j mf `mn+ P cdn n`\m^c U
r\n adi\ggt ^ji_`h i`_ oj a\dgpm`) ] p o i j o ] `^\p n` oc` np]e`^oÇ
_j`n ijo `sdno) \n nomp ^ op m\ gdnh \ i _ k j n onomp ^ op m\ gdnh km`\^c)
k`m^`dqdib do \n i j oc di b h jm` oc \ i \i dggp ndj i + O p]e`^on `sdno)
oc`m` dn ij _j p ] o \]jpo do) ] p o oc`t \m` i j o oc ` ` s k m` nndj i ja \
a cph \i i\opm` oc\o dn k mdj m oj jm ` s o`mi \g oj ^ \ k do\ gdn o m`g\odjin'
e oc`t \m` l`] hjg\m[l ja oc ` +^ \ k do\ gdno m` g\ odj i n oc \ o oc ` t di opmi
kmj_p^`(+ S jmf`mn) k ` \ n\ i on) n op _ ` i on ) r jh `i) h \mbdi\g
di _ dq d_ p \gn) dh h db m\i on) oc ` k ` j k g` n j a oc ` b gj ] \ g Ojpoc!
/-
aeeYl]jaYd ogjc]j( Yf\ [YkmYd ogjc]j() ]Y[` V- o`go lmZb][l*
^gjek) Ydgf_ oal` l`]aj o`gd] da^]klqd]) j`fj e]flYd Yllalm\]( Yf\
a\]gdg_a]k) ak [j]Yl]\) gj ljYfk^gje]\) Zq l`] kg[aYdakYlagf l`jq
mf\]j_g Yl l`] `Yf\k R L F Q O O Q G L U Z kg[a]lq) [Yffgl Z] egZadak]\
bf b` ]aj [mjj]fl ^gje Y_Yafkl [YhalYdake <k Y j]kmdl) l`]j] [Yf Z]
fg ogjc]jk%) h]YkYflk% gj [YkmYd dYZgmj]jk% j]ngdmlagfk) Zml gfdq
j]ngdmlagfk [Yjja]\ gml Zq l`gk] o`g oYfl lg Zj]Yc oal`
[YhalYdake Yf\ oal` l`] n]jq kmZb][l*^gje l`Yl [YhalYdake
aehgk]k Yf\ l`Yl ]Y[` h]jkgf ^af\k oal`af `aek]d^ O`ak ak o`q
lg\Yq fg j]ngdmlagf) af l`] ZjgY\]kl k]fk] g^ l`] l]je) [Yf [gfkakl
g^ Y hgkalan] nYdgjakYlagf g^ o`Yl gf] Ydj]Y\q ak) Yk l`gm_` o]
gfdq f]]\ lg Z] daZ]jYl]\ ^jge l`] [`Yafk l`Yl `Yn] Z]]f ^gakl]\
mhgf mk+ S]l) [mjj]fldq ^Yk`agfYZd] [gf[]hlk) km[` Yk vl`^ n e
\]eg[jYla[ v emdlalm\] ) [gfkakl hj][ak]dq af hhft)ahq UP l`]
kca]k kmZb][lk af l`]aj ]ehaja[Yd Yf\ aee]\aYl] ]pakl]f[] Jf] ak
ocpn nk\m`_ oc` `aajmo ja h\fdib \ ]m`\f rdoc ji`%n jri np]e`^o* ,
ajmh) rcd^c dn ijo ndhkgt dhkjn`_ amjh oc` jpond_`) ]po rcd^c
nomp^opm`n ji`%n jri k`mnji\gdot \o don _``k`no g`q`g ajm `s\hkg`)
di oc` \ghjno pidq`mn\g km`n`i^` ja oc` nkdmdo ja ^jhk`ododji[[ E
Qiajmopi\o`gt) oc` b`i`m\g `s\^`m]\odji ja gdqdib ^ji_dodjin h
^\kdo\gdnh dn ijo h\fdib np]e`^on dfi\ ^\k\]g` ja jq`mocmjrdib do
]po di^m`\ndibgt c\jj ^\k\]g` ja _jdib nj) ]`^\pn` oc` ojo\gdn\odji
ja oc`[^jhhj_dot*ajmh ^m`\o`n `q`m hjm` np]e`^on oc\o \m` ojo\ggt
&ZgO`iod^\Rod@Zc` ntno`h oc\o `i^jhk\nn`n oc`h+ =i_ `q`i rc`i
oc`n` np]e`^on `skm`nn _dnn\odna\^odji oc\o bj`n ]`tji_ \ h`m`
_`^g\m\odji oc\o oc`t \m` _dn\_q\io\b`_) oc`t \m` di^\k\]g` ja
_dn^jq`mdib rdocdi oc`hn`gq`n oc` i`^`nn\mt m`njpm^`n ajm \
_daa`m`io fdi_ ja gda` jm `q`i ndhkgt ajm c\qdib _daa`m`io d_`\n)
ndi^` oc`t c\q` i`q`m `sk`md`i^`_ \itocdib _daa`m`io+ Eino`\_ ja
\nfdib jpmn`gq`n) gdf` oc` `iqdmjih`io\gdnon) rc\o fdi_ ja rjmg_
rdgg r` g`\q` oj jpm ^cdg_m`i<) r` hpno \nf jpmn`gq`n) \n Y\dh`
O`h kmpi kpo do nj r`gg7 oj rc\o fdi_ ja ^cdg_m`i rdgg r` g`\q`
ocdn r jmg_ <5
Ojh` d_`\ h\t ocpn ]` c\_ ja oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja oc` ^mdodlp`
/.
ja kmjbm`nn%á) o`^cijgjbt \i_ hj_`midot + @`nkdo` oc` hds`_
^c\m\^o`m \i_ iph`mjpn r`\fi`nn`n ja don \i\gtn`n) ocdn ^mdodlp`
c\n ]`bpi oj ^\no _jp]o ji oc` om\e`^ojmt ja di_pnomd\g nj^d`ot) \i_
c\n \gnj kmjkjn`_ \ ^c\ib` ja ^jpmn` m\oc`m oc\i \ h`m` ^c\ib` .
jo h\i\b`h`io+ Pcdn \gnj dhkgd`n \ ^mdod^\g aj^pn ji oc` \oodop_`
jo oc` mpg`_ bmjpkn8 nj oc\o ^\kdo\gdnon \i_ rjmf`mn) `hkgjt``n
\i_ h\i\b`mn) md^c \i_ kjjm \m` ij gjib`m km`n`io`_ \n
\]njgpo`gt _daa`m`io ]po \n pido`_ ]t oc` n\h` `aajmo ja m`nc\kdib
oc` `iodm` rjmg_ rdoc oc` c`gk ja o`^cijgjbt rdocjpo rjmmtdib
\]jpo oc` ^jin`lp`i^`n+ Eo dn oc`m`ajm` ocdn ^dqdgdn\odji \n \ rcjg`
oc\o dn ^c\gg`ib`_) \i_ \gjib rdoc d o oc` otk`n ja k`mnji\gdod`n)
h`io\gdod`n \i_ knt^cd^ nomp^opm`n ^m`\o`_ ]t ocdn ^dqdgdn\odji+
Ij_`h n^j`oq dn ij gjib`mÉjm ijo `s^gpndq`gt Épi_`mnojj_ \n
\ qdjg\odji ja oc` h\nn`n ]t kmjk\b\i_\ &O`mb`d Pn^c\^cjodi'
\i_ ]t ajm^` ]po \gnj \n \ ^dm^pg\m kmj_p^odji ja oc` nj^d\g m`\gdot
]`or``i di_dqd_p\gn \i_ nomp^opm`n oc\o ajm oc` hjno k\mo o\f`n
kg\^` ]q h`\in ja pi^jin^djpn kmj^`nn`n8 ocdn dn rc`m` ocdn
^mdodlp` ^jpg_ ejdi pk rdoc oc` ^\o`bjmd`n ja oc` ^mdodlp` ja
a`odncdnh* Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) oc` _d^cjojhjpn qd`r \nnj^d\o`_
rdoc oc` np]e`^o%n ocjpbco kmj^`nn`n ag\oo`mn oc` i\m^dnndnh ja oc`
^jhhj_dot np]e`^o ]t \ggjrdib do oj `so`mi\gdn` oc` i`b\odq`
\nk`^on ja ^jhhj_dot nj^d\gdn\odji dii\o` oj do \i_ oj kmje`^o
oc`h jioj joc`m np]e`^on) r c`oc`m adi\i^` ^\kdo\g jm
dhhdbm\ion+ Eo rdgg ]` \kkm`^d\o`_ oc\o do dn hp^c hjm` _daad^pgo
ajm ^jio`hkjm\mt np]e`^on) `q`i rc`i oc`t k`m^`dq` oc`hn`gq`n
\n ^mdod^n ) oj \^fijrg`_b` njh`ocdib gdf` oc` _`n^mdkodji ja
i\m^dnndnh jaa`m`_ ]t ?cmdnojkc`m H\n^c)6 \^^jm_dib oj rcjh ea\b
n\h` i\miZQDm ph moimj h\q ]` ajpi_ di oc` _jh di\io ^pgopm`
\i_ di \ghjno \gg ajmhn ja jkkjndodji oj do8 jm Eq\i Eggd^c%n ^mdodlp`
ja hj_`mi h`_d^di` \i_ don i`pom\gdn\odji ja npaa`mdib .- rcd^c dn
pidq`mn\ggt ^jind_`m`_ \i \nk`^o ja kmjbm`nn8 jm oc` m`e`^odji ja
\nndno`_ m`kmj_p^odq` o`^cijgjbt \i_ b`i`od^ oc`m\kt) rcd^c \m`
nj cdbcgt `no``h`_ ]t oc` kp]gd^8 jm di hjm` b`i`m\g o`mhn) oc`
m`e`^odji ja ^jinph`mdno di_dqd_p\gdnh+
//
Pc! K e e Z \ ] ] [k >ckl\k Pj_\t
/1
Pc` Ki`eZ\''' [' > ckm'k Pj_\t
&
^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot+ Ei jm_`m oj \^^jhkgdnc ocdn \ h\ejm `aajmo ja
oc`jm`od^\g ^g\mdad^\odji dn oc` kmdi^dk\g m`lpdm`h`io) \i `aajmo
oc\o o\f`n dioj \^^jpio oc` _`bm`` oj rcd^c oc` ^ji_dodjin ja oc`
`h\i^dk\ojmt kmje`^o c\q` ^c\ib`_+ Pc` jg_ amjion c\q` `iodm`gt
ncdao`_ \i_ ]gpmm`_8 a\dgpm` oj \^fijrg`_b` ocdn ^c\ib` \i_
nop]]jmi \_c`m`i^` oj oc` n\h` om\dgn ]g\u`_ adaot jm \ cpi_m`_
t`\mn \bj \m` rc\o km`q`io h\it r`gg*dio`iodji`_ k`jkg` amjh
pi_`mno\i_dib oj_\t%n rjmg_Ércjn` _`a`^on oc`t i`q`moc`g`nn
^g`\mgt k`m^`dq` É\i_ amjh \^odib \^^jm_dibgt+
Ei np^c \ ndop\odji) oc`m` dn ij gjib`m \ _d^cjojht ]`or``i \
k\mot ja jm_`m) ji oc` ji` nd_`) \i_ \ k\mot ja _dnjm_`m \i_
np]q`mndji) ji oc` joc`m+ O_\ h`\idibn ja rjm_n gdf` m`ajmhn +
Z^jin`mq\odq` ) am``_jh a om\inbm`nndji jm kmjqj^\odji ) \m`
\ghjno oc` jkkjndo` ja rc\o oc`t r`m` di _\tn bji` ]t8 oj
j]n`mq` ocdn _`q`gjkh`io dn oj g`\mi \ bm`\o _`\g+ Bjm \ ^`iopmt
\i_ \ c\ga) orj a\^odjin ^jiamjio`_ ji` \ijoc`m Éb`i`m\ggt
d_`iodad`_ \n oc\o ja oc` ]jpmb`jdnd` \i_ oc\o ja oc` kmjg`*
o\md\o jm oc` k`jkg` É\i_ `\^c a\^odji kjnn`nn`_) \n \ rcjg`)
\ n`md`n ja kmjbm\hh`n m`g\odib oj km\^od^\ggt `q`mt \nk`^o ja gda`+
wà >jpmb`jdn nj^d`ot) rcjn` `^jijhd^ a\^` r\n ^\kdo\gdnh) \gnj
dhkgd`_É\o g`\no di don d_`\g*otkd^\g ajmhÉp]dlpdojpn cd`m\m*
^cd`n di nj^d\g m`g\odjin8 oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja m`gdbdji di kmdq\o` \i_
kp]gd^ gda`8 \pocjmdo\md\idnh rdocdi oc` a\hdgt \i_ oc` `_p^\*
/4
lggf( kqkl]e ) fYlagfYdake Yf\ eadalYjake8 Yf ghhj]kkan] Yf\
$B( ; ` V hg[fla[Yd k]pmYd egjYdalq8 \ [dYkka[akl Yf\ ]`lq^ll 0 SU l`]
hj]\ge afYf[] g^ jYlagfYdalq gn]j l`] aeY_afYlagf) g^ kYnaf_ gn]j
kh]f\af_) g^ hjg\m[lagf gn]j [gfkmehlagf) g^ [Yd[mdYlagf gn]j
ae e ]\aYl] ]jl^gne]fl) g^ l`] [gdd][lan] gn]j l`] af\ana\mYd) Yf\ D
< Q S ULQ P gn]j l`] \a^^]j]fl af\ana\mYd8 l`] jmd] g^ e]f gn]j
o ge ]f) gd\ gn]j qgmf_) o`al]k gn]j h]ghd] g^ [gdgmj) ]l[+
<fq gf] o `g ^]dl ghhgk]\ lg Zgmj_]gak kg[a]lq f]]\]\ gfdq lg
[`ggk]) gf ]n]jq g[[Ykagf) l`] hgd] l`Yl Zgmj_]gak kg[a]lq `Y\
]klYZdak`]\ Yk af^]jagj8 l`ak Yllalm\] oYk l`] [mdl
dn r \n i j o nj h p^c \ h \oo`m ja ri\o >jdo\infd \i_
? c d\ k ` gdj ^ \ gg` _ nj ^ d\ g ^mdodl p ` &oc` om\_dodji\g rjmf`mn 4
h j q ` h ` i o' \n do dn \ ^c\m\^o`mdnod^ ja ?\mcnod^ ^mdodlp`Z, rcjn`
dh k j mo\ i ^ ` ) ndi^` oc ` Opmm`\gdnon) jigt di^m`\n`_Dphodg do adi\ggt
] ` ^\ h ` k m` k j i _ ` m\ i o \ao`m .635+ Bjm n`q`m\g _`^\_`n) oc` om\in*
b m` nndq ` \ oodop _ ` di oc` r jmg_ ja \mo) hjm\gn \i_ `q`mt_\t gda`
^ j p g_ ^ji^`dq` ja don`ga \n nth]jgd^ np]q`mndji oc\o \oo\^f`_
oc ` aj p i _ \ odj i n ja ]jpmb`jdn nj^d`ot \o g`\no \n `aa`^odq`gt \n
nj^d\g nomp b b g` n8 do ^jpg_ `q`i ajm `s\hkg` cjg_ oc` qd`r oc\o
k mj o` n o \ b \ di no n`sp\g h jm\gdot ^jpg_ n`mq` \n \ g`q`m ajm ojo\g
om\ i n aj mh \ odj i + Ei m`omjnk`^o) cjr`q`m) do n``hn oc\o di hjno
_ dnn`dat h dno\f`igt d_`iodad`_ \n `nn`iod\g a`\opm`n
Zeja ^ \ k do\gdZ P nj \` at \ nk ` ^ on oc\o r`m` dino`\_ \m^c\d^ jm \i\^cmj*
i dnod^ `g`h `i on dic`mdo`_ amjh don km`qdjpn no\b`n+
= ao`m .635) ^\kdo\gdnh ) rdoc don i`r nkdmdo ) ijo jigt h\_`
^ji^`nndjin di ocdn ad`g_ ja om\inbm`nndq` kjgdod^n di jm_`m oj ]gpio
oc ` `_ b ` ja nj^d\g pim`no) ]po n`du`_ oc` j^^\ndji oj _ph k njh`
pn`g`nn ]\gg\no \i_ md_ don`ga ja iph `mjpn npk`mnomp^opm`n oc\o
c\_ ]`^jh` j]no\^g`n oj don jr i _`q`gjkh `io+ Eo dn ^`mo\digt ijo
i`^`nn\mt oj ]` m`h di_`_ oc\o kjnoh j_`mi ^\kdo\gdnh ^\iijo
`sdno r doc tjpib k`jkg` rcj gdq` di \pno`m` ^ji_dodjin) \m` ^c\no`
\i_ n\q` oc`dm hji`t+ >po hjno kmjbm`nndq` hdgd`pn c\q`
dbijm`_ ocdn k\m\_dbh ncdao \i_ m`g`iog`nngt n``f jpo om\ i ndo
`bm`nndji ) \i_*?Mino\iogq[a'j` oc` n\h` _`\_ cjmn`n) fdmf _jri
/5
ac( amI?dJm 1' 9P n
k_\ kXd \ jk`i _9sma# \i_ m`q`g di oc` npkkjmo oc`t kmjqd_` oj
kjnoh j_`mi nj^d`ot di do( `aajmo( di m;_ doZ ga 91 oc` cph\idno \i_
^g\nnd^\g _`]mdn oc\o dn nj km`ep_d^d\g oj kmjbm`nn \i_ m`kp]gd^\i
`lp\gdot di oc` g\]jpm h\mf`o+ Scj rjpg_ _\m` oj n\t) di \
_`hj^m\^t) oc\o do dn ]`oo`m oj nop_t Cm``f \i_ H\odi di n^cjjgn
oc\i ^jh kpo`m n^d`i^` \i_ ]pndi`nn h\i\b`h`io) jm oc\o \i X
jk`m\ dn h jm` q\gp\]g` oc\i m\k hpnd^) jm oc\o Id^c`g\ib`gj dn 8
]`oo`m oc\i \ ^jhd^ ]jjf< ,
Pc` ^\kdo\gdno ntno`h gjib \bj ^`\n`_ oj ]` oc` k\mot ja
j m_ ` m + Eo c\n kmjq`_ r`gg \]g` oj o\f` \_q\io\b` ja Xik`jk`Z
_dnn`io di jm_`m oj m`^jinomp^o \ ^c\jod^ nj^d`ot oc\o n`mq`n don
kp mk j n`n+ Pc` _dnnjgpodji ja oc` a\hdgt+ am`` `_p^\odji)
\k k \m`i o `lp\gdot ]`or``i h`i \i_ rjh`i) oc` _dn\kk`\m\i^`
ja ijodjin gdf` h jm\gdot 7 `q`mtocdib rjmfn oj don ]`i`ado nj gjib
\n oc`n` _`q`gjkh `ion \m` _dn^jii`^o`_ amjh \ kmje`^o ajm b`i`m*
\gdn`_ `h \i^dk\odji \i_ \m` om\ing\o`_ dioj \ ^jhhj_dot ajmh+
Pc`m` dn ja ^jpmn` ij lp`nodji c`m` ja t`\midib ajm \ m`opmi oj oc`
odh ` ja ^jmkjm\g kpidnch `io di n^cjjgn) ^jhkpgnjmt hdgdo\mt
n`mqd^`) oc` ^\o`^cdnh jm _m\^jid\i k\o`ma\hdgd\n+ Bjm rcdg` do dn
omp` oc\o k\sg j d*oc` kjgdod^n ja Z ^iot t^ii rmm didkdmm_
]t Z k ` mq ` mo` _ jm k ` m c \ k n Z c c Z eee* q`mndik ja oc` d_`\n ja 3N$
&di `_p^\odji) ajm dino\i^` ').1 m`^`iogt joc`m h\i\b`mn ja oc` n\h`
kjgdod^\g ntno`h c\q` gjp_gt ^g\dh`_ oc\o oc` d_`\n ja % 35 \m`
m`nkjind]g` ajm \gg oc` r jmg_%n kmj]g`hn+ >po ocdn \^^pn\odji c\n
ij ^jio`io8 do dn gdf` ]joc oc` kjgdod^\g g`ao \i_ mdbco%n ]g\if`o
m`^jpmn` oj `doc`m G`ti`nd\i jm hji`o\mdno kjgd^d`n \n oc` a\i^t
o\f`n oc`h ) _`k`i_dib ji oc` ^pmm`io ndop\odji \i_ m`b\m_g`nn ja
d_`jgjbd^\g ^jind_`m\odjin+
S` c\q` oj a\^` oc` a\^on) rcd^c \m` c\m_gt ^jhajmodib7 oc`
ndop \odj i n \i_ oc` ^jiagd^on ja oc` k\no \m` n^\m^`gt ja \it c`gk di
_ `^d_ di b r c \o oj _j oj_\t+ J`doc`m oc` nj^d\g hjq`h`ion ijm oc`
^p gop m\g kmjo`non ja t`no`mt`\m c\q` \itocdib pn`apg oj o`\^c pn
\ ] j p o r c \o r` ncjpg_ _j oj_\t+ Ki` `s\hkg`7 di .630) oc`
>`gbd\i Opmm`\gdno Hjpdn O^po`i\dm` kmjqjf`_ \ n^\i_\g &rcd^c
/6
P c` S mdodi b j i oc ` S \gg
Igl]k
.+ Cpt @`]jm_) om+ @ji\g_ Jd^cjgnji*Ohdoc) O_\ NfZ`\kp f] k_\
Ng\ZkXZc\ &J`r Ujmf7 Vji` >jjfn) .662') k+ 31+
/+ O`` >>? J`rn Kigdi` J`orjmf ajm Pp`n_\t) /5 O`ko`h]`m
.6667 cook7,,i`rn+]]^+^j+Qf,/,cd,pf[i`rn,kjgdod^n,13--/6+
noh
0+ Ijdnc` Ljnoji`) O`d\) GXYfi Xe[ NfZ`Xc ?fd`eXk`fe7 <
M\`ek\igi\kXk`fe f] HXio$j >i`k`ZXc O_\fip &?\h]md_b`7
?\h]md_b` Qidq`mndot Lm`nn) .660'+
1+ F`\i*I\md` Rdi^`io) >i`k`hl\ [l kiXmX`c7 G\ ]X`i\ \k D$X^`i
W?mdodlp` ja H\]jpmY &L\mdn7 Lm`nn`n Qidq`mndo\dm`n _` Bm\i^`+
0- d
.654'+
2+ Ki \ g`nn oc`jm`od^\g g`q`g) oc` ^jpio`m`_gopm` ja oc` .63-n X
\i_ .64-n ndbidad`_ oc` n\h ` ocdib7 \ m`e`^odji ja oc` r\t ja E
gda` kmjkjn`_ ]t ^\kdo\gdno nj^d`ot) dino`\_ ja ^ j h k g\ di di b
\]jpo cjr c\m_ do dn oj adi_ \ kg\^` di do+
3+ S` \m` ijo nk`\fdib c`m` ja kjnonomp^opm\gdno \i_ kjnohj_ZJ
`h dno oc`jmd`n) r cd^c c\q` ndh kgt `q\_`_ oc` lp`nodji ja oc`
_d\g`^od^ ]`or ``i np]e`^o \i _ j]e`^o \i_ _`id`_ oc` q`mt
kjnnd]dgdot ja om\^dib oc` h pgodkgd^dot ja nj^d\g kc`ijh `i\ oj
oc ` `aa`^on ja ^`mo\di p i _ ` mgt di b k mdi ^dk g`n) np^c \n,
,
^jh h j_dot q\gp` \i_ don a`odncdnh +
4+ Pcdn `skg\din oc` `s^`nndq` `h kc\ndn oc \o m\_d^\g ^pmm`ion)
amjh oc` Pmjonftdnon oj oc` Odop\odjidnon) c\q` \gr \tn kg\^`_
ji oc` mjg` ja oc` om`\nji ja oc` g`\_`mn + Pc`t diq\md\]gt
\nnph ` oc \o kmj g`o\md\i n jm oc` k`jkg` \m` `nn`iod\ggt
m`qjgpodji\md`n g\i j\ \i _ oc \o oc`t r jpg_ \gr \tn h\f`
m\_d^\g ^cjd^`n da oc` h \i j`p qm`n ja oc` g`\_`mn \i_ oc`
] p m` \ p ^ m\ on _ d_ ijo \ gr \ t nÉp i aj mop i \ o` gt \i _
di`skgd^\] gt Ék m` q ` i o oc`h amjh _jdib nj+
5+ = i_ \n J d^cjg\n O\mfjut m`k `\o`_) oc mj p b c njh` h tno`mdjpn
op mi ja `q`ion) _ p mdi b oc` k m`nd_ `i od\g ^\h k\dbi+
6+ ?cmdnojkc`m H\n^c) O_\ >lckli\ f] IXiZ`jj`jd7 <d\i`ZXe G`]\ `e
Xe <^\ f] ?`d`e`j_`e^ @og\ZkXk`fej W.646Y &J`r Ujmf7 S+S+
Jjmoji $ ?jhk\it) .66.'+
.-+ Eq\i Eggd^c) H\[`ZXc I\d\j`j7 O_\ @ogifgi`Xk`fe f] C\Xck_
&Hji_ji7 ?\g_`m $ >jt\mn) .642'+
..+ Ka ^jpmn`) oc` rjmg_rd_` _`hjinom\odjin \b\dino oc` Em\l
S\m \i_) `nk`^d\ggt) ^ji^`mi ajm oc` `iqdmjih`io) _dnkg\t \
n^jk` oc\o ^\i ]` n\d_ oj ]` b`i`m\g+ >po k\^dadnh dn jigt
nkjm\_d^\ggt `skm`nn`_ \i_ `q`i oc`i do dn ]\n`_ ji \ q`mt
`hjodji\g ajpi_\odji) rcdg` m`ndno\i^` \b\dino c\mhapg
kc`ijh`i\ jigt m\m`gt o\f`n oc` ajmh ja \ hjq`h`io )
\i_ dn m\oc`m oc` \aa\dm ja `sk`mon \i_ bjq`mih`io ^jia`m*
`i^`n) `s^`ko rc`i do \nnph`n oc` ajmh ja nompbbg`n+
0.
P c` S mdodi b j i oc ` S \gg
03
d
Ljgdod^( rdocjpo Ljgdod^n
Jjo`n
.+ Ki` ocdib a\dmgt adggn h` rdoc npmkmdn`+ Ei a\^o+ E%_ `q`i n\t
oc\o do g`\q`n h` _ph]ajpi_`_) \i_ oc\o%n \o oc` n^d`iodad^
hjh`io di rcd^c E rmdo`) \ao`m ^jpiog`nn `sk`md`i^`n \i_
_\dgt n^\i_\gn) oc`m` ^\i nodgg `sdno di jpm _`\m Bm\i^` &+++' ji`
qjo`m) ji` ndibg` qjo`mÉoc\o dmm\odji\g) dijmb\id^) c\ggp^d*
i\ojmt \idh \gÉrcj \bm``n oj o\f` odh` jpo amjh cdn \aa\dmn)
cdn _m`\hn) \i_ cdn kg`\npm`n di jm_`m oj qjo` di a\qjm ja
njh`ji` jm njh`ocdib+ Ea r` ocdif \]jpo do ajm epno ji`
dino\io) dn ocdn npmkmdndib kc`ijh`iji ijo ji` ado oj pkn`o
oc` np]og`no kcdgjnjkcd`n \i_ ^jiajpi_ m`\nji< Sc`m` dn oc`
>\gu\^ rcj ^\i bdq` pn oc` kctndjgjbt ja oc` hj_`h `g`^ojm)
jm oc` ?c\m^jo rcj rdgg `skg\di oc` \i\ojht \i_ h`io\gdot
ja ocdn di^pm\]g` gpi\od^< &+++' D` qjo`_ t`no`m_\t) c`%gg qjo`
ojhjmmjr) \i_ c` rdgg \gr\tn qjo`+ Oc``k bj oj oc`
ng\pbco`m8 oc`t n\t ijocdib \i_ `sk`^o ijocdib+ >po \o g`\no
oc`t _ji%o qjo` ajm oc` ]po^c`m rcj rdgg fdgg oc`h \i_ oc`
]jpmb`jdn r cj rdgg `\o oc`h+ Ijm` ]jqdi` oc\i ^\oog`) hjm`
nc``k*gdf` oc\i nc``k) oc` `g`^ojm i\h`n cdn ]po^c`m \i_
^cjjn`n cdn ]jpmb`jdn+ D` c\n ajpbco m`qjgpodjin di jm_`m oj
`iejt ocdn mdbco+ &+++' Oj) ht bjj_ h\i) bj cjh` \i_ nomdf`
\b\dino pidq`mn\g npaam\b`+ Kmdbdi\ggt kp]gdnc`_ di G\
A`^Xif) /5 Jjq`h ]`m .555) \i_ m`kp]gdnc`_ di K^o\q`
Idm]`\p) GX Bi\m\ [\j \c\Zk\lij WPc` Ag`^ojmn% Oomdf`Y
&Ijiom`pdg*njpn*>jdn7 H%ginjhid\lp`) /--4'+ Pcdn Aibgdnc
om\ing\odji \q\dg\]g` jigdi` \o7 cook7,,rrr+h\msdnon+jmb,
np]e`^o,\i\m^cdnh,hdm]`\p,qjo`mn*nomdf`+coh+ Ki` cpi_m`_
1.
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
d
L j gdod^ n r doc j p o L j gdod^n
10
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
=K @d;m%RJ
oc` L\mdn h`omj+
Eo dn \ pidq`mn\g o`i_`i^t oj bdq` \]njgpo` kjr`m oj oc` kjgd^`
\i_ oj \ epnod^` ntno`h oc\o dn np]n`mqd`io oj oc` bjq`mih`io
Lmjja `ijpbc ja ocdn dn apmidnc`_ ]t oc` a\^o oc\o Cm`\o >mdo\di)
oc` ]dmockg\^` ja ]jpmb`jdn _`hj^m\^t) c\n km\^od^\ggt \]jgdnc`_
CXY\Xj Zfiglj rcd^c km`n^md]`n oc\o \ k`mnji c\n oj ]` ]mjpbco
]`ajm` \ ep_b` rdocdi ocm`` _\tn ja oc`dm \mm`no+ Eon diomj_p^odji)
di .346) dn rd_`gt ^jind_`m`_ oj h\mf oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` mpg` ja
g\r \i_ ja oc` am``_jh ja oc` di_dqd_p\g a\^`_ rdoc oc` \m]dom\mt
rjmfdibn ja oc` no\o`+ Eon \]jgdodji c`m\g_n oc` nth]jgd^ ^gjnpm`ja
\ gjib cdnojmd^\g kc\n`+ Pc` _mdao ojr\m_n \ kjgd^` no\o`) cjr`q`m)
n``hn `q`i hjm` _`q`gjk`_ di Bm\i^` oc\i di \it joc`m gjib*
`no\]gdnc`_ _`hj^m\^t + = lpdo` pikm`^`_`io`_ ]gpmmdib ja oc`
]jpi_\md`n ]`or``i o`mmjmdnh) ^jgg`^odq` qdjg`i^`) n\]jo\b` \i_
dgg`b\gdot c\n ]``i \^cd`q`_+ Pcdn ^mdhdi\gdn\odji ja \gg ajmhn ja
_dnn`io oc\o \m` ijo nomd^ogt g`b\g dn \ h\ejm a`\opm` ja ocdn _\t
\i_ \b`+ N`^`io odh`n c\q` n``i nkm\t*^\i \mo \i_ \oo`hkon oj
12
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
2.
Pc`dm om\b`_t dn oj c\q` c\kk`i`_ pkji kjgd^`h`i \i_ ep_b`n
^qmp^\g `ijpbc oj o\f` oc`dm a\io\nd`n ja qdjg`i^` gdo`m\ggt) oj \^o
\n ocjpbc oc` \pocjmn \m` \n _\ib`mjpn \n oc`t a\i^t oc`hn`gq`n
oj o` \i_ oj kpidnc oc`h ajm rc\o oc`t cjk`_ oj _j+ + njh`rc\o
\fsXb oc` gdi`n ja rc\o ]`a`gg =iojidj J`bmd di Eo\gt di .646+
Ijm`jrm oc` cqk` _jg`_ jpo ]t oc`dm npkkjmo`mn ^\i njh`odh`n
bm\o`+ En do \h rji_`m oc\o oc` kjgd^` omd`_ oj ^\no Fpgd`i ?jpk\o
\n \ fh_ jo ?c\mg`n I\inji bdq`i oc` ajggjrdib oj ]` ajpi_ di
oc` ejpmi\g c` `_do`_7 Ei C`mh\it do r\n oc` Fpi` /i_
hjq`h`io oc` N`_ =mht B\^odji &N=B' jm oc` Njo` V`gg`i) \i_
h oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n) oc` >g\^f L\ioc`mn) oc` S`\oc`mh`i) oc`
@rt`mn \i_ oc` I\inji B\hdgt) `h]g`h ja \ %h\nndq` dii`m
_`n`modji R Km rdQ c` n\t oc\o c` r\n jigt ^gjridib \mjpi_
\i_ ijo oj cjg_ do \b\dino cdh< Eo dn pigdf`gt oc\o ?jpk\o dn njh`
fh_ jo ?c\mg`n I\inji) ]po do dn _`\m oc\o cdn ^\k\^dot ajm
cdnojmd^\g \i\gtndn dn ij ]`oo`m oc\i oc\o _dnkg\t`_ di oc` ^jpmn` ja
Y PR _`]\o`+
=kk\m`iogt oc` no\o` c\n a\dg`_ oj kpgg jaa don ^jpk \i_ `q`mt*
ocdib npbb`non oc\o oc` _`a`i_\ion rdgg ]` ^g`\m`_ ja \gg
npnkd^dji+ Ijm`jq`m) oc`t c\q` \^cd`q`_ njh` _`bm`` ja a\h`
\i_ m`^`dq`_ \ bm`\o _`\g ja npkkjmo) amjh oc`dm a\mh`m i`dbc*
]jpmn \n r`gg \n amjh h`h]`mn ja k\mgd\h`io \i_ g`\_dib \mod^g`n
di c\ Hfe[\+ >po oc` no\o` h\t ]` n\d_ oj c\q` rji jpo da oc`
dio`iodji r\n oj idk di oc` ]p_ \it \oo`hko \o \ h\nn m`njmo oj
n\]jo\b`) \i_ da oc` \dh r\n oj omphk`o u`mj ojg`m\i^` ajm
ajmhn ja m`ndno\i^` ja oc` gjr*g`q`g r\ma\m` fdi_ oc\o ^jpg_
`h`mb` di ]p__dib nj^d\g hjq`h`ion+ = m`\g o`mmjmdno dn ijo
amdbco`i`_ ]t \ a`r hjiocn di kmdnji8 oc` \q`m\b` ampnom\o`_
mdodu`i) o`hko`_ \o ji` odh` jm \ijoc`m oj ^\mmt jpo \ ocm`\o)
ocdifdib Eo%n ijo \ ]db _`\g) do%n ijo gdf` E%h bjdib oj fdgg \itji` )
hdbco ocdif ord^` \]jpo oc` kmjnk`^o ja hjiocn di kmdnji+ =i_ da
cphdgd\odji \i_ \ib`m _mdq` njh`ji` oj m`nph` \mh`_ nompbbg`)
oc` no\o` rdgg \b\di m`gdnc oc` ^jhk\it ja don _`\m`no `i`ht+
Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) do dn \q`mn` oj g`\_`mg`nn \i_ r\tr\m_
2/
nj^d\g h jq`h`ion+ Ei g\o` /--5 oc` Ididno`m ja A_p^\odji \kk\m*
`iogt \]\i_ji`_ cdn kmje`^o oj m`ajmh cdbc*n^cjjg `_p^\odji
]`^\pn` ja oc` bmjr dib \i_) \]jq` \gg) pi^jiomjgg\]g` &]t nop_`io
jmb\idn\odjin \i_ g`\_`mn' qdjg`i^` ja n^cjjg _`hjinom\odjin \i_
\gnj ]`^\pn` ja oc` `s\h kg` kmjqd_`_ ]t oc` tjpoc m`qjgo h
Cm``^` rcd^c n``h n oj c\q` h \_` \ nomjib dhkm`nndji ji oc`
Bm`i^c bjq`mih `io +5
Eo dn i`q`moc`g`nn oj ]` cjk`_ oc\o qdjg`i^` rdgg ijo o\f` oc`
ajmh _`n^md]`_ ]t oc` \pocjmn ja O_\ >fd`e^ Dejlii\Zk`fe+ Pc`t
kmjk\b\o`) \n _d_ oc`dm km`_`^`nnjmn di oc` m\_d^\g*^cd^ ejpmi\g
O`hhle) oc` i \ mmj r ^ji^`ko oc \ o do dn kjnnd]g` oj m`_dm`^o
di^m`\ndib ]\m]\mdot dioj \i `h \i^dk\ojmt ajm^`+ Pc`t \m` a\nj*
i\o`_ ]t oc` `h `mb di b ^c\jn \i_ n``f oj \^^`iop\o` ocdn
]\m]\mdot)6 dino`\_ ja kg\^dib oc`dm m`gd\i^` ji cph\i lp\gdod`n
rcd^c hdbco m`km`n`io oc` jigt r\t jpo+ ?jiom\mt oj kjkpg\m*****
]`gd`a) oc`m` dn i jocdib \i \ m^cj*^jh hpidno jm I\msdno \]jpo
O_\ >fd`e^ Dejlii\Zk`fe+[[N\oc`m) don k\b`n nh\^f a\m hjm` j`
I\modi D `d_`bb`m \i_ ?\mg O^chdoo7 amc` _`^dndji ).- oc` rdgg
rdocjpo ^jio`io oc\o dn `lp\ggt \o oc` c`\mo ja no\o` kjgdod^n+ Pc`t
ndhkgt r\io oj n`o oc `dm rdgg \b\dino oc\o ja oc` no\o`) oj ]` oc`
nomjib`no) oj cdo oc` o\]g` gjp_`m r doc oc`dm adno+ Pc`dm g`b\g
_`]\^g` h\t r`gg om\inajmh oc`h dioj \ htoc \hjib kmjo`nojmn+
>po `q`i ji \ gdo`m\mt g`q`g oc`dm \kjgjbt ajm bm\opdojpn ^mpi`
n``hn \ ]do ^gd^c`_) ndsot t`\mn ji amjh =i_m` >m`oji%n m`^jind_*
`m\odji ja cdn d_`\n ji oc` ndh kg`no Opmm`\gdno \^o +..
B\^`_ r doc n\]jo\b` \i_ joc`m ajmhn ja qdjg`i^` ) oc`
lp`nodji dn \gr\tn7 r cj `s`m^dn`n do \i_ oj rc\o `i_< Pc` m\_d^\g
g`ao c\n jao`i ^jiapn`_ qdjg`i^`) `q`i rc`i do dn pn`_ ajm bj\gn
oc\o \m` \]nj gpo`gt dh h \i`io oj ^jh h j_dot gjbd^ np^c \n
_`h\i_n ajm r \b` di^m`\n`n) r doc m\_d^\ggt + O\]jo\b` ^\i \gnj
]` ^jiag\o`_ r doc oc` qdjg`io \nn`modji ja k\mod^pg\m dio`m`non \i_
kmjqjf` `lp\ggt qdjg`io m`\^odjin amjh oc` joc`m nd_`+ Pcpn)
a\mh`mn r cjn` b`i`od^\ggt h j_dad`_ ^mjkn c\q` ]``i o\mb`o`_ ]t
rm`^f`mn) \i_ r cj a``g g`o _jr i ]t oc` no\o`) ^jpg_ opmi oj
20
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` r \ i
oc`h+ Eo dn q`mt gdf`gt oc\o oc` \mhjpm ja g`b\gdot rdgg njji a\gg
\k\mo \i_ oc`m` dn ij kjdio di ]`hj\idib don k\nndib+ >po ijo \gg
m`\njin ajm qdjg`i^` \m` bjj_ m`\njin+ L`mc\kn qdjg`i^` ncjpg_
jigt ]` rd`g_`_ ]t k`jkg` rdocjpo c\om`_ \i_ m`n`ioh`io+ >po dn
ocdn kjnnd]g`<
Jjo`n
.+ Ei /--6 =hi`not Eio`mi\odji\g kp]gdnc`_ \ m`kjmo `iodog`_
Bm\i^`7 Ljgd^` \]jq` oc` g\r ) ^jiadmhdib \gg oc`n` dhkm`n*
ndjin+
/+ Ka ^jpmn`) oc` _`hjidn\odji ja qdjg`i^` di `q`mt_\t m`g\odji*
ncdkn jigt hjq`n do `gn`rc`m`+ Pc` C`mh\i nj^djgjbdno Cjou
Adn`i]`mb) rcj \i\gtn`_ n^cjjg ncjjodibn di C`mh\it)
dindnon ji oc` a\^o oc\o oc`dm k`mk`om\ojmn _j ijo ^jh` amjh
ojpbc i`dbc]jpmcjj_n jm rjmfdib*^g\nn jm pi_`m^g\nn
]\^fbmjpi_n) rc`m` \ ^`mo\di \hjpio ja qdjg`i^` dn k\mo ja
gda`) ]po amjh hd__g`*^g\nn) mpi*ja*oc`*hdgg a\hdgd`n rc`m`
\it qdjg`io `skm`nndji ja o`indji dn nodbh\odn`_+ = o\no` ajm
qdjg`io qd_`j b\h`n dn ocpn rd_`nkm`\_ \i_ ^\i `q`iop\ggt
g`\_ oj \ _`ndm` oj om\inkjn` oc`h dioj m`\g gda`+ Pc` kp]gd^
dinodi^odq`gt a``gn oc\o oc`n` fdggdibn) ^\gg`_ Xdfb ) m`q`\g \
cd__`i ompoc \i_ oc\o oc`n` fdgg`mnÉrcj b`i`m\ggt ^jhhdo
npd^d_` \o oc` `i_ ja oc`dm hdnndji É\m` `skm`nndib oc`
_`\oc _mdq` oc\o di ji` r\t jm \ijoc`m k`mq\_`n \gg
^jhhj_dot np]e`^on+ O`` Cjou Adn`i]`mb) <dfbuF`e[\i [\i
FE`ck\7 PY\i [`\ Rliq\ce mfe Rlk le[ CXjj W=hjfÉ?cdg_m`i
ja oc` ?jg_7 Pc` Njjon ja N\b` \i_ D\om`_Y &N`di]`f7
Njrjco) /---') \i_ +++[Xd`k d`Z_ b\`e H\ejZ_ d\_i m\i^`jjk
nXild <dfb le[ B\nXck b\`e Sl]Xcc j`e[ WPc\o r\t) ij ji`
rdgg ajmb`o h` \ithjm` Sct \hjf \i_ qdjg`i^` \m` ijo
m\i_jhY &Iddi^c`i7 L\oogj^c) /-.-'+
0+ Km ]`oo`m `lpdkk`_ kjgd^`h`i ]`^\pn` oc` m`kg\^`h`io ja
h\i ]t o`^cijgjbt \aa`^on `q`i g\r `iajm^`h`io+ Ojh`
m`km`n`io\odq`n ja oc` g`ao rdgg) cjr`q`m) \gr\tn ]` ji
23
d
c\i_ oj m`lp`no oc\o oc` no\o` diq`no di ^jhhpidot kjgd^`
m\oc`m oc\i di oc` cdbc*o`^c q\md`ot) jm rcj n\gpo` ocjn`
kjgd^` qjd^dib oc`dm n^`kod^dnh ojr\m_n oc` bjq`mih`io%n
r\m ji ^mdh ` ) \i_ ^jhkg\di oc\o oc`t \m` ijo bdq`i oc`
api_n oj _j oc`dm ej] kmjk`mgt+
1+ Ennp`n ja g`bdodh\^t) hjm` oc\i g`b\gdot) rdgg o\f` ji \ijoc`m
_dh`indji+ Pc` kp]gd^ h\t \b\di n`` _`a`i_\ion rcj)
dino`\_ ja ^jiodipdib oj kg`\_ diij^`io ]`ajm` oc` g\r) rdgg
pn` ^jpmo kmj^``_dibn oj h jpio \ kmjp_ _`a`i^` ja oc`dm
\^odjin \i_ \^^`ko oc` ^jin`lp`i^`n+ N`i` Nd`n`g b\q` pn
np^c \i `s\h kg` di oc` omd\g rcd^c ajggjr`_ cdn k\mod^dk\odji
di oc` _`nomp^odji ja b`i`od^\ggt hj_dad`_ ^mjkn) \i_ _piib
cdn np ] n`l p `i o dh kmdnjih `io+ O`` N`i` Nd`n`g) <m\lo
Zfdgc\kj [\j m\i`kXYc\j dfY`c\j [l Zi`d\ Zfdd`j Xl >DM<? c\ 2
al`e .666 jl`m`j [\ [`m\ij [fZld\ekj i\cXk`]j Xl gifZ\j [\
Hfekg\cc`\i WBpgg _dn^gjnpm` ja oc` m`\g hjodq`n ajm oc` ^mdh`
^jhhdoo`_ \o oc` Bm`i^c =bmd^pgopm\g N`n`\m^c ?`iom` ajm
Eio`mi\odji\g @ `q`gjkh `io ji 2 Fpi` .666) ajggjr`_ ]t
q\mdjpn _j^ph `ion m`g\odib oj oc` Ijiok`ggd`m omd\gY &L\mdn)
A_dodjin _` g%A i^t ^gjk `_ d` _`n Jpdn\i^`n) /--.'+
Pcmjpbcjpo cdnojmt) odh ` nk`io di \i_ jpo ja kmdnji c\n ]``i
qd`r`_ r doc `lp \i dh dot ]t hjno m`qjgpodji\md`n+
2+ Ljgdod^d\in gdf` K gdqd`m >`n\i^`ijo) rcj) \ao`m oc` \mm`non ja
oc` P\mi\^ .. ajm oc` \gg`b`_ n\]jo\b` ja \ PCR gdi`)
^g\dh`_ nom\dbco\r \t oc\o ij \^odqdno di cdn k\mot rjpg_ `q`m
_j \itocdib gdf` oc\o) h\t r`gg adi_ oc`hn`gq`n nrdaogt
jpoag\if`_ ]t oc`dm m\if \i_ adg` + Op^c dn oc` cdnojmd^\g a\o`
ja n`^ji_*m\o` H`ididnon+
3* L\mod dh \bdi\dm` `o h jpq`h `io jpqmd`m WEh\bdi\mt L\mot
\i_ S jmf`mn 4 I jq`h `ioY) O`hhle) ij+ / &/--.') k+ /1.+
Z Eo dn k\mod^pg\mgt r jmoc ijodib oc` cdnojmd^\g \i_ kjgdod^\g
\^ph`i ja oc` ^p mm`io I didno`m ja oc` Eio`mdjm) Id^c`g`
=ggdjo*I\md`) r cj j]n`mq`_) ajmot t`\mn \ao`m .635) oc\o oc`
Bm`i^c ? jh h pidno L\mot dn ij gjib`m \oom\^odib _dnn`io`mn)
24
oc`m`]t ^jiadmhdib oc` mjg` oc\o oc` k\mot c\_ di oc` Cm`i`gg`
\bm``h`ion di ZfekX`e`e^ nj^d\g pim`no+
5+ Pc` %Cm``f nti_mjh`% dn ij _jp]o g\mb`gt m`nkjind]g` ajm
T\qd`m @\m^jn% m`^`io \]jpo*opmi ji cdbc*n^cjjg m`ajmh+
=ao`m ^jinpgo\odji \i_ \bm``h`io rdoc oc` Lm`nd_`io) oc`
Ididno`m ajm A_p^\odji _`^d_`_ oj _`a`m oc` m`ajmhn ajm \
t`\m) oc`m`]t ^jhkg`odib \ Q*opmi oc\o r\n \n nk`^o\^pg\m \n
do r\n pi`sk`^o`_+ W+++Y D`i^` \gg oc` o\gf ja \ %Cm``f
nti_mjh`%+ Ei joc`m ^dm^phno\i^`n) d+`+ g`\qdib oc` `^jijhd^
^mdndn rcd^c \b\di ocm`\o`in oc` `hkgjt\]dgdot ja tjpib
k`jkg`) oc` o`in` ndop\odji di oc` np]pm]\i omjp]g` nkjon
rcd^c \m` m`\_t oj `mpko \o oc` h`m`no cdio ja kjgd^` dio`m*
q`iodji) \i_ oc` ocm`\o ja dhhdi`io tjpoc m`qjgo m`km`n`io`_
]t Cm``^` jpo ja oc` `lp\odji) do dn gdf`gt oc\o oc` Ididno`m ajm
A_p^\odji rjpg_ ijo c\q` bdq`i di nj `\ndgt+ = c`\o`_ _`]\o`
ji oc` np]e`^o ]`or``i oc` bjq`mih`io \i_ oc` Agtn`` L\g\^`
m`npgo`_ di qd^ojmt ajm oc` hjno ^\podjpn `g`h`ion rcj
n`in`_ np^c \ _`bm`` ja o`indji oc\o no`kn i``_`_ oj ]` o\f`i
oj ^jjg ocdibn _jri+ Eo r\n ijo nj hp^c oc` n^\g` ja oc`
ajmoidbco*jg_ cdbc n^cjjg nop_`io hjq`h`io oc\o rjmmd`_ oc`
bjq`mih`io \n oc` a\^o oc\o do r\n g\mb`gt nkjio\i`jpn)
pimpgt \i_ njh`odh`n qdjg`io+ Bm\iZjdn` Bm`nnju) N`ajmh`
_p gt^``7 pi m`^pg nth]jgdlp` WDdbc*O^cjjg N`ajmh7 =
Oth]jgd^ N`om`\oY) G\ Hfe[\) .3 @`^`h]`m /--5+
6+ Pc` ijmh\g api^odjidib ja oc` rjmg_ pnp\ggt n`mq`n oj cd_`
jpm no\o` ja ompgt ^\o\nomjkcd^ _dnkjnn`nndji+ Sc\o dn ^\gg`_
%^\o\nomjkc`% dn ij hjm` oc\i oc` ajm^`_ npnk`indji ja ocdn
no\o`) ji` ja ocjn` m\m` hjh`ion rc`i r` m`b\di njh` njmo
ja km`n`i^` di oc` rjmg_+ H`o oc` k`omjg`ph m`n`mq`n mpi jpo
`\mgd`m oc\i `sk`^o`_8 g`o oc` dio`mi\odji\g agjrn oc\o h\f`
oc` ^jpiomt od^f ]` _dnmpko`_) mjgg ji h\nndq` nj^d\g
]m`\f_jri) \ %m`opmi oj kmdhdodq` n\q\b`mt, %kg\i`o\mt
ocm`\o, \i_ oc` %`i_ ja ^dqdgdn\odji % Adoc`m r\t) \it gjnn ja
^jiomjg rjpg_ ]` km`a`m\]g` oj \gg oc` ^mdndn h\i\b`h`io
23
n^`i\mdjn oc`t `iqdndji+ Pcdn om\ing\odji dn \i \h`i_`_
q`mndji ja oc` j mdb di \g om\ing\odji8 n`` O_\ >fd`e^
Dejlii\Zk`fe7 cook7,,o\mi\^6+rjm_km`nn+^jh,o`son,oc`*^jhdib*
dinpmm`^odji,+
.-+ Eo%n \ a\^o) \i_ do h p no ]` om\ing\o`_ dioj \ _`^dndji+ B\^on ^\i
]` ^jiepm`_ \r\t) ]p o _`^dndji dn kjgdod^\g+ Pj _`^d_` ji oc`
_`\oc ja ^dqdgdn\odji) oc`i oj rjmf jpo cjr do rdgg c\kk`i7
jigt _`^dndji r dgg md_ pn ja oc` ^jmkn`+ E]d_+
..+ Ei \i dio`mqd`r di .615) m`kmj_p^`_ di @eki\k`\ej di .62/
&C\ggdh\m_'+ WP m\ing\ojm%n ijo`7 =i_m` >m`oji ji^` a\hjpngt
no\o`_7 Pc` ndh k g`no Opmm`\gdno \^o dn oj bj _jri dioj oc`
nom``o) m`qjgq`m di c\i_ ) \i_ ncjjo m\i_jhgt \n hp^c \n
kjnnd]g` dioj oc` ^mjr _+ Y
./+ Scd^c n``h i jo oj ]` oc \o diam`lp`io ]po rcd^c bj g\mb`gt
pim`kjmo`_ di oc` ^jkt^\o*\q`mn` h`_d\ \i_ rcd^c c\q` ijo
t`o m`\^c`_ Ojpoc G jm`\i g`q`gn) rc`m` ]jnn`n \m` ocmjri
amjh oc` o`ioc nojm`t ja \ ]pdg_dib jm _jpn`_ di k`omjg+
.0+ O_\ >fd `e^ Dejlii\Zk`fe) jk+ mdo+
..
O`] Rjalaf_ gf l`] RYdd
Scj ^\m`n ijr oj m`^\gg ocdn oj hdi_< Pc` bm`\o a`\m ja K^oj]`m
+Z/--5ijr \kk`\mn hjm` m`hjo` oc\i oc` Cm`\o B`\m \o oc` no\mo
ja oc` Bm`i^c N`qjgpodji+ >po \o oc` odh` oc` dhkm`nndji r\n ijo
jigt oc\o oc` ncdk r\n o\fdib ji \ gjo ja r\o`m \i_ rjpg_ ndif
nom\dbco oj oc` ]joojh) ]po oc\o `q`mtji` c\_ ]``i ndg`iogt
`sk`^odib do oj _j nj ajm njh` odh`+ Ask`mon r`m` jk`igt lp`mtdib
oc` njgq`i^t ja `q`i oc` hdbcod`no no\o`n \i_ i`rnk\k`m
c`\_gdi`n r`m` ^jiepmdib pk oc` kjnnd]dgdot ja \ ^c\di ^jgg\kn` ja
Bm`i^c n\qdibn ]\ifn+ >j\m_n ja bp\m_d\in ^jio`hkg\o`_
rc`oc`m oc`t ncjpg_ rdoc_m\r \gg oc`dm hji`t amjh oc` ]\if
\i_ cd_` do pi_`m oc`dm h\oom`nn`n8 ^jhhpo`mn ]ptdib od^f`on di
\_q\i^` rji_`m`_ rc`oc`m oc` om\din rjpg_ nodgg ]` mpiidib \
^jpkg` ja r``fn g\o`m+ Pc` =h`md^\i Lm`nd_`io C`jmb` S+ >pnc)
di cdn \__m`nn oj oc` i\odji) nkjf` ja oc` adi\i^d\g ^mdndn di o`mhn
m`hdidn^`io ja ocjn` c` c\_ pn`_ \ao`m .. O`ko`h]`m /--.) \i_ oc`
K^oj]`m /--5 dnnp` ja G\ Hfe[\$n hjiocgt h\b\udi` r\n `iodog`_7
Pc` Ai_ ja \ Sjmg_ + =gg ^jhh`io\ojmn \bm``_ di oc`dm
\nn`nnh`io oc\o rc\o r\n o\fdib kg\^` r\n ijo ndhkgt \
o`hkjm\mt bgdo^c di oc` adi\i^d\g h\mf`on) ]po oc` rjmno ^mdndn
ndi^` oc` O`^ji_ Sjmg_ S\m) jm ndi^` .6/6+
3-
Å Å i \ dg
3.
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
E
P c ( S mdodi b ji ocÅ SÇQ
32
P c` S mdodi b j i oc ` S \gg
34
Pc` S ioh " q%^ RX\EE
36
Pc` S mdodib ji oc` S\gg
oc` m`\g `^jijht+ Pc` mdn` ja i`jgd]`m\gdnh \ao`m .65- r\n mtZ
njh` _`qdjpn h\ij`pqm` ji oc` k\mo ja oc` bm``_d`no ^\kdo\gdeew
ijm \ ^jpk _%`o\o ^\mmd`_ jpo di ^jggpndji rdoc nhpb kjgdod^d\d;w
\n oc` m\_d^\g( g`ao rjpg_ c\q` do+ J`jgd]`m\gdnh r\n) ji oa(
^jiom\mt) oc` jigt kjnnd]g` r\t oj h\f` oc` ^\kdo\gdno ntno`h .Z
\ ]do gjib`m+ Bjm lpdo` njh` odh`) ^m`_do \ggjr`_ h\it ]pndi`nnZ
\i_ di_dqd_p\gn oj h\dio\di oc` dggpndji ja kmjnk`mdot+ Jjr) ocdn
^mpo^c dn \gnj ]pno+ >po oc` m`opmi oj G`ti`nd\idnh) rcd^c c(
ojibp`n r\bbdib km\^od^\ggt `q`mtrc`m`) rdgg ]` ^jhkg`o`gt
dhkjnnd]g`7 oc`m` dn ij gjib`m `ijpbc m`\g hji`t \o oa^
_dnkjn\g ja bjq`mih`ion) d+`+ hji`t ijo ^m`\o`_ ]t ad\o jm ]t
nk`^pg\odji) ]po hji`t \n oc` m`npgo ja ^jhhj_dot kmj_p^odji di
\^^jm_\i^` rdoc oc` no\i_\m_n ja kmj_p^odqdot ji oc` rjmg_
h\mf`o+ Bjm oc` hjh`io) oc` _`^dndji*h\f`mn c\q` kjnokji`_
oc`dm H\e\) O\b\c) Pg_Xij`e ]t \__dib \ijoc`m u`mj oj oc`
gp_d^mjpn iph]`mn _dnkg\t`_ ji n^m``in \i_ rcd^c ij gjib`m
^jmm`nkji_ oj \itocdib+ Pc` m`^`io ]\if ]\dgjpon \m` o`i odh`n
cdbc`m oc\i oc` _`ad^don oc\o mj^f`_ oc` h\mf`on or`iot t`\mn
\bjÉ\gocjpbc m`\g kmj_p^odji &C@L di ^jhhji k\mg\i^`' c\n
di^m`\n`_ ]t mjpbcgt /-*0-# Pc` `^jijhd^ bmjroc ja oc`
.65-n \i_ .66-n ij gjib`m c\_ \it di_`k`i_`io ]\ndn) ]po r\n
oc` m`npgo ja adi\i^d\g ]p]]g`n+ =i_ rc`i oc`n` ]p]]g`n ]pmno
oc`m` rdgg ]` ij no\]dgdn\odji \ao`m rcd^c `q`mtocdib ^\i no\mo
\am`nc+
Sct c\n ocdn ntno`h ijo t`o pi_`mbji` ^jhkg`o` ^jgg\kn`< Pj
rc\o _j`n do jr` don o`hkjm\mt npmqdq\g< Ei \ rjm_) oj ^m`_do
B\^`_ rdoc oc` bmjrdib _daad^pgod`n jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` g\no
^`iopmt ja adi\i^dib oc` q\gjmdn\odji ja g\]jpm kjr`m \i_ ocpn ja
diq`nodib di ads`_ ^\kdo\g) oc` m`njmo oj `q`m g\mb`m \hjpion ja
^m`_do) a\m amjh ]`dib njh` \]`mm\odji jm joc`m) r\n di a\^o
di`qdo\]g`+ Aq`i _pmdib oc` m`dbi ja oc` i`jgd]`m\g hji`o\mdnon)
_`]o bm`r ji \ h\nndq` n^\g`+ Sc`oc`m ocdn ^m`_do dn kmdq\o` jm
kp]gd^) _jh`nod^ jm ajm`dbi) _j`n ijo m`\ggt ^c\ib` oc` ndop\odji
hp^c+ Pc` ^jiodipjpn \i_ dmm`q`mnd]g` _`q`gjkh`io ja
4-
P c ` S mdodi b j i oc ` S`gg
.
o`^cijgjbt k`mh\i`iogt rd_`in oc` b\k ]`or``i oc` mjS f`
g\]jpm kjr`m Ércd^c) oj m`k`\o) dn oc` jigt njpm^` ja q\gp` \i_
npmkgpn q\gp` É\i_ oc` di^m`\ndibgt dhkjmo\io mjg` kg\t`_ ]t oc`
dinomph`ion ja g\]jpm) rcd^c hpno ]` k\d_ ajm rdoc oc` npmkgpn
q\gp` j]o\di`_ ocmjpbc oc` `skgjdo\odji ja g\]jpm kjr`m+
?jin`lp`iogt) oc` m`njmo oj ^m`_do ^\i jigt di^m`\n` jq`m opi`)
`q`iop\ggt oj m`\^c \ kjdio ja ij m`opmi+ ?m`_do) rcd^c Ç kmjado
^jinph`_ ]`ajm` ]`dib m`\gdn`_) ^\i kjnokji` oc` hjh`io o`]f
^\kdo\gdnh cdon don ntno`hd^ gdhdon) ]po do ^\iijo km`q`io do Aq`i
oc` ]`no h`_d^\ggt*\nndno`_ kmjgjib\odji ja gda` c\n oj `i_
njh`_\t+
?m`_do ijo jigt kmjgjibn oc` gda` ja oc` ntno`h \n np^c) ]po
\gnj oc\o ja oc` ^jinph`mn+ ?jinph`m _`]o dn b`i`m\ggt fijri oj
c\q` m`\^c`_ \nomjijhd^\g kmjkjmodjin) `nk`^d\ggt di oc` Qido`_
Oo\o`n) \i_ dn a\no di^m`\ndib oj ]jjo+ Ojh` d_`\ ja oc` kmjnk`^on
ajm ocdn fdi_ ja gda` h \t ]` b\di`_ di \ ^jpiomt gdf` >m\udg rc`m`
^`gg kcji`n ^\i ]` kpm^c\n`_ di o`i dino\gh`ion) ^\m h\dio`i\i^`
k\d_ ajm di ocm``) \i_ k`omjg no\odjin ^jhk`o` ijo jq`m oc` kmd^`
ja k`omjg) ]po jq`m cjr gjib do o\f`n oj ^\nc ^c`lp`n * 6- _\tn)
.5-
Ojh` k`jkg` `i_ pk bjdib dioj m\kopm`n jq`m ocdn qdmop\gd*
n\odji ja oc` r jmg_ \i_ km`_d^o \ m\_d\io apopm`+ >po jigt \
^jhkg`o`gt kjnoh j_`midn`_ ^jin^djpni`nn ^jpg_ ]`gd`q` oc\o \
qdmop\gdn\odji _`qjd_ ja \it m`\g ajpi_\odjin ^\i g\no ajm`q`m+
Pc`m` \m` ocjn` r cj c\q` njpbco oj ^c\gg`ib` \i_ _`^jinoh^o
oc` q`mt ^ji^`ko ja oc` m`\g `^jijht + Qi_jp]o`_gt) h\it
k`jkg` rjpg_ r`g^jh` kmjja oc\o ad^odji dn rjmoc epno \n hp^c \n
m`\gdot) ]`dib h p^c h jm` ^jib`id\g oj jpm _`ndm`n+ Eo dn ijo
i`^`nn\mt) cjr`q`m) oj ]` \ bm`\o kmjkc`o oj ajm`n`` oc\o oc`
_`id\g ja m`\gdot ) _`^g\m`_ r doc n`ga*n\odnad`_ bmdin ajm oc` g\no
ocdmot t`\mn) _j`n ijo c\q` hp^c ja \ apopm` di \i `m\ ja m`\g
^mdn`n+ Pc` \ajm`h `iodji`_ `_dojmd\g di G\ Hfe[\ r\n gjbd^\ggt
`iodog`_7 Pd^f oc` ]js h \mf`_ %_dn\no`m% oj m`opmi oj m`\gdot +
Aq`i ji oc` nomd^ogt `^jijhd^ g`q`g) oc` ^mdndn dn jigt epno
4.
P c` S mdodi b ji oc ` S\gg
40
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
Jjo`n
.+ Amd^ Bjoojmdij) N`ojpm \p m{`g k\m g\ ^\n` _`n\nom` &Pd^focm
]js h\mf`_ _dn\no`m oj m`opmi oj m`\gdotY) G\ Hfe[\) ..
K^oj]`m /--5+
/+ %N`om\didib% &^c\ib` ]`gd`an di jm_`m oj ^c\ib` ej]n' dn ]`dib
`i^jpm\b`_ rdoc \ qd`r oj \ bm`\o`m g`q`gc`\_`_i`nn) adib`i
\m` ]`dib kjdio`_ \o %^\mh\id\%) oc` r\no` ja m`njpm^` )
\gd`i\o`_ g\]jpm%n diq\ndji ja gda` \i_ oc` ^pmn` ja kmjbm`nn
>po oc` hjh`io oc` h\^cdi` n`du`n pk) oc\o oc` \pojhj]dg`
di_pnomt dn di ^mdndn) \_q`modn`mn _`n`mo i`rnk\k`mn \i_
ocm`\o`i oc`dm adi\i^d\g no\]dgdot) jm pi`hkgjth`io no\mon oj
\aa`^o \ g\mb` iph]`m ja n\g\md`_ rjmf`mn) oc` opi` ^c\ib`
\i_ jg_ W^`mo\diod`nY m`npma\^` ) rmjo` Cdg]`mo Ndno ji /3
Jjq`h]`m /--5 di \ ]gjb nthk\oc`od^ oj oc` _`bmjroc
hjq`h`io+
0+ Hp^ >jgo\infd \i_ Aq` ?cd\k`ggj) om+ Cm`bjmt Aggdjoo) O_\Ifk
Ng`i`k f] >Xg`kXc`jd &Hji_ji7 R`mnj >jjfn) /--4'+
1+ Bjm \ hjm` _`o\dg`_ `skg\i\odji ja ocdn kc`ijh`iji n``
@`bmjroc`mn) Ki` Ijm` Aaajmo Ea Ujp S\io oj >`
N`qjgpodji\md`n ) `e]iX+
2+ Ei oc` h\dinom`\h h`_d\) Ehh\ip`g S\gg`mno`di r\n ed"
\]jpo oc` jigt k`mnji oj c\q` \nn`mo`_ oc\o \ao`m ad!
cpi_m`_ t`\mn ^\kdo\g c\_ `io`m`_ don adi\g no\b`) \i_ oc\o
njh `ocdib i`r rjpg_ ]` n`o pk &n`` cdn \mod^g`
^\kdo\gdnh` ojp^c` \ n\ adi W?\kdo\gdnh En J`\mdib Eon Ai_g
dg
5-
H
4 c ( S mdodi b j i &c m S\gg
5/
KYjl /7 <DST 2QPTUSVHPT
50
. cm Smdodib ji ocm S\gg
Kq`m oc` g\no ocdmot t`\mn jm nj) _pmdib rcd^c odh` do c\n ]`^ji(
ji` ja oc` hjno dhkjmo\io d_`\n di ^jio`h kjm\mt nj^d\g ocjpbco
bdao oc`jmt c\n jao`i ^jh` dioj ^jiagd^o rdoc k\m\_dbhn ja
I\msdno jmdbdi+ Pc` om\e`^ojmt ja I=QOO . ^jpg_ \ghjno ]o
_`n^md]`_ \n \ kmje`^o oj ^m`\o` \ m\_d^\g ^mdodlp` ja oc` q`mt
ajpi_\odjin ja ^jhhj_dot nj^d`ot \i_ don cdnojmd^\g km`npkkjnd*
odjin \gjib iji*I\msdno gdi`n) g`\_dib do oj ^cjjn` I\m^`g I\pnn
\i_ G\mg Ljg\itd \n don h\di oc`jm`od^\g m`a`m`i^` kjdion +/ Eino`\_
ja ]`dib `skgd^dogt \iod*I\msdno) gdf` h\it ja oc` a\ncdji\]g`
oc`jmd`n ja oc` n\h` cdnojmd^\g k`mdj_) bdao oc`jmt n``hn oj c\q`
njpbco oj Xmf`[ HXio) \oo`hkodib oj ^jinomp^o \ nj^d\g ^mdodlp` \n
md^c \n oc\o ja I\ms) ]po r docjpo rc\o r`m` _``h`_ oj ]` oc`
g\oo`m%n piajmopi\o` kjgdod^\g ^jin`lp`i^`n \i_ rdocjpo oc`
k`m^`dq`_ gdhdo\odjin \i_ ji`*nd_`_i`nn ja oc` q`mt ^ji^`kon oc\o
pi_`mkdii`_ do+ Pc` kmdi^dk\g ncjmo^jhdib ja \gg I\msdno oc`jmt)
di oc` qd`r ja I=QOO) dn don \Zfefd`jd7 do no\i_n \^^pn`_ ja
m`_p^dib oc` cph\i ]`dib oj cdn `^jijhd^ _dh`indji \gji` jm \o
g`\no ja \nndbidib \i \]njgpo` km`_jhdi\i^` oj ocdn _dh`indji+
Pc` I\msdno \kkmj\^c dn oc`m`ajm` nomd^ogt podgdo\md\i7 h`i \m`
hjodq\o`_ njg`gt ]t oc`dm dio`m`non \gji` \i_ di_``_ ]t ijocdib
]po oc`dm h\o`md\g \i_ di_dqd_p\g dio`m`non+ Pc` kcdgjnjkcd^\g \i_
\iocmjkjgjbd^\g ajpi_\odjin ja I\msdnh oc`m`]t _`hjinom\o` \
npmkmdndib fdincdk rdoc ]jpmb`jdn gd]`m\gdnh) \^^jm_dib oj rcjn`
^ji^`ko ja _fdf f\Zfefd`Zlj h\i dn di^\k\]g` ja \it \^o oc\o _j`n
ijo _dm`^ogt jm di_dm`^ogt kmj^``_ amjh \ ^\g^pg\odji \dh`_ \o
h\sdhdndib cdn jri \_q\io\b`+ B\m amjh c\qdib \it lp\ghn
\]jpo ocdn) I\msdnon o\f` h\gd^djpn kg`\npm` di _`hjinom\odib
oc\o \it `skm`nndji ja nthk\oct) b`i`mjndot jm _dndio`m`no`_i`nn
di ]jpmb`jdn nj^d`ot dn ijocdib ]po \ ctkj^mdod^\g q`dg cd_dib oc`
`o`mi\g ^g\nc ja \io\bjidnod^ dio`m`non+
Pcdn fdi_ ja I\msdnh dn ij h`m` `_dad^` ^j]]g`_ ojb`oc`m ]t
51
oc` oc`jm`od^d\in ja oc` bdao oc` Z]ll]j oj \a(laf_Vbl#` j`lv Yd ll
amjhdo+ Eo \^op\ggt `sdnon \i_ do ak ijo oc` dio`iodji c`m` oj^qkfj^`
do apmoc`m+ >po _j`n I\ms%n oc`jmt Zgad _jri kaehdq lg l`ak
Ñ`^jijhdndi%%< =m` r` npm`) hjm`jq`m) oc\o oc` l`]gj]la[Yd lggdk
ojm `h`mbdib amjh oc` podgdo\md\i hYjY\a_e [Yffgl Z] ^gmf\ e
I\ms cdhn`ga< Km) oj kpo do \ijoc`m r\t) Yj] _a^l l`]gjq Yf\ \i
\kkmj\^c ]\n`_ ji njh` ja I\ms%n [gf[]hlk f][]kkYjadq af[ge*
k\od]g`< Ea ijo) rjpg_ do oc`i ]` \ [Yk] g^ kla[caf_ Zalk lg_]l`]j
amjh`\^c oc`jmt) ^m`\odib nk`^dad^ nfdggn ^gj ]Y[` YhhjgY[`; Jj
hdbco ijo \i pi_`mgtdib) _jp]og`nn k\mod\g) [gfn]j_]f[] Z]
_dn^`mi`_ ]`or``i oc`h< Pc`m` \m` Yj_me]flk af oc` ogjck g^
Ljgt\id) I\pnn \i_ joc`m bdao oc`jmdnon oc\o Yj] ndhdg\m lg jY\a[Yd
\nk`^on ja I\msd\i ^mdodlp`+ Pc`n` iji*I\msd\i l`afc]jk eYq
r`gg opmi jpo oj ]` ^gjn`m oj I\ms%n c`mdo\b` oc\i l`] Zmdc g^ o`Yl
dnijr o`mh`_ I\msdnh 8 di_``_) \ k\mod^pg\m j]Y\af_ g^ HYjp
^jpg_ \ggjr ^ji^gpndjin oj ]` _m\r i oc\o af k\mo [gjjgZgjYl]
ocjn``nkjpn`_ ]t bdao oc`jmt +0
Eo ncjpg_ ijo ]` ajmbjoo`i oc \o oc` np]odog` ja ?Xj FXgkkX` dn ijo
=Pm`\odn` ji Ljgdod^\g A^jijht ] po = ?mdodlp` ja Ljgdod^\g
A^jijht + N`h\mfn ^mdod^dndib oc` q`mt `sdno`i^` ja \i
`^jijht h\t ]` ajpi_ amjh ji` `i_ ja I\ms%n rjmf oj oc`
joc`m+ Ddn diopdodji oc \o \i `^jijh t n`k\m\o`_) jm _dn`h*
]`__`_ \n Ljg\itd r jpg_ n\t) amjh oc` m`no ja nj^d\g \^odqdot
\gm`\_t ^jinodopo`n \i \gd`i\odji r \n m`qdq`_ ]t njh` ja cdn
`skji`ion+ Pcpn) di .6.6) Ctjmbt Hpf\^n) oc` hjno gp^d_ I\msdno
ocdif`m ja cdn odh`) r mjo` r doc m`b\m_ oj oc` apopm` nj^d\gdno
`^jijht 7 >po oc` %`^jijh t% ij gjib`m c\n oc` api^odji oc\o
`q`mt `^jijht c\n c\_ cdoc`moj7 ajm do dn oj ]` oc` n`mq\io ja \
^jin^djpngt _dm`^o`_ nj^d`ot8 do dn oj gjn` don n`ga*^jio\di`_
\pojijht &rcd^c r \n r c \o h \_` do \i `^jijht) kmjk`mgt
nk`\fdib'8 \n \i `^jijht do dn oj ]` \i i p gg`_ +1 Bmjh oc` .61-n
jir\m_n) ocjn` r cj ^\no _ j p ] o ji oc` i`^`nn\mt ^jii`^odji
]`or``i oc` I\msd\i ^mdodlp` ja ^\kdo\gdnh \i_ \ podgdo\md\i \i_
kmj_p^odqdno ^ji^`kodji ja h \i) ]`io njg`gt ji `so`i_dib cdn
52
_jhdi\odji jq`m i\opm`) r`m` oc` m`km`n`io\odq`n ja oc(
Bm\ifapmo O^cjjg) g`_ ]t Pc`j_jm S+ =_jmij \i_ D`m]`mo
I\m^pn`) \gjib rdoc) \gocjpbc amjh \ lpdo` _daa`m`io k`mnk`^odq`
oc` Odop\odjidnon \i_ Cpt @`]jm_+ Bjm ]joc ja oc`h) oc`
`sk`md`i^` ja hj_`h \mo `h]j_d`_ oc` hj_`g ajm `no\]gdncdib \
g`nn n`ga*n``fdib ) hjm` kg\tapg \i_ pn`m*amd`i_gt m`g\odjincdk
rdoc ocdibn+ Pj oc` `so`io oc\o oc`n` ^mdod^\g ^pmm`ion ij gjib`m
ocjpbco oc\o oc` bm`\o`no _`a`^o ja kjno*r\m nj^d`ot r\n h\o`md\g
kjq`mot ]po oc` \gd`i\odji ja `q`mt_\t gda`) oc`t `iqdndji`_ \ r\q
jpo oc\o rjpg_ ij gjib`m o\f` kg\^` ji \i `s^gpndq`gt `^jijhd^
g`q`g ]po r\n h`\io oj `i^jhk\nn \gg \nk`^on ja gda`+
Eo dn ijr oc` lp`nodji ja cXYfli oc\o dn m`\ggt \o no\f`+ Bmjh cdn
`\mgt rmdodibn mdbco ocmjpbc oj cdn g\o`m ji`n np^c \n oc` >i`k`hlk
f] k_\ Bfk_X Kif^iXdd\ &.542') I\ms jn^dgg\o`_ ]`or``i \
kmjbm\hh` ajm oc` gd]`m\odji f] g\]jpm &oc`m`ajm` ]t h`\in ja
g\]jpm' \i_ \ kmjbm\hh` ja gd]`m\odji ]ifd g\]jpm &oc`m`ajm`) ]t
h`\in ja \ ^jhkg`o` ]m`\f rdoc g\]jpm'+ Ddn ^mdodlp` ja kjgdod^\g
`^jijht ^jio\din \ kmjajpi_ \h]dbpdot rdoc m`b\m_ oj g\]jpm+
Pc` rjmf`mn% hjq`h`io \i_ jaad^d\g I\msdnh) rcd^c di ^`mo\di
^jpiomd`n ]`^\h` \i d_`jgjbt ja \^^`g`m\o`_ hj_`midn\odji \i_
di joc`mn oc\o ja oc` _` a\^oj dio`bm\odji ja oc` rjmfdib ^g\nn)
km`n`mq`_ h`m`gt oc` ^`iom\gdot ja \i_ km\dn` ajm g\]jpm amjh
I\ms%n rjmfn) ^ji^`dqdib \gg cph\i \^odqdot di o`mhn ja g\]jpm
\i_ ^\ggdib ajm oc` \_q`io ja \ rjmf`mn% nj^d`ot + Pc` admno k`jkg`
oj lp`nodji oc` jiojgjbt ja g\]jpm) rcdg` \o oc` n\h` odh`
^g\dhdib \_c`m`i^` oj oc` `nn`iod\g ^ji^`kon ja I\ms) r`m` oc`
\ajm`h`iodji`_ \pocjmn \i_ ^mdod^n ja oc` `^jijht+ Pc`
Odop\odjidno ngjb\i J`q`m rjmf ) \ g`b\^t ja Ndh]\p_ \i_ oc`
Opmm`\gdnon) r\n di_``_ ndhdg\m oj I\m^pn`%n o\gf ja oc` bm`\o
m`apn\g +
Djr`q`m) rc`i oc`t a`go oc` odh` mdbco oj _dno\i^` oc`hn`gq`n
amjh do) oc` h\ejmdot ja ocjn` rcj c\_ ]`bpi oc`dm kjno*r\m dio`g*
g`^op\g ^\m``mn pi_`m oc` ]\ii`m ja I\msdnh ^cjn` oj \^^pn`
I\msdno ocjpbco) `q`i di don hjno pijmocj_js ajmhn) ja bm\nkdib
53
acm OÇ_m RÅdd jil` ewo
55
Pc` @\mf Od_` ja R\gp` \i_ oc` Cdao
6.
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
dhkgt oc\o rjh`i \m` ocdn r\t ]t i\opm`) ]po oc\o `q`mtocdib
oc\o _j`n ijo adi_ \ kg\^` di oc` gjbd^ ja q\gp` dn kmje`^o`_ dioj
a`hdididot + I`i \i_ rjh`i \m` ]joc \ggjr`_) `nk`^d\ggt oc`n`
_\tn) oj ^mjnn jq`m oj oc` joc`m nd_`) ]po \gr\tn ]t \nndhdg\odib
oc` _jhdi\io q\gp`n ja oc\o nkc`m`+ =i_ do dn j]qdjpn oc\o oc`n`
nkc`m`n \m` ijo epno ^jhkg`h`io\mt) ]po cd`m\m^cd^\g+ = ^`mo\di
iph]`m ja rjh`i ^\i `io`m oc` h\n^pgdi` nkc`m`) oc\o ja
kmj_p^odji \i_ oc` h \i\b`h `io ja q\gp`) ]po ocjn` \^odqdod`n
^jind_`m`_ oj ]` a`h didi` \m` nodgg n``i \n dia`mdjm oj n`mdjpn
h\oo`mn+ Pcdn dn r ct N jnr doc\ O^cjgu `iodog`_ oc` \mod^g`
kp]gdnc`_ di dnnp` ij+ ./ ja Fi`j`j di .66/) di rcd^c nc` ajmhp*
g\o`_ oc` oc`jmt ja oc` m`g\odjincdk ]`or``i q\gp` \i_ rc\o dn
n`k\m\o`_ amjh do) R\gp` I \f`oc I\i + O^cjgu nphh\mdn`n oc`
kmj]g`h \n ajggjrn7
64
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
I gl]k
.+ Ijpq`h`io =iod*Qodgdo\mdno` _\in g`n O^d`i^`n Ojj\e`n
WIjq`h`io ajm =iod*Qodgdo\md\idnh di oc` Oj^d\g Oj`ij`nF
D`i^` GX M\ml\ [l H<PNN WPc` I=QOO Fjpmi\gZ) oc`
hjq`h`io%n ]d*\iip\g ejpmi\g+
/* A\nd`m oj c\i_g` oc\i I\ms ) \^^jm_dib oj oc` g`\_ \mod^g` ja
oc` M\ml\ [l I=QOO j\d\jki`\cc\) ij+ /6) \i_ hjm` ]\n`_ ji
^jin`inpn &=g\di ?\dgg`) Lm`n`io\odji ) di a\h`
H<PNN j\d\jki`\cc\) ij+ /6) /--4) k+ /5'+ =gocjpbc =g\di
?\dgg` \gnj n\tn oc\o I\m^`g I\pnn r\n) iji`oc`g`nn) \ bm`\o
\_hdm`m ja I\ms \i_) \n nom\ib` \n do h\t n``h) ^jpg_
m`\nji\]gt ]` ^jind_`m`_ oj ]` cdn kmdi^dk\g c`dm &=g\di
?\dgg`) <ek_ifgfcf^`\ [l [fe7 G\ k`\ij gXiX[`^d\ W/---Y
W=iocmjkjgjbt ja oc` Cdao7 Pc` Pcdm_ L\m\_dbhY &L\mdn) H\
@`^jpq`mo`) /--4') k+ 26+
Z Pc` a\^o oc\o Ljg\itd \mmdq`_ \o cdn ^ji^gpndjin ji oc` ]\ndn
66
E
Pc` S mdodib ji oc` S\gg
nf
F
Pc( @ \mf O d_! ( q\dp! )i _
.-.
Pc` S mdodib ji oc` S\gg
.-0
Pc` S mdodib ji oc` S\gg
d
P c` S mdodib ji oc ` S\gg
ij
dd
?jhhji @`^`i^t jm ?jmkjm\odnh<
..0
\b\dino \ h pgodop_` ja `hkdmd^\g j]n`mq\odjin+ Pc` a\^o oc(
I fc`\) ajggjrdib C`jmb` Kmr`gg) \qjd_n bdqdib \it ^g`\m H`e+
dodji ^ea cdn f`t ^ji^`ko ja ^jh h ji _`^`i^t dn ijo `ijpe%aj
ncd`g_ da amjh \gg ^mdod^dnh Pc` \nn`modji oc\o jm_di\mt k`jkg`%
pn`_ oj) jm nodgg _j) \^o rdoc \ h didh ph ja hjm\g kmj]dot dioar8,
`q`mt_\t gdq`n ^\i di_``_ c` ]jmi` jpo di ^ji^m`o` `s\hkg`
\gocjpbc oc`n` ^\iijo ]` n\d_ oj ]` oc` mpg` ep_bdib ]t ocm
iph]`m ja ag\bm\io `s^`kodjin oj oc`h) Sc`m` r\n oc` ln`ekmk`
d,mR?aa^t ja oc` C`mh\i( _pmdib oc` E91+.-(4 Km ja oc` Gpnng\hdi
Oo\gdi%( odh`< Idbco oc` \inr `m bj oc\o ]t oc`i oc`n` }j^a_dod
r`m` g\mb`gt rjmi \r\t ]t oc` h j_`mi gjbd^ ja k`mnji\g dio`m`no<
Dpc di oc\o ^\n`) r c`m` r\n oc` _`^`i^t ja oc` Ok\id\m_n diocm
n`q`io``ioc ^`iopmt< Eo dn c\m_ oj dh\bdi` \ hjm` di_`^`io
nj^d`ot oc\i oc` ji` _`n^md]`_ ]t Bm\i^dn^j _` Mp`q`_j dikc
kPkj`me WPc` Ordi_g`m'+
@`^`i^t _j`n ja ^jpmn` `sdno di om\_dodji\g nj^d`od`nÉdi oc`
ajmh ja njgd_\mdot) h pop\g \d_) b`i`mjndot) \i_ \i \oodop_` ja ijo
c\mhdib joc `mnÉ`q`i da do dn jao`i oc` ^ji^`mi ajm ji`n jri
m`kpo\odji oc\o `ib`i_`mn do+ Eo ^jpg_ ]` _`adi`_ \n ^jhk`ododji
c`g_ k\mogt di \]`t\i^` r docdi oc` bmjpk \i_ \n \ kmdqdg`bdibja
oc` bdao jq`m ^jh h j_dot `s^c\ib`+ Pc` kmj]g`h dn oc\o ocdn
_`^`i^t dn jao`i km\^odn`_ jigt n`k_`e oc` bmjpk) \i_ rdocc`g_
amjh jpond_`mn+ Bm`lp`iogt) do dn ijo `so`i_`_ oj ajm`dbi`mn jmoj
om\ind`ion7 rdoc oc`h oc`m` dn ij ^c\di ja bdaodib ) ij bdao
m`^dkmj^dot+ Eo njh`odh`n gjjfn \n ocjpbc ocdn _`^`i^t jigt
api^odjin ji oc` ^ji_dodji oc\o `k `j efk b`i`m\gdn`_) \i_ `q`i oc\o
do dn diq`mn`gt kmjkjmodji\g oj don b`i`m\gdn\]dgdot +/- Pc`m` \m`
bmjpkn rdocdi rcd^c \ ^`mo\di _`bm`` ja cph\i r\mhoc%,
`so`i_`_ ji j^^\ndji oj qdndojmn) dn \^^jhk\id`_ ]t oc` hjno
`som`h` h\gd^djpni`nn ojr \m_n joc`m bmjpkn+ =o odh`n) np^c /
hjgh]fkalq Z]klgok \ ^`mo\di \h ]dbpjpn ^c\mh ji oc` njpoc(
`h`mn ja njh` ^jpiomd`n) di AjYf[] Yk di DlYdq) \i_ di Ok\di jmdi
l`] Pfal]\ NlYl]k+ Ngda\Yjalq Yf\ l`] khajal ja bdao*bdqdib rdocdi/
[gdd][lan] [Yf Z] ljYfk^gje]\ Z]qgf\ l`]aj gja_afYd ^jio`so di(-
..1
<
? jh h ji g\ o` i ^ t fi ?jmkjm\oG h á
n\tn oc\o oc` o\nf \o c\i_ dn ijo oj ajmb` \ i`r h\i ) ji` am``ja
qd^`n \i_ cph\i gdhdo\odjin) ]po oj ^m`\o` ^jio`son rdocdi rcd^c
oc` _`ndm` ajm kjr`m ja oc` Nj]`mo I\^\dm`n /0 ja ocdn rjmg_ ^\i
jigt adi_ \i jpog`o di c\mhg`nn \^odqdod`n +/1 J`q`moc`g`nn) rc\o
ncjpg_ ]` `skg\di`_ É\i_ ^jh]\o`_ Édi nj^d\g gda` dn ijo nj
hp^c oc` _`ndm` ajm kjr`m \i_ r`\goc ji oc` k\mo ja njh(
k`jkg` Ércd^c) \n np^c) dn ijo di oc` ngdbco`no ]do htno`mdjpn*
]po oc` k\nndqdot ja joc`mn+ Id^c`\ _j`n di a\^o rji_`m rct oc`m`
dn nj gdoog` jkkjndodji oj np^c \ ^\o\nomjkcd^ rjmg_ \i_ g\tn oc`
]g\h` ajm ocdn \o oc` _jjm ja oc` g`ao) rcd^c ^\i jigt ocdif di
o`mhn ja o`^cijgjbd^\g kmjbm`nn \i_ _`nkdn`n oc` qdmop`n ja
jm_di\mt k`jkg`+ =gocjpbc omp` `ijpbc) ocdn dn ojj ^pmnjmt \i
`skg\i\odji+
Ddn \nn`modjin \]jpo oc` cdnojmd^\g mjg` ja oc` g`ao c\q` a`\opm`n
di ^jhhji rdoc \i\gtn`n ja oc` rjmf`mn% hjq`h`io oc\o _`n^md]`
do \n \i `ddXe\ek a\^ojm ja ^\kdo\gdno `sk\indji) \i\gtn`n oc\o c\q`
]``i kpo ajmr\m_ ]t oc`jm`od^d\in ja oc` ^mdodlp` ja q\gp`+
Id^c`\) cjr`q`m) r\ion oj _m\r \ nc\mk _dqd_dib gdi` ]`or``i
oc` g`ao \i_ oc` jmdbdi\g r jmf`mn% hjq`h`io + =^^jm_dib oj
cdh) oc` g`ao dn h`o\kctnd^\ggt di a\qjpm ja kmjbm`nn \i_
hj_`midn\odji) ]`^\pn` do m`b\m_n don`ga \n oc` c`dm ja oc`
Aigdbco`ih`io \i_ \n oc` k\mot ja ^c\ib`+ >poÉc` _\dhn*
gd]`m\g di_dqd_p\gdnh dn oc` jigt ^jindno`io _`q`gjkh`io ja oc`
Aigdbco`ih`io) \i_ oc` g`ao h`m`gt n``fn oj m`bpg\o` oc`
_`o\dgn+ ?jiq`mn`gt) Id^c`\ c\n do oc\o rjmfdib*^g\nn nj^d\gdnh
`h`mb`_ \n \i jkkjndodji oj h j_`midot \i_ \]njgpo` di_dqd_p*
\gdnh) oj \ojhdn\odji \i_ oj oc` _dnnjgpodji ja ^jhhpidod`n+ Eo
r\n `nk`^d\ggt \o q\md\i^` rdoc O\dio*Odhjidnh amjh rcd^c oc`
kmjbm`nndqdno g`ao jmdbdi\o`n+ Eo r\n \mjpi_ oc` odh` ja oc`
@m`tapn =aa\dm oc\o rjmfdib*^g\nn nj^d\gdnh Ércd^c r\n hjm`
Lmjp_cjid\i oc\i I\msdno Épido`_ rdoc oc` m`kp]gd^\i \i_
gd]`m\g g`ao) ajm rcjh kmjbm`nn dn i`^`nn\mdgt `h\i^dk\ojmt+ O`ak
cdnojmd^ ^jhkmjhdn` r\n \b\di n`\g`_ rdoc oc` \_q`io ja oc`
Bm`i^c Ljkpg\m Bmjio+ Id^c`\ ^jio`i_n oc\o oc` ]`i`adon ja l`ak
..3
?jhhji @`^`i^t jm ?jmkjm\odnhá
..5
?jhhji @`^`i^t jm ?jmkjm\odnh<
Jjo`n
.+ Ddn h\di kp]gd^\odjin7 F`\i*?E\p_` Id^c{\) ;SXU7
D P D S F K LT UH U Q S Z WKmr`gg) Pjmt =i\m^cdnoY &L\mdn7 ?gdh\on).6~
9 !4 P T H LJ P H O H P U G H A L J P Q S D P F H H U T H T F Q P G LULQ P T O QGHSPT Wao
P`\^cdib ja Ebijm\i^` \i_ Eon Ij_`h ?ji_dodjinY
./-
? j h h j i @ `^`i^t j m ? j mk j m\ odn h < +++
.//
? j h h j i @ `^`i^t j m ? j mk j m\ odj i á
./0
P c` S mdodib j i oc` S\gg
./1
2 Q O O Q P 3 HFHP FZ Q S 2 QSRQSDULQP 0 ((
./3
oal`gml ^aj af _ Yfl9b_(ea#e kljje_ X h g f lag f Dl d j
l`Yl [dYae k Df Z] jY\ajYd
Ral`gml Y \gmZl) 9P:"i9ini_ l`]gjq F ba j`( f e l Yl
oYflaf_ lg Zj]Yc oal` l`] hjg\ mjlanaH j Yf\ ][,e Ye e m l`Yl `Yk
dgj kg dgf_ [gfklalml]\ l`] [geegf lkbmf\Yggm( gl
kg[a]lq Yf\ HYjpakl [jalaim] ? ]_,g*o l`]jk Yhh]Yj lg ^[ e Y
hjg^gmf\ [jalaim] g^ l`] [YhalYdakl oYn gl da
f]g*ogjc]jaklk o ` g [gflafm] lg Z]`]n] l`Yl ^]] \jn]aghe ]ol gl
hjg\m[lan] ^gj[]k &fglYZdq af l`] ^gje gl [gehml]jk( ne=
kg[aYd ]e Yf[ahYlagf+ @imYddq) \]_jgo^]]je lggc dgj Y
nj^d`ot af [gfl]e hgjYjq da^]) g^l]f l`] d]_Y[n
[YhalYdakl kg[a]la]k) km[` Yk Y \ akh gkalagf lg
fgl l`]j]^gj] hdY[] l`]aj Z ]lk vYk kge ] gl`]jk \ g vea
k]]caf_ oc` _ ` ^ j h k j ndodj i ja \gg om\_dodji\g
]\m]\mdnh oc \ o dn n p k k j n ` _ oj km`k\m` Y
Pc` kmj]g`h dn oc \ o _ `b mj r oc `mn \m`
ZXlj\j ja oc` m\^` oj b mj r oc + Ei ` ak ^mdodlp` g^
I\ms _ ` h j i nom\o`_ oc \ o oc ` m`kg\^`h `io g^ `m
]t oc` pn` ja o` ^c i j gj b t m`_p^`_ oc` Ñq\gp`(
^jhhj_dot8 oc dn k p n c ` n ^\kdo\gdnh oj
i`iogt+ Ei ocdn h ` ^c \ i dnh r ` adi_ oc` \gmZd]
`i`ht oc` ^ j h h j _ dot 7 q\gp` \i_ pn` nYdm])
odq`gt ]t oc` \ ] nom\ ^ o \ i _ ^ji^m`o` ka\ ] ja dYZgmj)
_j ijo k`\^`apggt ^j`sdno ] p o `i o`m dioj
pn o\f` &\n I \ms c dh n` ga _j`n' oc`
di_pnomd\g m` q j gp odj i + Pj h \f` \ k` ajl Yf\ oj hjg\m[] ^]]
h\o`md\gn oc \ o c ` p n` _ ) c ` i``_`_ h]j`Yhk gf] `gmj O`] (d
ja cdn ncdmo r \n oc ` m` aj m` ji` cjpm+ Ki^` eY\
\i_ k mj _ p ^di b a\]md^ \ m` diomj_p^`_) al Z][ge ]k hYkkaZd] lg eYc]
o`i ncdmon di j i ` c jpm) dino`\_ ja ji`+ Pc` ^ojkgf o`g go fk l`]k]
h\^cdi`n) oc \ o ndh k g` r jmf`mn gh]jYl]+ oaH hml l`] k`ajlk
kmj_p^`_ di oc dn r \t ji oc` h\mf`o Yl Y hp^c dgo]j hja[] oc\i
oc` o\dgjm ^\i+ Ei _ ``_ ) amjh oc` ege]fl Y eY[`af] ]fYZd]k l`]
kmj_p^odji j a o`i nc dmon di ji` cjpm) ]Y[` k`ajl j]hj]k]flk gfdq Y
E gd` r d g o d i b d%gg h `7 r \ i
./5 .
@ ` b mj r oc ` mn + K i ` I j m ` A a a j m o Ea U j p S \ i o oj >` N ` q j gp odj i \ md` n
.0-
@ ` b m j r oc ` m n + K i ` I j m ` A a a j m o Ea U j p S \io oj >` N `qjgpodj i\md`n
Jjo`n
.+ Pc` _daa`m`i^` ]`or``i npmkgpn q\gp` \i_ kmjado c\n ]``i
\]nom\^o`_ di ocdn `s\hkg`+
E
.0/
Bmjh Ki` Qojkd\ oj =ijoc`m
DH
Bmjh Ho,,k*+\ oj < k' < _ ' i
d
Oi' Sm%+m \e qm Ñ Z ,(1
.03
a ) O> ] j i '
Jjo`n
.+ O`` M\c\m\ gifm`jf_\ [\ efj ^i`\]j Zfeki\ c\ [\jgfk`jd) [\ P
Q`k\jj\ [ D fZZXj`fe [\ Q\ok\ej`fe [\j _^e\j `l OBDwTKifm`j`feXc
Hdno ja K pm Cmd`q\i^`n \b\dino oc` @`nkjodnh ja Ok``_ ji oc`
.04
Pc`rmdodib ji ÑÅ S\Q
X05
KYjl 07 <DST 9VGHPT
.0 6
.`g >+al+ D`g Hgmk]) >aadlle* taf\
l`g F[gfgen
EQ `
Pc` X J i o d i b j i o c ` S +dgg
Ki` ja Cmdhhn% B\dmt P\g`n dn ^\gg`_ %Pc` ?\o \i_ oc` Ijpn` di
L\moi`mncdk + = ^\o ^jiqdi^`n \ hjpn` oc\o nc` r\ion oj ]` c`m
oi`i_+ Pc`t _`^d_` oj gdq` ojb`oc`m \i_) di \iod^dk\odji ja oc`
ji^jhdib rdio`m) oc`t ]pt \ kjo ja a\o) rcd^c oc`t cd_` di \
^cpm^c+ Djr`q`m) ji oc` km`o`so ja \oo`i_dib \ ]\kodnh) oc` ^\o
bj`n \b\di \i_ \b\di oj oc` ^cpm^c \i_ `\on \gg oc` a\o \ gdoog` \o\
odh`+ =ao`m `\^c j^^\ndji nc` \hpn`n c`mn`ga ]t m`nkji_dib ojoc`
hjpn`%n lp`nodjin rdoc \h]dbpjpn \inr`mn+ Sc`i oc`t adi\ggt
bj ojb`oc`m oj oc` ^cpm^c oj `\o oc` kjo ja a\o) oc` hjpn`
_dn^jq`mn oc` omd^f) \i_ oc` ^\o%n jigt m`nkjin` dn oj `\o oc`
hjpn`+ Pc` g\no n`io`i^` ja oc` a\]g` kmj^g\dhn oc` hjm\g7 R`mdgt)
oc\o dn oc` r\t ja oc` rjmg_ + Pc` m`g\odjincdk ]`or``i ^pgopm`
\i_ oc` `^jijht h\t q`mt r`gg ^jh` oj m`n`h]g` ocdn o\g` \i_ do
dn ijo _daad^pgo oj bp`nn rcd^c ji` jpo ja ^pgopm` \i_ oc` `^jijht
kg\tn oc` mjg` ja oc` ^\o \i_ rcd^c ji` oc` mjg` ja oc` hjpn`)
`nk`^d\ggt oj_\t di oc` `m\ ja apggt _`q`gjk`_) bgj]\gdn`_ \i_
i`jgd]`m\g ^\kdo\gdnh+ Sc\o kg\^` _j`n ^pgopm` c\q` di \ h\mf`o
nj^d`ot rc`m` `q`mtocdib dn np]e`^o oj npkkgt \i_ _`h\i_)
^jhk`ododji \i_ kpm^c\ndib kjr`m< Pcdn ^c\m\^o`mdnod^\ggt
b`i`m\g lp`nodji ]`^jh`n ^ji^m`o` rc`i) ajm `s\hkg`) do ^jh`n
oj _`o`mhdidib rcj ncjpg_ adi\i^` ^pgopm\g dinodopodjin \i_ rc\o
`sk`^o\odjin ji ]`c\ga ja rc\o fdi_ ja kp]gd^ oc`t \m` h`\io oj
n\odnat+ Ei jm_`m oj omt oj \inr`m oc`n` lp`nodjin do dn i`^`nn\mt oj
no\mo amjh apmoc`m \ad`g_) di_``_ \ bm`\o _`\g apmoc`m+
>`nd_`n oc` kmj_p^odji ]t h`\in ja rcd^c \ nj^d`ot n``fn oj
n\odnat oc` kctnd^\g \i_ qdo\g i``_n ja don h`h]`mn) do \gnj ^m`\o`n
h\it nth]jgd^ ^jinomp^on+ Oj^d`ot pn`n oc`n` oj `g\]jm\o` \ m`km`*
n`io\odji ja don`ga \i_ ja oc` rjmg_ di rcd^c do adi_n don`ga
ndop\o`_) \i_ do kmjkjn`n) jm dhkjn`n) d_`iodod`n \i_ ]`c\qdjpmn
ji don h`h]`mn+ Pc` kmj_p^odji ja h `\idib ^\i) di ^`mo\di
.1-
ac( %
.10
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
^gd^f ja oc` hjpn`+ Pc` ^jiodip\g km`nnpm` ja oc` h\nn h`_d\ \i_
^jio`hkjm\mt `gdhdi\odji ja m`\gdot \n hp^c \n oc` dh\bdi\odji
di a\qjpm ja \ gda`g`nn m`kmj_p^odji ja r c\o `sdnon) oc` ag`sd]dgdot
k`mh\i`iogt dhkjn`_ ji k`jkg` \i_ oc` _dn\kk`\m\i^` ja om\_d*
odji\g ijodjin ja h`\idib) oc` ndh pgo\i`jpn _`q\gjmdn\odji ja
rc\o ji^` ^jinodopo`_ k`mnji\g h \opmdot \i_ oc` ^c\mh ja
^cdg_cjj_) m`kg\^`_ ]t \i `o`mi\g) _`bm\_`_ \_jg`n^`i^`7 \gg ja
ocdn c\n kmj_p^`_ \ q`mdo\]g` cph \i m`bm`nndji ji \ g\mb` n^\g`
oc\o hdbco r`gg ]` o`mh`_ `q`mt_\t ]\m]\mdot+ ?mdod^dnhn) rcd^c
^\i ji j^^\ndji ]` n^\ocdib) ja oc`n` kc`ijh`i\ \m` qjd^`_ ]t
njh` k`jkg`8 ]po oc` m`h`_d`n kmjkjn`_ \m` di`aa`^op\g jm `gn`
kg\digt m`\^odji\mt &rc`i`q`m \ h`m` m`nojm\odji ja om\_dodji\g
ajmhn ja \pocjmdot dn kmjkjn`_'+
Eo ^jpg_ ]` rji_`m`_ rct np^c nom`iboc`idib ja m`bm`nndq`
nj^d\g o`i_`i^d`n c\n `s^do`_ nj gdoog` jkkjndodji+ Mpdo` oc`
jkkjndo` `q`i j]o\din di oc\o `q`mtji` c\n ^jiomd]po`_ oj ocdn
no\o` ja \^lpd`n^`i^`7 oc` mdbco ]`^\pn` do nodgg ]`gd`q`n di oc`
h\mf`o) \o g`\no ndi^` do pi_`mr `io \ rcjg`n\g` ^jiq`mndji oj
gd]`m\gdnh) oc` g`ao ]`^\pn` do ]`gd`q`n di oc` `lp\gdot ja ^dodu`in+
Pc` mjg` oc\o oc` g`ao c\n kg\t`_ di ocdn ^pgopm\g \_\ko\odji oj oc`
_`h\i_n ja i`j*^\kdo\gdnh c\n oj ]` oc` hjno ^pmdjpn \nk`^o ja
oc` rcjg` ]pndi`nn+ Eo c\n jao`i ]``i \o oc` ajm`amjio ja oc`
^jhhj_dad^\odji ja ^pgopm`) ijor docno\i_dib oc` m`o`iodji ja oc`
h\bd^ rjm_n _`h j^m\odn\odji \i_ `lp\gdot di don g`sd^ji+
?pgopm` hpno ]` \q\dg\]g` oj \gg Scj r jpg_ _`it oc` `hdi`io
ij]dgdot ja np^c \ n`iodh`io< Ip^c lpd^f`m ji oc` pko\f` oc\i
oc` mdbco) oc` g`aoÉ]` do h j_`m\o` jm m\_ d^\g Éc\n) k\mod^p*
g\mgt ndi^` .635) \]\i_ji`_ oc` q`mt ijodji oc\o oc`m` hdbco ]`\
hlXc`kXk`m\ _daa`m`i^` ]`or ``i _daa`m`i o ajmh n ja ^pgopm\g
`skm`nndji+ Pmt o`ggdib \itji` ji oc` ^pgopm\g g`ao oc\o >``ocjq`i
dn ]`oo`m oc\i m\k hpnd^ jm oc\o ^cdg_m`i r jpg_ _j ]`oo`m oj g`\mi
njh` kj`omt ]t c`\mo m\oc`m oc\i kg\t ji \ Lg\tOo\odji) \i_ tjp
\m` \pojh\od^\ggt ^\gg`_ \ m`\^odji\mt \i_ \i `gdodno + J`\mgt
`q`mtrc`m` oc` g`ao c\n h\_` k`\^` r doc cd`m\m^cd`n ja hji`t
.1 3
? \ o ) o c ` Ijpio() & pgopmo( \ i _ oc ( A ^ j i j h t
.16
P c ` S m d o d i b j i o c ` S\gg
o c ` n ` h \ m q ` g n d i \ ] p i _ \ i ^ ` ) dn d i c \ m h j i t r d o c Ñ c p h \ i i\opm`
\ i _ a j m f d n i j o _ j i ` n o m \ d b c o \ r \ t di c p h \ i _ ` q ` gj k h ` i o+++
P c ` m ` a j m ` ) o c ` n p ^ ^ ` n n j a o c ` ` i o ` m o \ d i h ` i o di _ p n om d` n \i_ oc`
^ p gop m` ja Ñ ^ j i q ` i d` i ^ ` É \ i di ^ m` _ d] gt b gj ] \ g np^^`nn oc\o
o m \ i n ^ ` i _ n \ g g ^ p g o p m \ g ] \ m m d ` m n É dn i j o _ p ` n j g` gt oj kmjk\b\i_\
\ i _ h \ i d k p g \ o d j i ) ] p o \ g n j _ p ` o j o c ` a \ ^ o o c \ o oc ` n ` di_pnomd`n
h ` ` o oc ` Ñ i \ op m \ g _ ` n d m ` j a o c ` ^ c d g _ i j o oj \ ] \ i _ j i cdn i\m^dn*
n d n o d ^ n o \ o p n + P c ` \ g g d \ i ^ ` ] ` o r ` ` i o c ` i ` r a j m h n j a _jhdi\odji)
oc ` m` l p dm` h ` i on ja ^ \ k do\ g q \ gj mdn \ odj i \i_ h\mf`odib
o` ^ c i dl p ` n dn nj ` aa` ^ odq ` ]`^\pn` do m ` g d ` n j i \ km`*`sdnodib
m ` b m ` n n d q ` o ` i _ ` i ^ t + P c ` _ ` h \ o ` m d \ g d n \ o d j i j a oc ` r j mg_ ) rcd^c dn
np ^c \ c j o oj k d^ aj m _ dn ^ p n n dj i ) dn \ g n j \ n odh p g\ odj i ja oc`
di a \ i o d g ` _ ` n d m ` n a j m j h i dk j o ` i ^ ` + Ñ J j gdh don dn oc ` ^cd`a `scjm*
o \ o d j i \ ^ ^ ` k o ` _ o j _ \ t ) r c ` o c ` m do ^ j i ^ ` m i n \ k mj a` n n dj i \ g ^\m``m
j m o c ` k m j h d n ` j a ` o ` m i \ g gda ` h \ _ ` ] t h ` _ d ^ d i ` ) oc ` diadido`gt
_ d q ` m n ` ` s d n o ` i ^ ` n o c \ o ^ \ i ] ` ` s k ` m d ` i ^ ` _ di q d_ ` j b\h `n jm oc`
d_ ` \ oc \ o p i gdh do` _ Ñ ` ^ j i j h d^ b m j r oc dn o c ` n j gp odj i oj `q`mt
` q d g + ? \ k d o \ g d n h dn o c ` a d m n o n j ^ d ` o t di c d n o j m t o c \ o dn ] \n`_ ji oc`
\ ] n ` i ^ ` j a \ i t g d h d o n \ i _ dn ^ j i n o \ i o g t ] m j \ _ ^ \ n o d i b oc ` a\^o+ S`
\ m ` j i g t i j r ] ` b d i i d i b o j p i _ ` m n o \ i _ e p n o r c \ o oc dn h`\in+
> p o da oc ` ^ p gop m` di _ p n omt dn ^ j h k g` o` gt di kc\n` rdoc
^ j h h j _ d o t n j ^ d` ot ) dn do a j m \ g g o c \ o n o d g g k j n n d ] g ` oj j k k j n` do rdoc
Ñ omp ` \ m o \ n o c ` m ` \ g h j a o c ` c p h \ i < K k ` i j m ^ j q ` m o ^jhkgd^dot
r d o c o c ` k j r ` m n o c \ o ] ` \ i _ r d o c o c ` _ j h d i \ i o r \ t ja gda` c\n
\ g r \ t n ^ c \ m \ ^ o ` m d n ` _ \ b m ` \ o k \ m o j a ^ p g o p m \ g k m j _ p ^ odj i ) `q`i ja
o c ` h j n o ` g ` q \ o ` _ f d i _ + S c \ o dn d h k j m o \ i o dn o c \ o oc ` R Q TTLE LNLUZ ja
_ d a a ` m ` i ^ ` ` s d n o ` _ + P c ` ^ c \ m \ ^ o ` m d n o d ^ \ ] d g d o t j a oc ` ] ` n o rjmfn ja
\ m o j a o c ` k \ n o o j c \ q ` \ i ` s d n o ` i o d \ g d h k \ ^ o ) o j k p o oc ` di_dqd_p\g
d i o j \ n o \ o ` j a ^ m d n d n m \ o c ` m o c \ i o j ^ j i n j g ` c d h j m oj m`diajm^` cdn
i j m h \ g h j _ ` j a ` s d n o ` i ^ ` ) 5 dn q d n d ] g t \ ] n ` i o a m j h oc ` k mj _ p ^on ja
oc ` ` i o ` m o \ d i h ` i o di _ p n omt + P c`t \ dh \o ` s k ` m d ` i ^ ` n Ö \i_
.2-
( ,uu9()
` q ` i o( S c j ` q ` m Ç i I Ç oj #!D q \ m Z m e Z Qm Z Z
_`(dm`( (;a ] p t ` m ( \ i _ oc ! dm o ` \ m %c ]r m#;)!m+! Z] ' ' ' ' ) ) Z Z ag
^ j i admh o c ` c d b c jkdidji o c \ o odr t i\t ! j a )Z
am p n om \ o` o c ` h r d o c rjmf( oc \Z \m` m(,Z +hm % Z * Z 4 d*ms h ^ d^
Q iodg q ` m t m ` ^ ` i og t ) \ k ` m q , i r \( 8d(.eom_ j m Å m ' ' - '( ') Z+)(+ Z
oc` r j m f n o c ` t ^ m i md_ \ k k m ` ^ d\ o ` ) \ i _ * p , (c` \ , Z 1 *(+ *G\ o m rd
g^ oc ` fmeZ]j ja k`jkg` l`]q \ oom \ ^ o` _ ) (c` mZ dom^ ` m *;
b j `mn j m o c ` i p h ] ` m ja _jr igj\_( h\_` 4R;d` rÅq+ % RZ e
oc` ^ j h k g ` s d o t \ i _ m d ^ c i ` n n ja \ k\mof `p d\mot bmmZn }jm( â( Å(
r `m` ^ j i n ` l p ` i o g t ^ j i n d _ ` m ` _ a p m o c ` m \ f m *` (od\ m m Z q)
m` \ gdn \ odj i + S c \ o \ ^ j i o m \ n o r d o c oc ` k j n o i j j ` m m m \ r ( ((r<Ç
`\^c \ i _ ` q ` m t n k ` ^ o \ o j m d n _ ` h j ^ m\ od^ \ ggt m m ` o s r ` P(\ \r
`] r \ i o n o j d i \ r j m f j a \ m o \ i _ oc ` m` aj m` q o \ o \` s h ^ <
hj]^][lk gflg al af l`ak oYq l`] kh][lYlgj []jlYYn( (f] ku al
[gf^jgfl Yfql`af_ j]Yddq f]o Yf\ oadd ]jgj (] lZ e m
[]jlYaflq g^ YdoYqk klYjjaf_ l`] kYe] Yk `] ak O`] 2 j]]Yk]( ((
fYj[akkakla[ j]^mkYd lg ]fl]j aflg Y hjgh]j glp][ j]Y?gfk$]
Yogjd\ \aklaf[l ^jge l`] @_g+
Ajge l`ak hgafl g^ na]o l`]j] ak `Yj\dq ( OO Yg]bae] H
Z]lo]]f _j]Yl Yjl Yf\ weYkkx Yjl+ Ogg g^l]f Y e g g j j Yf
Yhh]Yjk lg Z] Yk af[YhYZd] Yk l`] hjg\m[lk g^ l`] jejjzvao
af\mkljq g^ [`Ydd]f_af_ l`] kh][lYlgj) l`]j]af hmlaff] ( la]
kYe] _]f]jYd dgkk g^ Y k]fk] g^ j]Ydalq+ R`]f Yjl Z][ge]k Y
kmZkh][a]k g^ \]ka_f Yf\ Y\n]jlakaf_) al \]k]jn]k alkg]YaYojgj]*
akYlagf+ <_gg\ koYl`] g^ [gfl]ehgjYjq Yjl `Ykl`jgofalk]`eg
l`]Yjek g^ l`] [mdlmj] af\mkljq Yf\ `meZdq Ykck lgjYhdY[]Yl(k
lYZd]+ O`ak ak l`] dYl] Yf\ mf^gj]k]]f j]kmdl g^ l`] ]phYfkH(
mf\]jlYc]f Y []flmjq Y_g Zq Yjlaklk l`]ek]dn]k g^Zgl`l`]kh`]j]
g^ wYjl Yf\ l`] im]kl lg lmjf da^] aflg Yf Yjlakla[ kh`]j]
<\\alagfYddq) `aklgja[Yd ogjck g^ Yjl \m` ^oaf_ e[g^h]fP\
aflg l`] [mdlmjYd eY[`af]) l`jgm_` kh][lY[mdYj ]p`aZalagfk gj
l`jgm_` j]klgjYlagfk l`Yl Yae lg eYc] ogjck egj] [gfkmeYZd]
IQS UK H _]f]jYd hmZda[ &^gj ]pYehd]) Zq afl]fka^qaf_[gdgmjk Yk af
l`] [Yk] g^ l`] Odnodi` >`Yh]d di Mge]ba gj ]n]f l`jgm_`
.2.
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
Jjo`n
.+ Ei >\gd) \i dng\i_ fijri ajm don kmjapndji ja rjj_`i j]e`^on
.20
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
.22
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
.26
Pc` S mdodib ji oc ` S\gg
_`ndbi`mn rcj c\q` ij d_`\ cjr \ a\]md^ c\ibn \i_ k\dio`mn rcj
^\iijo _m\r \i \kkg`+ Pcdn kmje`^o ^pgopm` ojj jao`i m`b\m_n
oc` h\o`md\g \n \i di`mo npkkjmo oc\o oc` np]e`^o ^\i pn` \n \
q`cd^g` ajm cdn d_`\n + Eo ^jhkmdn`n \ ajmh ja i\m^dnndnh \i_
_`id\g ja oc` rjmg_) \ rjmg_ a`go \n ojj dinp]jm_di\o` oj oc`
^jinph`m%n _`ndm`n ajm rjmg_ _jhdi\odji+ Askgjmdib ]joc oc`
kjo`iod\g \i_ oc` gdhdon ja h\oo`m) njpi_) rjm_n \i_ n``dib
rc`m` \h\gb\h\odji h\t ]` \^cd`q`_) m\oc`m oc\i ]`i_dib oc`h
oj oc` di_dqd_p\g rdgg) rjpg_ ocpn ^jinodopo` \ admno no`k ojr\m_n
\ g`nn qdjg`io m`g\odjincdk rdoc oc` rjmg_) joc`m h`i \i_ i\opm`+
Pcdn dn ijo \ kg`\ ajm \i j]e`^odq` \mo jm \ m`apn\g ja diomj*
nk`^odji \i_ ja \it rjmf rc`m` oc` np]e`^o _`\gn rdoc cdhn`ga7
h\it ocdibn ^\i ]` pi_`mnojj_ \i_ n\d_ \]jpo oc` rjmg_ ]t
gjjfdib rdocdi oc` n`ga &do dn \gnj kjnnd]g` oj _dn^pnn oc` jpond_`
rjmg_ rdocjpo ompgt adi_dib \itocdib oc`m` n\q` ajm \ m`ag`^odji
ja ji`n`ga'+
B`odncdnod^ gjbd^ mpin ocmjpbc oc` rcjg` nj^d`ot \i_ ocmjpbc
`q`mt di_dqd_p\g+ Eo _j`n ijo k`mh do ^g`\m _dnodi^odjin oj ]` h\_`
]`or``i ^pgkmdon \i_ qd^odh n) jkkm`nnjmn \i_ jkkm`nn`_)
`skgjdo`mn \i_ `skgjdo`_) bjj_d`n \i_ ]\__d`n+ Aq`mtji`
k\mo\f`n ja ocdn gjbd^ \gocjpbc j]qdjpngt ijo `q`mtji` _j`n nj di
oc` n\h` r\q+ I`m` bjj_rdgg cjr`q`m &oc` dio`iodji oj adbco ajm
=d_n qd^odhn) ajm `s\hkg`) jm \b\dino km`ep_d^`' dn ijo `ijpbc+ Pj
kpnc k`jkg` dioj ]`dib \ ]do id^`m \i_ amd`i_gd`m di oc`dm `q`mt_\t
gdq`n) \n m`g\odji\g \mo omd`n oj _j) dn oj _`bm\_` \mo dioj \
oc`m\kt \b\dino oc` ^jg_i`nn ja oc` rjmg_+ Ea do r\ion oj ]m`\f oc`
c\m_i`nn ja a`odncdnod^ \i_ i\m^dnndnod^ di_dqd_p\gn) \mo don`ga c\n oj
]` c\m_ \i_ _daad^pgo+ Pcdn m`lpdm`n do oj ]` _`h\i_dib) ijo _`gd]*
`m\o`gt \]nompn`+ Ea \mo r \ion ij omp^f rdoc oc` rjmg_ \n do dn) do
hpno nojk k\i_`mdib oj k`jkg` ) nojk h\fdib oc`dm gdq`n `\nd`m)
h\fdib nj^d`ot id^`m) h jm` pn`apg) nojk _`gdbcodib+ Eo m`h\din
omp`m oj don qj^\odji rc`i do ]gj^fn `\nt ^jhhpid^\odji \i_
`i_`\qjpmn oj ^jiamjio don kp]gd^ rdoc njh`ocdib bm`\o`m% oc\i
don`ga+ Pcdn \mo h pno ^g\nc) ijo epno rdoc hjm\g ^jiq`iodjin oc\o
.3.
D \r (gPqXGoX J q i qqhkIs%G p i _ ` m h d i ` _ n ] p o \gnj rdoc oc`
n op ] oq h i ` r jo cph \i c`psb( di oc ` ^ j p mn ` jo oc ` dm `hkdmd^\g
`sdno`i^` oc`om oqqnndQn\odji di c % ` q q mq _ \ t ^ \ o` b j md`n drcd^c
oc`n` _\qs qoj`n ijo kr XPp_` oc`dm ojo\g _ `gdl p `n^`i ^`'+ E_`\ggt+ do
dn oc` rjmf jo =mo oc=o h pno \ k k ` \ g oj oc ` h \ i ]po oc` h\i
rcj h pno qXs;o`m(d r doc oc` r j mf jo \ mo = b\di+ do dn ijo ojm oc`
nk`^o\ojm qsrnpiD%m oj ^cjjn` oc ` r j mf ] p o oj m oc` rjmf oj
^G q n` don k p J s ]q qf%o`mh didib r c j dn r j mgc q jo do Eo dn ijo ajm
pn oj id_b` N\pqd`g\dmq jm I \g`qd^c ndi ^` oc`t \m` oc` ji`n
q_brb pn =i_ jpm \]dgdot oj ep_b`+ Bmjh oc dn \ibg`) oc` rjmf jo
=mo h pno ijo ]` _ i oc` n`mqd^` ( jo oc ` np]e`^o r c j ^jio`hkg\o`n
d o ?Sk ^jpg_ n\q jo \mo r c\o dn omp ` j o `ocd^n7 do `no\]gdnc`n
k\m\h`o`mn8 do kjdion oj r c\o di _ dq d_ p \ gn n c j p g_ ajm^` oc`hn`gq`n
oj \^cd`q` \i_ ijo oc` jk k j ndo`+ K i ` ja oc ` ap i ^odj i n g^ \mo c\n
\gr\tn ]``i oj ncjr di _ dq d_ p \ gn \ ] ` oo` m r j mg_ r c`m` oc`
mm``_jh \i _ dio`indot r c j n` \ ] n` i ^ ` dn nj f ``igt a`go di
` q r _ \ q gda` h \t ]` ajpi_+ Ei `k d^ k j ` omt \n r`gg \n `\mgt
\]nom\^o k\diodib \mo \ggjr `_ b gdh k n` n ja c db c ` m \i _ h jm` qdo\g
r\qn ja gda` \i_ ocpn ^jiamj i o`_ oc ` di _ dq d_ p \ g r doc oc` m`\g no\o`
ja oc` rjmg_+
>po rdgg ocdn h jm` `nn`iod\g ot k ` ja \ mor j mf ` q ` m h\o`md\gdn`<
Pc` ndbin \m` n^\m^`gt `i ^j p m\b di b + Eo dn a\m ` \ n d` m oj _m\r pk \
m`kjmo ji oc` ^pmm`io no\o` ja oc` r j mg_ oc \ i do dn oj ^do` rjmfn ja
\mo oc\o bdq` \ kmjk`m \^^jpio ja do j m ndh k gt oj b ` o \ ^ji^m`o` d_`\
ja oc`n` rjmfn+ Pc`m` dn `q`i g`nn ` q d_ ` i ^ ` ja \ ^j c `m` i o \modnod^
^pmm`io ^\k\]g` ja o\fdib ji oc ` ^ p mm` i o no\ o` j a oc ` r j mg_ ) \n _d_
\]nom\^o k\diodib r c`i m`\^odib oj oc` ] ` ^ j h di b \ ] nom\ ^ o ja nj^d\g
gda` \o oc` no\mo ja oc` or `iod`oc ^`i op mt) j m oc ` O p mm`\gdnon) ji oc`
ji` c\i_) \i_ oc` ? jinomp^odqdnon) j i oc ` j oc ` m) r c j jaa`m`_
_daa`m`io h`\in oj m`\^o \b\dino oc ` n p _ _ ` i ` h ` mb ` i ^ ` ja di_pn*
omd\g nj^d`ot di `q`mt_\t gda` \i _ oc ` _ dn ` i ^ c \ i oh ` i o ja oc`
rjmg_ +
=n hp^c ^\iijo ]` n\d_) cjr `q`m) aj m oc ` ` i _ g` n n m`k`ododji ja
I\m^`g @p^c\hk%n b`nopm`+ Pc` p mdi \ g oc \ o c ` ` s c d] do` _ di .6.4
.3/
E( <c!Çm( =I Å wZ m % # *1 á
.30
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
.31
m c )% m m (i =h oc` o+i_ =h<
Jjo`n
.+ C pt @ `]jm_) KfkcXkZ_ .621*.624 &L\mdn7 A_dodjin C`m\m_
H`]jqd^d) .652') k+ 6+ N`kp]gdnc`_ di Cpt @`]jm_) J\lmi\j
&L\mdn7 C \ggdh \m_) /--3') k+ .0.+
/+ L`mc\kn ocdn r \n oc` jigt kjnnd]g` `i_`\qjpm) oc` jigt kjnnd*
]dgdot oj k mj b m`nn \o oc` q`mt hjh`io rc`i _daa`m`io i`j*
@ \_\dnh n _ d_ i j ocdi b hjm` oc\i m`c\nc rc\o c\_ \gm`\_t*
]``i _ j i`) dh kgd^dogt \^^`kodib oc\o oc` cdnojmt ja \mo r\n
jq`m \ i _ oc \ o \gg oc \o ^jpg_ ijr ]` _ji` r\n oj nomdk don
^jmkn`+
0+ Pc` a\^o dn b`i`m\ggt jq`mgjjf`_ oc\o oc` Odop\odjidnon pn`_
oc` k c m\ n` oj om\i n^`i _ \mo di orj _daa`m`io r\tn7 di oc`
n`in` ja do ] ` di b j]njg`o` ) _`api^o%() _`^m`kdo ) ij
gjib`m r doc oc ` odh `n ) \i_ ocdn otk` ja om\in^`i_`i^`)
\^^jm_dib oj oc`h ) r \n \gm`\_t oc` m`\gdot ja oc`dm jri odh`+
Pj om\ i n^ ` i _ T[\gXjj\iVv dn \gnj pi_`mnojj_ c`m` di oc` n`in`
ja oc` D ` b ` gd\ i <l]_\Y\e7 oj bj apmoc`m) oj m`*^m`\o` rcdg`
k m` n`mq di b q \ gp \ ] g` \nk `^on ja oc` jg_+ Bjm oc`h ocdn otk` ja
om\i n^`i _ `i ^` nodgg i `` _ ` _ oj ]` \^cd`q`_) ij gjib`m rdocdi
oc` \modnod^ n k c ` m` ] p o oc mj p b c \ nj^d\g m`qjgpodji+
1* P c jn` l p j o` _ ajm ` s \h k g` di Hp^ >jgo\infd \i_ Aq`
O_\ I\n Ng`i`k f] >Xg`kXc`jd) k+ .40+
? cd\k`ggj)
Z Odop\odjidno Eio`mi\odji\g) @jhdi\odji ja i\opm`) d_`jgjbd`n
\i_ ^g\nn`n ) Dek\ieXk`feXc\ noap\odjmhdno`) ij+ 5&.631'+
3 Pc`j_jm =_jmij) om+ Nj]`mo Dpggjo*G`iojm) <\jk_\k`Z O_\fip
W.64-' &Hji_ji7 ?jiodipph Lm`nn) /--1') k+ /40+
Z Cdq`i oc` kdggjmtdib oj rcd^c `q`mt km`n`io*_\t bjq`mi
.32
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
.33
>d]gdjbm\kct
.35
>d]gdjbm\kct
?jhk\it) .66.'
Q]`mo\_) =g]`mo) G\ >lck\ [\ cX Z_Xif^e\7 <eXiZ_`jd\) le \kXk [\
i\mfclk`fe g\idXe\ek\ %.564*.6-5& &I\mn`dgg`n7 =bji`) /--3'
Id^c_\) F`\i*?g\p_`) GX [flYc\ g\ej\\7 M\kfli jli cX hl\jk`fe
c`Y\iXc\ &L\mdn) ?c\hkn*Bg\hh\mdji) /--5'
É) G$@ej\`^e\d\ek [\ Q`^efiXeZ\ \k j\j Zfe[`k`fej df[\ie\j
&L\mdn7 ?gdh\on) .666'
É) DdgXjj\ <[Xd Nd`k_7 =i\m\j i\dXihl\j jli D$`dgfjj`Y`c`k\ [\
[\gXjj\i c\ ZXg`kXc`jd\ jli jX ^XlZ_\ &L\mdn7 ?gdh\on) /--/'
É) Jin\cc) XeXiZ_`jk\ kfip &L\mdn7 ?gdh\on) .662'
É) Jin\cc \[lZXk\li &L\mdn7 ?gdh\on) /--0'
É) om+ @\qd_ B`mi]\^c) O_\ M\Xcd f] G\jj\i @m`c &?\h]md_b`7
Ljgdot Lm`nn) /--6'
Idm]`\p) K^o\q`) GX Bi\m\ [\j \c\Zk\lij &Ijiom`pdg*njpn*>jdn7
H%Einjhid\lp`) /--4'
K]gdi) Jd^jg\n \i_ L\omd^f R\nnjmo) GX >i`j\ [\ Qle`m\ij`k\
]iXe^X`j\7 OiX`k\ Zfeki\ le\ gfc`k`hl\ [\ D$Xe\Xek`jj\d\ek &L\mdn7
H%D\mh\oo\i) /--2'
L\mo\io) Bm\i^jdn) Ll\ cX Zi`j\ jwX^^iXm\ &L\mdn7 Ojgdi) .645'
Ljg\itd) G\mg) O_\ Bi\Xk OiXej]fidXk`fe7 Ock\ Kfc`k`ZXc Xe[ @Zfefd`Z
Ji`^`ej f] Jli O`d\ &>jnoji7 >`\^ji Lm`nn) .624'
Ljkk`m) G\mg) O_\ Jg\e NfZ`\kp Xe[ Dkj @e\d`\j) Qfc+ .7 O_\ Ng\cc f]
KcXkf &Lmdi^`oji7 Lmdi^`oji Qidq`mndot Lm`nn) .64.'
Ljnoji`) I jdnc`) O`d\) GXYfi Xe[ NfZ`Xc ?fd`eXk`fe7 =
M\`ek\igi\kXk`fe f] HXio$j >i`k`ZXc O_\fip &?\h]md_b`7
?\h]md_b` Q idq`mndot Lm`nn) .660'
É) M\c\m\ gifm`jf`i\ [\ efj ^i`\]j Zfeki\ c\ [\jgfk`jd\ [\ cX m`k\jj\
X D$fZZXj`fe [\ D$\ok\ej`fe [\j c`^e\j [l OBQ &L\mdn7 A_dodjin _`
g%Ai^tgjk`_d` _`n Jpdn\i^`n) .66.'
Nd`n`g) N`i`) <m\lo Zfdgc\kj [\j m\i`kXYc\j dfY`c\j [l Zi`d\ Zfdd`j
Xl >DM<? c\ 2 al`e .666 jl`m`j [\ [`m\ij [fZld\ekj i\cXk`]j Xl
gifZ\j [\ Hfekg\cc`\i &L\mdn) A_dodjin _` .%Ai^t^gjk`_d^ _`n
Jpdn\i^`n) /--.'
Ndjo*O\m^`t) I d^c`g` &`_+') ?`Zk`feeX`i\ [\j lkfg`\j &L\mdn7
.36
Pc` Smdodib ji oc` S\gg
H\mjpnn`) /--/'
O^cjgu) Njnrdoc\) ?Xj B\jZ_c\Z_k [\j FXg`kXc`jdlj7 A\d`e`jk`jZ_\
O_\fi`\e Xe[ [`\ gfjkdf[\ie\ H\kXdfig_fj\ [\j KXki`XiZ_Xkj &>\_
Djii`a7 Djmg`h\ii) /---'
O`hkmpi) F\dh` \i_ N`i` Nd`n`g) >XkXjkifg_`jd\) X[d`e`jkiXk`fe [l
[\jXjki\ \k jfld`jj`fe [liXYc\ &L\mdn7 A_dodjin _` .%Ai^t^gjk`_d^
_`n Jpdn\i^`n) /--5'
Ojci*N`oc`g) =gam`_) Dek\cc\ZklXc Xe[ HXelXc GXYfi7 < >i`k`hl\ f]
@g`jk\dfcf^p &=og\iod^ Ddbcg\i_n) J`r F`mn`t7 Dph\idod`n
Lm`nn) .644'
R`mi\io) F`\i*Ld`mm` R`h\io) Hpk_ Xe[ O_fl^_k <dfe^ k_\ Bi\\bj
W.632Y &Hji_ji7 Njpog`_b` $ G`b\i L\pg) .650'
.4-
T ]jg =ggck
> P G O P M @ ) NJ>D@OS $ KJGDOD>N
? j i o`h k j m\mt ^p gop m` c\n `gdhdi\o`_ oc` ^ji^`ko \i_ kp]gd^ adbpm` Q I
oc` di o`gg`^op \g+ = ^m`odijpn \iod*dio`gg`^op\gdnh km`nd_`n) ^c``m*g`_ ]t
c\^fn di oc ` k \ t Q I h pgodi\odji\g ^jmkjm\odjin rcj m`\nnpm` oo` 7
]jm`_ m` \ _ ` mn oc \ o oc`m` dn ij i``_ oj mjpn` oc`hn`gq`n amjh oc`dm
nopkjm+ V`mK >jjfn f i jr n oc\o \ijoc`m fdi_ ja _dn^jpmn` * dio`dd`^op\+
r doc j p o ] `di b \^\_`h d^) kjkpg\m rdocjpo ]`dib kjkpgdno ( dn m\s jigt
k jnnd]g`7 do dn \gm` \ _ t agjpmdncdib+ V`mK dn ^jiqdi^`_ oc\o h oc`
p i oc di f di b ) ] g\ i _ gt ^jin`inp\g ^pgopm` di rcd^c r` gdq`) F S LULF D N \i_
`i b \b `_ oc ` j m` od^ \ g m`ag`^odji dn hjm` dhkjmo\io oc\i `q`m ]`ajm`+
Ea t j p c \ q ` `i ej t `_ ocdn ]jjf) rct ijo o`gg joc`m m`\_`mn ]q
k jnodi b \ m` q d` r j i t j p m km`a`mm`_ ]jjf ndo`+ N`^`io ]`non`gg`mn amjh
V`mj >jjfn \m`7
?\kdo\gdno N`\gdnh
En oc`m` ij \go`mi\odq`<
I\mf Bdnc`m
=i \i\gtndn ja oc` r\tn di rcd^c ^\kdo\gdnh c\n km`n`io`_ don`ga
\n oc` jigt m`\gdnod^ kjgdod^\g*`^jijhd^ ntno`h+
L\k`m]\^f7 645*.*51361*0.4*. `]jjf7 645*.*45-66*401*3