Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
were converted and built to be pow- ergy is the act of doing work, in CERTIFIED
Approved by NAEC
ELEVATOR TECHNICIAN
ered by electric motors by the 1920s. which the basic definition is a force EDUCATION PROGRAM
lowered against the force of gravity. occurs at the same time. The flow of justing the voltage (and frequency of
An elevator must put energy into the power is also bidirectional. When the an AC drive) is the primary mecha-
mass of the payload when it is lifted demand for electric power is meas- nism by which to control how much
(weight X distance). That same ured and accumulated over a period power flows to or from the motor.
amount of potential energy will of time, the result is the sum of all When the power converter pro-
come out of the payload when it is work accomplished over that period. vides voltage in excess of the
lowered by gravity. Electric meters at the utility entrance counter voltage (counterelectromo-
Kinetic energy is the energy of to buildings do exactly that. They tive force [CEMF] generated inter-
motion stored within a mass as it is total the amount of energy flow at nally by the rpm of the motor), elec-
moving. We often refer to this as in- the end of the month. This is a true trical power flows into the motor to
ertia or momentum. The magnitude measurement of electrical energy create the accelerating or lifting
of kinetic energy in a moving object supplied by the utility company to torque on the shaft and elevator
is equal to one-half the mass X the the measured premises. sheave. When the power converter
square of velocity. It must be added The motors that move elevators output voltage is less than motor
to any object in order to make it ac- are power-converter devices. Elec- CEMF, the motor acts as a generator
celerate or move. Likewise, that tric power goes in (volts X amps or to transform mechanical power
same amount of kinetic energy must watts) and gets converted to me- (torque X speed) into electricity that
be removed from the mass to make chanical power (torque X rpm or flows backward into the power con-
it stop. Kinetic energy becomes im- horsepower). Motors and generators verter. The design and type of elec-
portant when we consider how ele- are constructed alike and operate in trical power converter used to adjust
vators are constructed and how fast much the same way. All electric mo- motor speed affect what happens to
they are moving. tors can act as electric generators. regenerated energy provided by the
All of the major parts of an eleva- Each time the shaft of a motor is me- lift motor.
tor must move in order to move the chanically forced to turn faster than DC Elevator Motors with Ward-
payload. The need for mechanical the electric power source, it causes Leonard (MG Set) controls
strength dictates that the car frame mechanical power (torque X speed The Ward-Leonard MG set is an
and counterweight have significantly of the turning shaft) to be converted AC induction motor connected to
more mass than the payload rating to electric power (volts X amps). utility lines that turns the shaft of a
of the elevator. As a result, the total Therefore, power can flow in either DC generator at a relatively constant
kinetic energy added to accelerate direction through an electric motor. speed. The DC elevator motor is con-
and then removed to decelerate the This is true of DC motors, with or nected to the output of the genera-
elevator apparatus is four to five without brushes; asynchronous AC tor. Adjusting the field strength of
times what it would be if only the induction motors; and permanent- the generator directly varies the out-
payload were moved. Note that en- magnet (PM) synchronous motors. put voltage applied to the DC eleva-
ergy flow being discussed is me- This principle allows energy tem- tor motor. The value of generator
chanical and bidirectional. That is, porarily stored in the mass of a mov- voltage in relation to elevator motor
we must put energy into the me- ing elevator to be recovered. CEMF determines the direction and
chanical parts and payload to make Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) magnitude of actual power flow.
it accelerate and rise. Energy comes are a form of electrical power con- When the elevator motor is provid-
out again when we stop the motion verters typically used to convert the ing braking force on the load, power
or lower the load. With an elevator, fixed voltage electricity of utility-line flow is from motor to generator. The
this action repeatedly occurs many mains to adjustable voltage that con- generator then acts like a motor and
times during the day. The cyclic na- trols the speed of elevator motors. attempts to speed up the shaft con-
ture of energy flow yields an ideal ASDs are often thought of as being nected to the AC induction motor. As
opportunity to minimize the overall only AC drives and motors, but the the induction motor is pushed slightly
consumption. speed of DC motors can be easily ad- faster than the utility frequency and
The rate at which energy flows to justed by voltage control and have voltage allow, it essentially becomes
accomplish work is called power, or been doing so to operate elevators an induction generator, creating and
force times speed in mechanical for many years. Ward-Leonard-style pushing AC power back into the util-
units. The electrical units are watts motor-generator (MG) sets are a ity lines. Equipment efficiencies
(or kilowatts), which is voltage (the form of DC drive, as are silicon-con- come into play, but the fact that an
force) multiplied by amperes (the trolled rectifier (SCR)-DC adjustable MG set regenerates is often over-
rate or speed of electron flow) that speed controls. In either case, ad- looked. Even though the AC motor
distribution center (breaker panel) ment regenerates, power can flow di- using the same energy twice results
where multiple wiring feeders rectly back to the distribution panel in reduced utility costs.
spread out to other areas within the and out to some other equipment al- Be aware that the nameplate rat-
building. Elevators usually have their ready in use within the building with- ing on an elevator motor (in volts,
own power riser dedicated to that out passing through the utility meter. amps, horsepower or kilowatts) is
service, but elevator feeders are al- During the few seconds in which based on the power it takes to raise
most never separately metered. elevator regeneration occurs, the the maximum rated payload of the
Even though the combined horse- meter doesn’t need to run backward; elevator at rated speed. However,
power rating of all the elevators may it simply slows down while the en- the elevator is not always loaded to
be large, elevator operation is spo- ergy recovered from the elevator rated capacity, and it only operates
radic, and the actual electrical load is momentarily helps to power a differ- for short periods of time. Also, effi-
relatively small compared to the sum ent elevator, operate lights in the ciency losses dictate that the total of
of continuous loads of other feeder hallway or run the HVAC fans. There regenerated power will always be
branches attached to the same distri- are no other noticeable effects, such less than that required for full-load-
bution panel. The total of all power as voltage surges or distortion, up service, and it can regenerate power
drawn by electrical loads in the build- which can cause lights to blink or less than half of the operating time.
ing is measured by the utility meter, other electronic equipment disrup- The end result is that only a small
and the rate that the utility meter tion. Some of the energy that was portion of the full load electrical rat-
spins depends on night or day occu- once metered and used to start the ing of the elevator is regenerated
pancy conditions, outside temperature, elevator moving or lift the load is re- during a typical day, and it is an even
other machinery use and whether or covered and used again to perform a smaller portion of the total energy
not the elevator lift is in operation. different task within the building. A consumption of the entire building.
Note that when the elevator equip- smart building owner will notice that Regeneration Versus Cogeneration
Although it may sound the same,
OTHER MACHINERY there is a significant difference be-
tween a regenerating elevator sys-
HVAC EQUIPMENT
tem and cogeneration. A cogenera-
WALL OUTLET tion (wind turbine, fuel cell,
DISTRIBUTION WALL
UTILITY PANEL OUTLETS
POWER
photovoltaic or waste gas recovery
METERING
LIGHTING
generator) system is intended to op-
ROOM
DOMESTIC CONTROL LIGHTING erate at near capacity almost contin-
LOCAL PANEL
UTILITY BUILDING STEP-DOWN
MAINS
UTILITY
METERING ADJ
uously. The goal of cogeneration is
SUB-STATION SPEED ELEVATOR
STEP-DOWN ELEVATOR MOTOR to supply a major portion of the en-
TRANSFORMER DRIVE 1
INTERNAL POWER ELEVATOR
SAFETY
ergy required for the local premises
DISTRIBUTION BUS POWER
DISCONNECTS
RISER or even sell electricity to the utility
ADJ
SPEED ELEVATOR company for distribution to other
ELEVATOR MOTOR
2
Figure 1: Single-point utility metering
DRIVE paying customers. Power regener-
ated by elevator equipment is spo-
NEXT BUILDING radic and relatively small. It is in-
tended to save energy by recycling it
NEXT BUILDING to be consumed by other loads
within the building. Using reclaimed
TENANT TENANT 1
METERING PANEL energy for a useful purpose rather
than wasting it as heat is an effective
TENANT TENANT 2
METERING PANEL
form of overall energy conservation.
When an elevator drive regener-
TENANT TENANT 3
METERING PANEL ates, the recovered power actually
flows backward into the utility system.
COMMON MISC EQUIPMENT
In most cases, local electrical loads
UTILITY NEIGHBORHOOD
MAINS STEP-DOWN COMMON LIGHTING will absorb the energy before it reaches
ADJ the kilowatt-hour meter. If local loads
BLDG SERVICE SPEED ELEVATOR
BUILDING ELEVATOR
DISCONNECT
METERING
DRIVE
MOTOR are not large enough to absorb all the
COMMON SERVICES PANEL
& DISTRIBUTION ELEVATOR SERVICE RISER
WITH DISCONNECT
regenerated power, it will still flow
Figure 2: Multiple-tenant building with individual metering backward into the utility system.
1. What does the utility meter measure? 7. What happens if there is a utility power failure while an
a. Peak kilowatt demand. elevator drive is regenerating?
b. Average kilowatt-hour demand. a. The drive will blow up.
c. Kilowatt-hour consumption. b. The elevator uses the brake to stop.
d. Kilovolt-ampere consumption. c. People in the neighborhood may get electrocuted.
d. The elevator overspeeds.
2. What most affects the peak power demand of an ele-
vator? 8. If an elevator drive is not designed to regenerate,
a. Whether the drive can regenerate. where does the energy go?
b. Operating speed X capacity. a. It is wasted as heat into the brake.
c. Acceleration rate X equipment mass. b. It is wasted as heat into the motor.
d. The type of elevator drive. c. It is wasted as heat into a resistor bank.
d. It is wasted as heat into the drive.
3. What most affects the overall energy consumption of
an elevator? 9. Does regeneration disturb other utility customers?
a. Operating speed X capacity. a. No, voltage distortion that other customers see will
b. Acceleration rate X equipment mass. be no different than with a non-regenerative motor
c. The type of motor. drive.
d. Whether the drive can regenerate. b. Yes, they must be disconnected.
c. Yes, they will be disturbed by current harmonics.
4. How do electric motors regenerate? d. Yes, regeneration causes the line voltage to sag and
a. The motor runs faster. surge.
b. The motor acts like a generator.
c. They have PMs. 10. To be compatible with a regenerative elevator drive,
d. Regeneration has nothing to do with the motor. an emergency power generator needs to:
a. Be equal in kW size with the elevator motor.
5. Which drives can regenerate? b. Be greater than two times the kW size of the eleva-
a. MG sets. tor motor.
b. AC inverters with diode rectifiers. c. Have other loads attached to absorb all regenerated
c. SCR-DC drives. power.
d. Both a and c. d. Have switchable loads to accept regenerated power.
Address: City:
Expiration date: _____________
State: ZIP code:
You now have the opportunity to earn Continuing Education contact Your Subscription to
hours in ELEVATOR WORLD magazine. Articles pertain to various
industry topics which appear in the magazine bi-monthly and for
every exam you successfully complete you’ll earn 1–3 contact hours.
As a subscriber, you not only have full access to these
ELEVåTOR WÅRLD
has just become more valuable.
Continuing Education articles, but you also receive 15% off of the
retail price.
Your subscription & all Online Continuing Education Courses can be purchased at
elevat rbooks.com
ELEVATOR WORLD’S ONLINE BOOKSTORE