CONTENTS xi

9.1.1 Lightpaths 206

9.1.2 Traffic Grooming 208
9.2 Protection Schemes 210
9.2.1 Point-to-point Links 210
9.2.2 WDM Optical Rings 210
9.2.3 Mesh Optical Networks 212
9.3 The ITU-T G.709 Standard – The Digital Wrapper 213
9.3.1 The Optical Channel (Och) Frame 214
9.3.2 Overhead Types 215
9.4 Control Plane Architectures 218
9.5 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) 220
9.5.1 Basic Features of GMPLS 221
9.5.2 CR-LDP Extensions for GMPLS 226
9.5.3 RSVP-TE Extensions For GMPLS 228
9.6 The OIF UNI 229
9.6.1 The UNI Abstract Messages 230
9.6.2 LDP Extensions for UNI Signaling 232
9.6.3 RSVP Extensions For UNI Signaling 234
Problems 235
Appendix: Simulation Project: Calculation of Call Blocking
Probabilities in a Wavelength Routing Network 236

10 Optical Burst Switching 241

10.1 Optical Packet Switching 242
10.1.1 A Space Switch 243
10.2 Optical Burst Switching (OBS) 245
10.2.1 Connection Setup Schemes 246
10.2.2 Reservation and Release of Resources in an OXC 248
10.2.3 Scheduling of Bursts at an OBS Node 249
10.2.4 Lost Bursts 250
10.2.5 Burst Assembly 251
10.3 The Jumpstart Project 251
10.3.1 Signaling Messages 252
10.3.2 The Signaling Message Structure 254
10.3.3 Addressing 255
10.3.4 The Routing Architecture 256
Problems 259

11 Access Networks 261

11.1 The ADSL-based Access Networks 261
11.1.1 The Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) Technique 263
11.1.2 Bearer Channels 264
11.1.3 The ADSL Super Frame 266
11.1.4 Schemes for Accessing Network Service Providers 266
11.1.5 The ADSL2 and ADSL2+ Standards 269
11.2 The Cable-based Access Network 272
11.2.1 The Physical Layer 274