2018-19

PROJECT: Evaluation of ground water for domestic and

agricultural purposes.

PRESENTED BY : Team Leader: KM. YUMLAM ANIA

Team Member: KM. CHELLY MERY

KM.KINA REJO

KM.KABAK SUMPER.

KM. KABAK ANJU

Guide Teacher:- AJAYA KUMAR SITHA

VIVEKANANDA KENDRA VIDYALAYA ZIRO

LOWER SUBANSIRI DISTRICT

ARUNACHAL PRADESH
ABSTRACT

‘’WATER,WATER EVERYWHERE BUT NOT A SINGLE DROP TO DRINK’’. This concept means that
about 70% of earth surface is covered with water out of which 2.7% is fresh water for human
uses .and from this available fresh water only 0.7% is present in ground as a groundwater.
Though groundwater is very limited but we can sustainably use it for many purposes.
Groundwater has been in human use since prehistoric time.
Throughout the country it is utilized for daily application and irrigation source. Still in many
places of drought prone area it is in high use. India has been bestowed with 113 primary rivers
with area about 45,000km that contributes 80% of India’s total water resources .Besides, the
large precipitation of about 1260cm against 860cm of world’s average has considerably played
a crucial role in increasing the availability ground water . According to all the sited records of
India, it proved that the country should never face water crisis, but still it faces acute shortage
of water.

In Arunachal Pradesh the tribal’s mainly uses ground water from streams to fulfill their daily
needs only very few tribes are practicing of digging wells from ancient time to fulfill their daily
needs. One of such tribes are the Apatani of Ziro valley. The wells dug by them are known as
Sukungs.

So, to study more about Sukungs and the quality of ground water in Ziro valley we have
undertaken this project. The area of Ziro is very vast. Therefore, we have delimited it to two
rural villages of Ziro valley under Lower subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh namely,
Hari,Dutta, Mudang-tage and Hong. In this four villages peoples are belonging to Apatani tribes
inhabits. Our study has been based on experiments, observations, analysis, survey and
interviews etc.
INTRODUCTION

Ground water it is the boon for the people who lives in places where it has very limited sources
of potable water . so, the people of this area depends on lakes, ponds but mainly in streams
and groundwater extracted from well . generally, the water extracted from ground are very
pure and can be use directly because, they are naturally filtered in its passage through the soil
and is usually very clean.

Ziro is the place in Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. Though it gets plenty of
rainfall but also sometimes in some places it faces acute water shortage due to limited water
resources for potable water and also sometimes due to blockage of pipes. So, to overcome this
problems the Apatani community who were also counted to be one of the most advanced
tribal communities in the north- eastern region of India has developed many methods. One of
such method is the use of ground water by digging wells which are known as Sukungs.

About 32% of the villagers of above four village under Ziro-I circle uses only Sukung to fulfil
their daily needs, about 68% uses pipelines and 58% uses both Sukungs and pipes.

Although the peoples were not aware about the depletion of ground water because, till
now only very few cases had come and many people’s were not interested also. But in future it
may arise severely due to overcome exploitation of water.

Generally, ground water is considered to be a renewable resource, in future their supplies can
be replenished. Also, due to the disposal of garbage and using of chemical and fertilizers in
agricultural sector has made the available ground water degraded and depleted.

So, by keeping all this points in view we have selected the project entitled

“Evaluation of ground water for domestic and agriculture purpose in Ziro valley” to create
awareness and interest among the villagers about the proper management of ground water
resources.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the following chosen are as

Follows :

1. To examine the quality of ground water in ziro area.

2. To conduct a scientific study on different sources of

groundwater.

3.To implement and suggest modern techniques in extraction of

ground water.

4.To gather information about the changes in ground water quality

over a period of time.

5.To know the uses of ground water in Ziro Valley.

 NEED STATEMENT

Ziro valley in Arunachal Pradesh is well known for the annual

rainfall and fertile soil .But still the presence of enormous water
resources can’t meet the demands of the inhabitants for potable
water. So, the people utilize the groundwater available to them
from very ancient time and this creates a dwindling situation,
people utilize groundwater for domestic as well as for agricultural
purposes. By understanding the locality and the relevance of our
project with the focal them we choose our project work to warn
the people about the consequences of using large amount of
groundwater without recharging it and then only they will realize
that what effect it will have in future because Ziro’s future is
depend upon Ziro’s present so, necessary action should be taken
now.
 Work plan

16th August,2018

On this very day our science teacher’s had given us our project of NCSC.

18th August, 2018

With our team member we decided our site to be surveyed.

12th to 14th September, 2018

We had prepared the questionnaires to be asked in the surveys and interviews.

18th September, 2018

We went to our study site along with our guide teacher .And we had done

Observation, interview, house hold survey and collected some water sample of

Ground water for experiment.

19th September, 2018

Tested the water PH and hardness of water collected from different sukung [well] Of our study
site.

21st September, 2018

Interview with sri Gyati Taki in his residence

 METHODOLOGY

SURVEY

Ziro is a very vast area under lower subansiri district in Arunachal Pradesh. So, we selected
four villages namely Hari, Dutta, mudang Tage andHong which is inhabit by the Apatani tribes.
Survey basically means that to have a detailed investigation through discussion, observation
and interaction with the survey was carried out by having discussion and interview with few
identified people of the community. Based on the survey we also collected some data that is
given in the data collection column.

OBSERVATION

During our short span of survey duration, observation was one of the most effective
methodologies. Along with our guide teacher and team mates we went to the study site. There
we visited twenty sukhungs or wells one of which was dried up. Also we had conducted
household survey of approx. 2o percent of the total houses present in the study site. In the
household surveyed the family heads were interviewed. During surveying different sukungs we
had also collected some water samples for experiments.
 Interview

We had a discussion and direct interaction with the village people of our study site in the form
of interview . this was one of the simple but highly effective methodology on the basis of
which we collected our data.

Besides this we also prepared few questions based on our project title . and they are as follow
with their answers:

Q,1 what are the different sources of water for

Domestic purposes ?

Ans : Most of the people uses sukungs , pipes and small streams to fulfill their daily needs

Q 2 . what are the sources of irrigation in agriculture field?

ANS. Basically, peoples main sources for irrigation are streams. They makes small channels for
diverging the water of streams and uses channel water for irrigating the paddy fields.

Q3. From where did you get the idea of making sukungs(wells)? Ans: we don’t
get any idea of making sukungs .It was practiced by our ancestors.

Q 4. Does the govt. provide any initiative or support?

Ans: yes, sometimes govt. provides us funds but in very less amounts.

Q 5. Is there any organization or committee to take care of the sukungs?

Ans: At present, there is no organization or committee to take care of sukungs.

Q 6. What are the different sources of water that you uses at home ? do
you use river water also.

Ans: we uses pipes, sukungs and stream water to fulfill our daily needs . no , we don’t use river
water for our daily needs because, river water are often very dirty.

Q 7. Do you take some steps to recharge ground water?

Ans: No, we don’t do anything to recharge ground water.

 Experiment

we checked the following properties of the water samples collected from different sukungs of
study sites:

1) PH test

2) hardness and softness of water

1) water PH checking

To check the water ph we took the samples of each water types out of 20 sukungs to be
tested in different test tubes. Then using ph paper we determined their PH value.

2) hardness and softness of water

Water are also categorized into two different types they are –

1) Hard water: it is defined as that quality of water which does not gives good lather with soap
and it also contains dissolved impurities and salts.

2) Soft water: it is defined as that quality of water which easily gives good later with soap. In
doesn’t contains any dissolved impurities. Such as distilled water.

To check the hardness of water our teams mates had done the following
experiments –

We had taken 100ml of water sample from each sukung in a beaker and added one spoon of
soap powder and mixed it . afterwards we had observed that it forms good lather or not.
KNOW THE CONCEPT GROUND WATER

As we know that the water present inside the ground are known as “ground water”. Ground
water is about 30% of the total fresh water available for human use.

If we dig a pit in ground, we first come across a thin layer of dry soil, then for several meters

Underneath some wet soil. If we dig deeper, we find soil oozing with water and water begins
to collect in the pit, this depth is the ‘spring level’ or water table level. Below this the pores of
the soil are completely filled with water and there is no space for air. If we continue digging,
we eventually meet a hard compact rock with no open space and hence no water.

Generally the water extracted from ground are very pure and can be used directly because the
ground water is naturally filtered in its passage through the soil and is usually very clear.
Ground water is very useful for us. As an individual cannot put a dam across a river or build a
canal by himself but he can dig a well on his property and draw water. For his crops and
domestic uses this form of irrigation is a great boon but it its own limitation .

The groundwater mainly gets its water from the rainwater. When the rainfalls it seeps into the
soil, it has been observed that the water level in wells rises after the rain. This show that
rainwater is the only source of ground water. It is this fraction that feeds our wells & tube well.
But if we keep drawing out excessive amount of water, the water table will fall year after year.

This is unfortunately happening in some pockets of our country. we can sometimes solve the
problems by supplementing ground water with canal water .

Recent evidence suggests that the ground water is under serious threat of over sea in many
parts of the country . About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters
during the past 20 years . Nearly one- third of the country is over using their ground water
reserves . In another 25 years , 60 percent of the country would be doing the same if the
present way of using this resources continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in
the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and western U.P. ,hard rock plateau areas of
central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
 GROUND WATER IN ZIRO

In Ziro most of the potable water supply gets from groundwater resources such as streams
and the wells known as ‘sukungs’. In ziro groundwater is used for domestic purposes as well as
in agricultural purposes. For domestic purposes they dug wells to extract groundwater known
as sukungs and for agricultural purposes they use water from the streams.

FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES

For domestic purposes villagers make sukungs to fulfill their needs. This sukungs are held by
the community and sometimes by individuals but anyone can use its water, there is no
restrictions. We had also found that the ‘’Apatani people’’ were using sukungs

from very ancient time because there were lack of potable water sources, so, they used their
own knowledge and started digging wells for fulfilling their daily needs. Most of the villagers
uses sukung water , but nowadays by the help of the govt. Majority of the people also set up
pipes as an alternative source of water. The pipes gets its water from the streams that flows in
the hill. This shows that about 99% of the potable water resource in the villages of Ziro are
fulfilled by the ground water only.

FOR AGRICULTURE PURPOSE

As the rainfall and temperature of Ziro valley keeps on fluctuating the Apatani people conserve
underground water in different ways –In Apatani system, valleys are terraced into plots
separated by 0.6mt high earthen dams supported by bamboo frames for soil and water
conservation. All the plots have inlet (hubur) and outlet on the opposite sides. The inlet of low-
lying plot function as an outlet of high lying plot. The terraced plots can be flooded or drained
with water by opening and blocking the inlet point to outlet as and when required. The stream
water is trapped by constructing a wall of 2-4 mt high and 1 mt thick near forest hill slope. This
is sent to agricultural fields through a canal network.

Apatani also used paddy fields channel (Hete) for water management constructed at the
middle of the paddy field that divides the paddy fields perpendicularly and horizontally. The
Hete provides the rearing space for the fishes.

In order to maintain and regulate underground water supply to the fields. The surrounding hills
are covered with forest. The farmer have taken up the plantation of pines and bamboos. The
prohibited cutting down certain trees like Kiira ( Castaphosis) that have elongated deep root
system and thus help in conserving water.
 Data Collection

Based on our observation, survey and experiment we had collected the following data’s:

Table No. 1: Different sources of water used by villagers in study site :

S.N Name of the family No. of Sukung Pipe

o head family

members
1. Koj Apa 8 
2. Koj Taki 6 
3. Tage Yasi 9 
4. Tage Dimi 7 
5. Mudo Opo 11 
6. Tage Hangu 5 
7. Mudang Gyayu 10 
8. Koj Grayu 8 
9. Mudang Gambo 6 
10. Chiging Anka 9 
11. Lagie Rillu 5 
12. Tadu Kojie 6 
13. Koj Lailyang 7 
14. Mudo Abing 11 
15. Chiging Yase 10 
16. Tage Yapa 8 
17. Tage Tabio 6 
18. Kago Pumbo 7 
19. Koj Sambyo 5 
20. Gyati Taki 7 
21 Koj Tabyo 6 
22 Mudang Tacho 7 
23 Mudo Talley 8 
24 Koj Taling 7 
25 Tage Tath 8 
26 Baming Talley 5 
27 Mudang Omo 6 
28 Tage Tacho 10 
29 Ligang Halley 8 
30 Tage Tak 7 
31 Koj Eka 9 
32 Koj Tassang 4 
33 Baming Tani 5 
34 Chiging pulo 7 
35 Mudang Aka 6 
36 Mudang Laji 8 
37 Tage Apo 7 
38 Mudo Pussang 9 
39 Ligang Hailyang 5 
40 Koj Chada 7 
 Table No. 2: Use of ground water for different purposes in the study site:

S.No Name of the family Domestic Agriculture

head
1. Koj Apa 
2 Koj Taki 
3 Tage Yasi 
4 Tage Dimi 
5 Mudo Opo 
6 Tage Hangu 
7 Mudang Gyayu 
8 Koj Grayu 
9 Mudang G ambo 
10 Chiging Anka 
11 Lagie Rillu 
12 Tadu Kojie 
13 Koj Lailyang 
14 Mudo Abing 
15 Chiging Yase 
16 Tage Yapa 
17 Tage Tabio 
18 Kago Pumbo 
19 Koj Sambyo 
20 Gyati Taki 
21 Koj Tabyo 
22 Mudang Tacho 
23 Mudo Talley 
24 Koj Taling 
25 Tage Tath 
26 Baming Talley 
27 Mudang Omo 
28 Tage Tacho 
29 Ligang Halley 
30 Tage Tak 
31 Koj Eka 
32 Koj Tassang 
33 Baming Tani 
34 Chiging pulo 
35 Mudang Aka 
36 Mudang Laji 
37 Tage Apo 
38 Mudo Pussang 
39 Ligang Hailyang 
40 Koj Chada 

T
able no. : 3 Quality of water of different Sukung
Sl. Name of the village with Colour Taste Depth change
No sukung
1 Hari:01 Colourless Sweet No change
2 Hari:02 Greenish Tasteless No change
3 Hari:03 Colourless Tasteless Changed
4 Hari:04 Greenish Tasteless Changed
5 Hari:05 Colourless Tasteless Changed
6 Dutta:01 Greenish Slightly No change
muddy
7 Dutta:02 Greenish Tasteless Changed
8 Dutta:03 Colourless Sweet No change
9 Dutta:04 Brownish Slightly Changed
muddy
10 Mudang Tage:01 Dull brown Slightly Changed
muddy
11 Mudang Tage:01 Dull brown Slightly No change
muddy
12 Mudang Tage:02 Colourless Tasteless No change
13 Mudang Tage:03 Greenish Tasteless Changed
14 Mudang Tage:04 Greenish Sweet No change
15 Mudang Tage:05 Dull brown Slightly Changed
muddy
16 Hong :01 Greenish Tasteless Changed
17 Hong :02 Dull brown Slightly Changed
muddy
18 Hong :03 Colourless Sweet No change
19 Hong :04 Greenish Tasteless Changed

20 Hong :05 Colourless tasteless No change

Table no. :4 Uses of water of Sukung for different purposes
Sl.No Name of the ground No. Of family Uses / Utility
water sources using the
water
1 Hari:01 5- 10 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes
2 Hari:02 20-30 families Use for domestic purposes during scarcity of water

3 Hari:03 35-40 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes

4 Hari:04 30-35 families Use during water scarcity
5 Hari:05 45-55 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes

6 Dutta:01 10-15 families Use for domestic purposes during scarcity of water
7 Dutta:02 15-20 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes
8 Dutta:03 20- 25 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes
9 Dutta:04 - Due to improper management it has become very
dirty
10 Mudang Tage:01 - Water has went down to a very low level and its
very dirty
11 Mudang Tage:01 10-20 families Use during water scarcity

12 Mudang Tage:02 20-25 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes
13 Mudang Tage:03 5-10 families Use during water scarcity
14 Mudang Tage:04 10-15 families Use during water scarcity
15 Mudang Tage:05 35-40 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes

16 Hong :01 15-20 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes
17 Hong :02 - Due to improper management it has become very
dirty
18 Hong :03 15-20 families Use for drinking and domestic purposes

19 Hong :04 30-40 Use during water scarcity

20 Hong :05 1-5 Use during water scarcity
Table No.5: Types of different sukung water and their PH value.
Sl.No. Name of the sukung PH value Colour of the PH value

1. Hari:01 7 Greenish
2. Hari:02 6 Light orange
3. Hari:03 7 Greenish
4. Hari:04 7 Greenish
5. Hari:05 7 Greenish
6. Dutta:01 7 Greenish
7. Dutta:02 7 Greenish
8. Dutta:03 7 Greenish
9. Dutta:04 6 Light orange
10. Mudang Tage:01 6 Light orange
11. Mudang Tage:01 7 Greenish
12. Mudang Tage:02 7 Greenish
13. Mudang Tage:03 6 Light orange
14. Mudang Tage:04 7 Greenish
15. Mudang Tage:05 7 Greenish
16. Hong :01 7 Greenish
17. Hong :02 6 Light orange
18. Hong :03 7 Greenish
19. Hong :04 7 Greenish
20. Hong :05 7 Greenish
Table No. 6: To identify type of the water samples collected from different
Sukungs.

Sl.No Sources of water sample Condition of Type of water

well
1. Hari:01 Covered Soft water
properly
2. Hari:02 Uncovered Hard water
3. Hari:03 Covered Soft water
properly
4. Hari:04 Uncovered Hard water
5. Hari:05 Covered Soft water
properly
6. Dutta:01 Uncovered Soft water
7. Dutta:02 Covered Soft water
properly
8. Dutta:03 Covered Soft water
properly
9. Dutta:04 Covered Hard water
properly
10. Mudang Tage:01 Uncovered Hard water
11. Mudang Tage:01 Uncovered Soft water
12. Mudang Tage:02 Covered Soft water
properly
13. Mudang Tage:03 Uncovered Hard water
14. Mudang Tage:04 Uncovered Hard water
15. Mudang Tage:05 Uncovered Soft water
16. Hong :01 Covered Soft water
properly
17. Hong :02 Uncovered Hard water
18. Hong :03 Covered Soft water
properly
19. Hong :04 Covered Soft water
properly
20. Hong :05 Uncovered Hard water
Table No. 7 : Organisms found in ground water sources [Sukung]

Sl .no. Name of the Different organisms in ground water sources

groundwater sources Alga Frog mosquito Fallen leaves Mosses
[Sukungs] e
1. Hari:01 - - - - -
2. Hari:02 - -  
3. Hari:03 - - - - -
4. Hari:04 - -  -
5. Hari:05 - - - - -
6. Dutta:01 -   -
7. Dutta:02  - - - -
8. Dutta:03 - - - - -
9. Dutta:04     
10. Mudang Tage:01     
11. Mudang Tage:01 - - - -
12. Mudang Tage:02 - - - - -
13. Mudang Tage:03 - -  -
14. Mudang Tage:04   - - -
15. Mudang Tage:05 -  - - -
16. Hong :01 - - -  -
17. Hong :02 -  - 
18. Hong :03 - - - -
19. Hong :04 - - - - -
20. Hong :05 - - - 
Organisms which 1 4 4 7 5
found maximum 2
DATA ANALYSIS

By finding a result we need to analyze it too. So in this progress we analyzed the

available data and found that most of the villagers use ground water to fulfill
their daily needs of potable water. The different sources of ground water use by
them were both stream and sukungs [well]. They use ground water for domestic as
well as for agricultural purposes .For domestic purposes they mainly use sukung
which is practiced from ancient time by their ancestors.

We had also found that the villagers were not at all interested in sukungs and
other ground water sources. They do not do anything to recharge it. Due to which
in present ground water is in tremendous pressure in Ziro also it is the only
source of potable water to them. The local government is also not taking any
proper action to improve the ground quality of ziro valley in present the
groundwater quality of Ziro is very good but in future it may become the worst if
proper actions were not taken now.
Figure 1

Figure 2
Figure 3

Figure 4
Figure 5

Figure 6
Table No.8 : Water reaction [pH]

S.No Sources of water pH Interpretation Recommendation

sample
1 Hari:01 7 Neutral Good for drinking
2 Hari:02 6 Slightly acidic Requires careful management
3 Hari:03 7 Neutral Good for drinking
4 Hari:04 7 Neutral Good for drinking
5 Hari:05 7 Neutral Good for drinking
6 Dutta:01 7 Neutral Good for drinking
7 Dutta:02 7 Neutral Good for drinking
8 Dutta:03 7 Neutral Good for drinking
9 Dutta:04 6 Slightly acidic Requires careful management
10 Mudang Tage:01 6 Slightly acidic Requires careful management
11 Mudang Tage:01 7 Neutral Good for drinking
12 Mudang Tage:02 7 Neutral Good for drinking
13 Mudang Tage:03 6 Slightly acidic Requires careful management
14 Mudang Tage:04 7 Neutral Good for drinking
15 Mudang Tage:05 7 Neutral Good for drinking
16 Hong :01 7 Neutral Good for drinking
17 Hong :02 6 Slightly acidic Requires careful management
18 Hong :03 7 Neutral Good for drinking
19 Hong :04 7 Neutral Good for drinking
20 Hong :05 7 Neutral Good for drinking
Table No 9 : Type of water

Sl.no Sources of water Type of water Recommendation

sample
1. Hari:01 Soft water Good for drinking
2. Hari:02 Hard water Should be boiled properly
3. Hari:03 Soft water Good for drinking
4. Hari:04 Hard water Should be boiled properly
5. Hari:05 Soft water Good for drinking
6. Dutta:01 Soft water Good for drinking
7. Dutta:02 Soft water Good for drinking
8. Dutta:03 Soft water Good for drinking
9. Dutta:04 Hard water Should be boiled properly
10. Mudang Tage:01 Hard water Should be boiled properly
11. Mudang Tage:01 Soft water Good for drinking
12. Mudang Tage:02 Soft water Good for drinking
13. Mudang Tage:03 Hard water Should be boiled properly
14. Mudang Tage:04 Hard water Should be boiled properly
15. Mudang Tage:05 Soft water Good for drinking
16. Hong :01 Soft water Good for drinking
17. Hong :02 Hard water Should be boiled properly
18. Hong :03 Soft water Good for drinking
19. Hong :04 Soft water Good for drinking
20. Hong :05 Hard water Should be boiled properly
Table:10 Consumption of ground water in litres/day by middle size family of 7
members.

Sl.no Uses of ground water for different Quantity used

. purposes
( litre/day)
1 Drinking 20
2 Bathing 140
3 Cooking and washing utensils 25
4 Washing clothes 100
5 Total consumption 285
Figure 7
 Problems:-

After analysis of data collected , we found many problems like-

 Increasing population: due to the increasing population deforestation has

been increased, people now a days are extracting more and more ground
water. Due to which in some places water table is falling year after year.

 Improper disposal of waste product: because of disposal of garbages and

use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural sector has made the
available ground water degraded and polluted. Also, in olden days in order to
catch fishes the Apatanis were using herbal poisones plant( TAMOH) to
catch the fishes. But at present, they are using chemical substance like
bleaching powder, other explosive materials and electrolytes which are also
polluting underground water resources.

 Mismanagement of ground water:- The ground water resources are not

manage properly and because of mismanagement few sukung in Mudung
Tage village has been dried up. Also they don’t used to clean the sukungs
properly.
CONCLUSION:-

As per our study of Ziro area. We had come to the conclusion that in present the villagers were
not taking any interest in the ground water sources due to which depletion of water table is
occurring in some part. Also, due to the problems like deforestation, urbanization, disposal of
garbage’s and increasing population the ground water in Ziro is at tremendous pressure. Also,
the people’s are not doing anything to recharge the Ground water level.

We had also found that the villagers cleans the sukungs once or twice a year but it is not
sufficient to keep the sukungs clean. They should do their best to preserve and conserve the
only potable water source, the Ground Water.
 Solution to the the problem :-

By understanding the existing problem based on our overall study we found

scientific but highly adaptable and simple solution for the problems our team
introduced the following remedial measures :

1. GOVERMENT SUPPORT-
The government schemes for ground water conservation should be implemented
more effectively.

2.BY avoiding washing and disposal of garbages in the near by

areas of ground water sources.

3. Afforestation-
Afforestation should be increased more trees should be planted near by the areas
of sukungs the root of the trees will help in recharging the ground water by
absorbing the rainwater .

4. Implements of technical methods in extraction

People fetch water from sukung by using buckets instead of which they can use
simple divices such as pullies to make their extraction more easier .
5. RESTRICTION TO ANIMALS- Villagers should avoid the animals
to go near the areas of sukungs by making fences because if the waste of
animals will mix with the groundwater then it may cause gastrointestinal
infections , when drank by villagers.

6. TAKING PROPER CARE

 People should take proper care of groundwater sources such as sukung by making
concrete retention wall to avoid muddy rainwater from catchment areas to directly mix
with the sukung water. They should also cover the groundwater proper with a net.

7. ADDITION TO ALUM-
Alum must be added to groundwater sources [well] to settled
down the suspended particles.
8. AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLES-
Government should spread the awareness among peoples by organising
committees and awareness campaigns.

9. RAINWATER HARVESTING-
Rainwater harvesting
should be increased Villagers should construct more ponds and lakes to collect
rainwater .This ponds and lakes will give moisture to soil and will help to
recharge the groundwater. Villagers can also practice roof-top rainwater
harvesting.

10. MOISTURE CONSERVATION PITS-

Smalls pits can be constructed across the slopes to harvest rainwater. Eroded soil
will be deposited in the pits and water collected will be gradually infiltrated to the
soil, thus increasing the moisture regime of agricultural land. They are suitable in
between plantation crops, grown on flat and slightly sloping lands. Pit of size 1.5m
x 0.6m x0.6m may be constructed at suitable intervals according to the site
condition.
What are the major factor that causes the depletion of
the water?

Infiltration of rain water:

Only a part of the rainwater is absorbed by the ground which results in the depletion of the
water table. The cause of depletion entirely depends on the land being permeable enough to
allow the passage of water. It depends on:

1) The texture of the soil or the structure of the bedrock.

2) Loss of vegetation: Due to the removal of vegetation the percolation of rainwater to

recharge the aquifers has progressively decreased.

3) The degree of the ground slopes.

4) Intensity and duration of rainfall.

Increasing population :

Increasing population creates demand for construction of houses, shops, offices, roads and
pavements. This decreases the open areas like parks and playgrounds. This, in turn decreases
the seepage of rainwater into the ground. Also, due to the increasing population people are
consuming more and more groundwater without giving it the time to recharge and ultimately
it causes water depletion.

Agricultural activities:

Nowadays due to the increasing population pressure on agriculture farmers were using HYV
seeds and this seeds requires good amount of irrigational facilities and more water for this
purpose the farmers were extracting and using more and more groundwater .This results in
depletion in water table.
How to recharge water table ?

The only and most simple process of recharging the water table is rainwater harvesting .
Rainwater harvesting means to collect rainwater to recharge the ground water table or to
collect the rainwater in tanks, ponds, etc for future use when scarcity of water occurs . There
are many ways of rainwater harvesting. Given in the following :-

Khadins:

In arid and semi- arid regions ,agriculture fields were converted into rain fed storage structures
that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil known as ‘Khadins’. The waters from
khadins are used in irrigational purposes in the fields and it also increases the water table
level.

Roof- top rainwater harversting :

The roof of the houses should be made in the form of rainwater harvesting . And the water out
of that should be collected in a tank for different domestic purposes . If the water turns
access, the extra water should be passed through a pipe to recharge the groundwater sources
such as wells or hand pumps.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude and thanks to all the villagers and the people of Dutta and
Mudang Tage village who provided us all the required information and cooperation
throughout our study.

We also render our sincere thanks to our teacher Shri Ajaya Kumar Sitha who has given us
valuable guidance to carry out this project successfully. We are also very much thankful to
Goan bura of above four village who helped and encouraged us throughout our study. Our
special thanks to Sri K Jaisankar ,Principal VKV ZIRO who helped directly or indirectly in our
study.

***** ***** ***** ***** ***** *****

 Content

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Aims and Objectives

4. Needs Statements

5. Work Plan

6. Methodology

7. Data Collection

8. Data Analysis

9. Problems

10. Conclusion

11. Solution to the problems

12. Acknowledgement

13. Bibliography
 Sl.N Table Tiltle Page
O No.
1 Different sources of water used by villagers in study site

2 Use of ground water for different purposes in the study site:

3 Quality of water of different Sukung

4 Uses of water of Sukung for different purposes
5 Types of different sukung water and their PH value
6 To identify types of the water samples collected from different Sukungs.

7 Organism found in various sukung

8 Water reaction [pH]
9 Type of water

10 Consumption of ground water in litres/day by middle size family of 7 members

Sl.No. Graph Title Type of graph Page No.

1 Number of persons depend on sukung and pipe Bar Graph

2 Percentage of persons depends on sukung and pipe Pie Chart

3 Uses of ground water for different purposes Bar Graph

4 Percentage of Uses of ground water for different purposes Pie Chart

5 Number of organisms found in different Sukung Bar graph

6 Percentage of organisms found in different Sukung Pie Chart

7 Consumption of ground water in litres/day by middle size family of 7 members. Bar Graph
 Evaluation of ground water for domestic
and agricultural purposes.
Team Leader: KM. YUMLAM ANIA

Team Member: KM. CHELLY MERY

KM.KINA REJO

KM.KABAK SUMPER.

KM. KABAK ANJU

Guide Teacher:- AJAYA KUMAR SITHA