PART 8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS. SCOPE) 83 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS cee BS Consumables .......+++ 83 ‘Thermal Cutting ........ cette eee eeee weet eeeeeeee re BS Air-Arc Gouging ..... podouadgoaoodbuo96 sone 84 Inspection .........006eeeees ee Visual Testing (VT) . 4 Penetrant Testing (PT) . 84 Magnetic-Particle Testing (MT) A 85 Ultrasonic Testing (UT) 8-6 Radiographic Testing (RT) ee ey PROPER SPECIFICATION OF JOINT TYPE «2.0.0.0. 0002: 00eeceeeeee ee 88 Selection of Weld Type 88 Weld Symbols ...... 0. ce eee ce eee cee eeee er eee ee BB Available Strength 88 Effect of Load Angle ............ 89 CONCENTRICALLY LOADED WELD GROUPS ... 89 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELD GROUPS ..... 89 Eccentricity in the Plane of the Faying Surface 89 Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method B10 Elastic Method... 812 Eccentricity Normal to the Plane of the Faying Surface ....... - 814 OTHER SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8-15 Special Requirements for Heavy Shapes and Plates = 815 Placement of Weld Groups 8-15 ‘Welds in Combination with Bolts or Rivets 85 Fatigue 200. e cece eeeeeeee eee vee te tence eee BIS (One Sided Fillet Welds) eee pppne 8-15 Welding Considerations and Appurtenances 22... 00002. 000ee ee veee ess 816 Clearance Requirements ............ cece eee BG Excessive Welding ..... 00660. ccceeee erences 8-17 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC:82 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS ‘Minimum Shelf Dimensions for Fillet Welds . Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes Comer Clips ........ Backing Bars... . 00... 0...0 Spacer Bars . Weld Tabs Tack Welds Lamellar Tearing ..... Prior Qualification of Welding Procedures ............ Painting Welded Connections ...... WELDING CONSIDERATIONS FOR HSS .. HSS Welding Requirements in AWS D1.1 Section 2, Part D Section 3 Section 4 ..........6. Sections te Weld Sizing for Uneven Distribution of Loads . Detailing Considerations DESIGN TABLES eee rene . we Table 8-1. Coefficients, C, for Concentrically Loaded Weld Group Elements Table 8-2. Prequalified Welded Joints . . Table 8-3. Blectrode Strength Coefficient Cy ........6c ccc cc ceeeeeeeeeece ‘Tables 8-4 through 8-11. Coefficients C for Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups When Analyzing a Known Weld Group Geometry. PART 8 REFERENCES AMERICAN TusrITure OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 87 B18 818 B18. 819 819 8-20 + 8-21 8-22 8.23 8-23 = 8-24 = 825 8.25 8-25 8-26 8-26 8.27 8.27 8-28 8-28 +829 8.29 +829 = 829 +832GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS a3 SCOPE The specification requirements and other design considerations summarized in this Part apply to the design of welded joints. For the design of connecting elements, see Part 9. For the design of simple shear, moment, bracing, and other connections, see Parts 10 through 15. For welded joints that are part of a seismic force resisting system in which the seismic response modification factor, R, is taken greater than 3, the requirements in the ALSC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings also apply. The AISC Seismic Provisions ‘for Structural Stee! Buildings is available in Part 6 of the AISC Seismic Design Manual from the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. at www.aisc.org. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS The requirements for welded construction are given in AISC Specification Section M2.4, which requires the use of AWS D1.1, except as modified in AISC Specification Section J2. For further information see also Blodgett et al. (1997), Welding in structural steel in performed in compliance with written welding procedure specifications (WPSs). WPSs are qualified by test or prequalified in AWS D1.1. WPSs are used to control base metal, consumables, joint geometry, electrical, and other essential vari- ables for welded joints. Consumables Requirements for welding consumables are given in AISC Specification Sections A3.5, J2.6, and J2.7. Permissible filler metal strengths are shown in Table J2.5, based on matching filler metals shown in AWS D1.1 Table 3.1. Filler metal notch-toughness requirements are given in AISC Specification J2.6. Low-hydrogen electrodes for SMAW are required, as shown in AWS DI.1 Table 3.1. Low-hydrogen SMAW electrodes have a limited exposure time and rod ovens are necessary near the point of use for storage. Requirements for the manufacture, classification, and packing of consumables are given in AWS AS.x specifications. Consumables vary based upon their welding process. Shielded Metal Are Welding (SMAW), or ‘stick’ welding, is a manual process. Submerged Are ‘Welding (SAW) is a semiautomatic or automatic process. Consumables are classified as an electrode flux combination because the weld metal properties are dependant on both the electrode and the flux. SAW is suitable for long straight or circumferential welds but the work must be performed in horizontal or flat positions. Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) uses wire electrode that contains flux in the center. FCAW electrodes are provided for use with a gas shield or self shield. Gas for shielding is argon, carbon dioxide, or a combination of the two, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) uses wire electrodes that are solid ot have @ metal core. GMAW is performed with gas shielding. Thermal Cutting Oxygen-fuel gas cutting can be used to cut almost any commercially available plate ness. If the plate being cut contains large discontinuities or non-metallic inclusions, turbulence may be created in the cutting stream, resulting in notches or gouges in the edge of the cut. Plasma-arc cutting is much faster and less susceptible to the effects of disconti- nuities or non-metallic inclusions, but leaves a slight taper in the cut as it descends and can AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.