‫مناقشه‬

It is important for the aggregate

gradation to be within certain
gradation limits. This is because the
aggregate must be well-graded,
instead of gap-graded or uniform-
graded. When the aggregate is gap-
graded, it may be missing a few
sizes of aggregate. If it is uniform-
graded, it may all be the same size.
When the aggregate is not well
graded it can cause the strength of
the concrete batched with this
aggregate to decrease
Particle size distribution helps in
finding the different sizes of
aggregates and helps in
classification i.e either fine or coarse

Sieve analysis or gradation test is

one of the most basic procedure in
Civil engineering to determine the
particle size distribution of a given
sample (mostly sand). The gradation
test is majorly used for design
purposes, for example:
Concrete mix designs can be
influenced by the size of coarse
aggregate to be used.
Gradation test can also be used to
predict the performance of a given
soil sample
Foundations analysis is dependent
on the particle size distribution of
the soil
A sound knowledge of particle size
distribution can be used to influence
the amount of coarse aggregate to be
used for a particular job. It will have
effects on estimation.
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 Grading basically indicates the
sizes of the aggregates and in which
proportions they are present. There
are some limiting values for every
sieve provided by ASTM or BS, we
use these limiting values to get our
final answer by the method
explained below. Take the minimum
and the maximum values provided
by ASTM and plot them on the
grading curve. Now take these
minimum and maximum value lines
as your reference and if the curve of
our own data lies inside these two
lines then the quality of our sample
is OK but if your curve lies outside
these two lines of maximum and
minimum range then the sample is
not according to
specifications. Sieve Analysis
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjlgTQNJM40 \\\\
subbase sample was subjected to
routine laboratory tests to determine its
properties. The tests included, sieve
analysis, dry unit weight, California
bearing ratio with compaction to 95%
of the maximum dry density, and
specific gravity for three percentage of
fine material (passing sieve No. 200) ,
according to the specification of the
State Organization of Roads and
Bridges, Standard Specification for
Roads and Bridges (SORB,
2003), Table 2 presents the physical
properties of subbase material with the
corresponding specification. .
Gradation affects many properties of an
aggregate. It affects bulk density, physical
stability and permeability. With careful
selection of the gradation, it is possible to
achieve high bulk density, high physical
stability, and low permeability. This is
important because in pavement design, a
workable, stable mix with resistance to water
is important. With an open gradation, the
bulk density is relatively low, due to the lack
of fine particles, the physical stability is
moderate, and the permeability is quite high.
With a rich gradation, the bulk density will
also be low, the physical stability is low, and
the permeability is also low. The gradation
can be affected to achieve the desired
properties for the particular engineering
application

Coarse soils or pebbles, as often called,

are a mixture of granules of varying sizes
ranging from 0.075 mm to 75 mm. In other
words, a mixture of gravel, sand and soft soils
(A, B, C & D). These categories are
(AASHTO) into four categories according to
Iraqi road and bridge specifications and global
standard specifications such as granular
materials
When the roads are constructed, the
other two types are less quality in terms of
the gradient (the proportions of the
components of the mixture) and are not
allowed in the construction of roads according
to the most common global standards, but
Subbase (which is used in the implementation
of the base layer) is the best
. It was used in a layer that served as the
foundation for ordinary and underground
buildings and in the construction of unpaved
road
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The main factors governing the desired
aggregate grading are:
1. the surface area of the aggregate, which
determines the amount of
water necessary to wet all the solids
2. the relative volume occupied by the
aggregate
3. the workability of the mix
4. the tendency to segregation.
How to remove the particles:
Particles caught in a screen should be
removed by brushing with the proper sieve
brush wire.
Brushing should be done from the
underside of the screen in order that the
particles can be brushed out of screen in the
direction from which it entered the screen
opening.
Stubborn particles that cannot be
removed by brushing should be left in place
rather than forced out.