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SE-114
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of 3.1 Refer to Terminology E 1316 for definitions of
materials by the pulse-echo method using straight-beam terms used in this practice.
longitudinal waves introduced by direct contact of the
search unit with the material being examined. 4. Basis of Application
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development 4.1 Purchaser-Supplier Agreements — The following
of an examination procedure agreed upon by the users of items require agreement between the using parties for this
the document. practice to be used effectively:
4.1.1 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agen-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
cies — Agreement is required as to whether the nondestruc-
regarded as the standard.
tive testing agency, as defined in Practice E 543 must be
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of formally evaluated and qualified to perform the examina-
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is tion. If such evaluation and qualification is specified, a
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish documented procedure such as Practice E 543 shall be
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the used as the basis for evaluation.
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1.2 Personnel Qualification — Nondestructive test-
ing (NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with
2. Referenced Documents a nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac-
2.1 ASTM Standards: tice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-
E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics 1A, NAS-410, or a similar document. The practice or stan-
of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Examination Systems Without dard used and its applicable revision shall be specified in
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments the contractual agreement between the using parties.
4.1.3 Extent of Examination — The extent of the
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
examination shall be determined by agreement of the using
Testing
parties.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 4.1.4 Time of Examination — The time of examina-
2.2 ASNT Standards: tion shall be determined by agreement of the using parties.
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Quali- 4.1.5 Interpretation Criteria — The criteria by which
fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing the ultrasonic signals and part acceptability will be evalu-
ated and shall be determined by agreement of the using
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
parties.
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 Other Documents: 5. Significance and Use
NAS-410 NAS Certification & Qualification of Nonde- 5.1 A series of electrical pulses is applied to a piezoelec-
structive Test Personnel tric element (transducer) which converts these pulses to
392
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2007 SECTION V ARTICLE 23, SE-114
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394
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2007 SECTION V ARTICLE 23, SE-114
7.6 For bond/unbond (fusion/lack of fusion) examina- penetrating power; conversely, the lower the frequency
tions, a reference standard should be used similar to the used, the greater the penetrating power with decreasing
production item being examined containing areas repre- resolving capability. Factors limiting the use of higher
senting both bonded (fused) and unbonded (lack of fusion) frequencies are the equipment and the material properties.
conditions, if geometry and material permit. The limiting use of lower frequencies is the loss in sensitiv-
ity level for the examination. Various types of straight-
7.7 Standardization with respect to reference standards
beam search units are available offering advantages for
should be periodically checked to ensure that the ultrasonic
specific applications. The above statements should be con-
system standardization is not changing. As a minimum,
sidered when choosing the search unit size, type, and fre-
the standardization shall be checked each time there is a
quency. When delay materials are used in the search unit,
change of operators, when search units are changed, when
the standardization and examination surface temperatures
new batteries are installed, when equipment operating from
should be within 25°F (14°C) to avoid large attenuation
one power source is changed to another power source, or
and velocity differences.
when improper operation is suspected.
NOTE 3 — The largest diameter and highest frequency search units
yielding desired results should be used for maximum resolution and good
8. Procedure beam directivity.
8.1 When ultrasonic examinations are performed for 8.4 Scanning — Scanning may be either continuous or
the detection or sizing of discontinuities, or both, reflectors intermittent, depending upon the geometry, application,
not perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam may be detected and requirements of the part being examined. For continu-
at reduced amplitudes, with a distorted envelope depending ous scanning, the search unit indexing must be adequate
upon the reflector area, whether it is curved or planar, to provide 100% coverage, at uniform examination sensi-
whether it is smooth or rough, perhaps with reflecting tivity, of the area being examined. Adjust scanning speed
facets. Reflector characteristics may also cause rapid shifts or instrument repetition rate or both to permit detection of
in apparent depth as the search unit approaches or moves the smallest discontinuities referenced in the specification
away from the low amplitude indication. Another effect and to allow the recording or signaling device to function.
of these reflectors is the loss of back reflection which occurs 8.4.1 Manual Scanning — Hold the search unit in the
when the discontinuity lies directly between the search unit hand and move over the surface of the production piece.
and the back surface. Reflectors detectable due to any of
8.4.2 Automated Scanning — The search unit is held
the foregoing phenomena cannot be sized solely on signal
by a suitable fixed device and either the production piece
amplitude but require special corrections for search unit
moves or is held stationary while the search unit moves
and flaw characteristics.
mechanically along some predetermined path. For auto-
8.2 Examination Surface — Surfaces shall be uniform mated scanning, monitor coupling between the search unit
and free of loose scale and paint, discontinuities such as and part either electronically or visually to ensure proper
pits or gouges, weld splatter, dirt, or other foreign matter examination sensitivity.
which affect examination results. Tightly adhering paint,
8.5 During the evaluation of indications, maintain the
scale, or coatings do not necessarily need to be removed
same relative sensitivities between the reference standard
for examining if they present uniform attenuation charac-
and the production item. Make an evaluation of ultrasonic
teristics. The examination surface must be adequate to
indications after response reflections from discontinuities
permit ultrasonic examination at the sensitivity specified.
are maximized by search unit manipulation. Map disconti-
If needed, surfaces may be ground, sanded, wire brushed,
nuity extremities larger than the sound beam. A recom-
scraped, or otherwise prepared for examining purposes.
mended method for mapping, on the surface of the
Curved surfaces, either concave or convex, may be exam-
production piece, the apparent size (that is, the reflecting
ined; however, the standardization system should compen-
surface seen by the search unit) of discontinuities larger
sate for the effective change in search unit transmitting
than the search unit is by the half-amplitude method. Posi-
area between the reference standard and production item.
tion the search unit over the discontinuity for maximum
If practical, the reference standard should have the same
signal response and move in one direction until the signal
geometry as the item being examined.
drops rapidly to the base line on the A-scan display. Then
8.3 Search Unit — Select a suitable search unit size and return the search unit to the position where the signal
frequency after consideration of the acoustic characteristics was half the amplitude that it had at the point where the
of material to be examined, the geometry of the production indication began to drop rapidly to the base line. At this
item, and the minimum size and type of discontinuity to point the center of the search unit should approximately
be detected. The higher the frequency selected, the higher coincide with the edge of the discontinuity. Repeat this
the resolving capability accompanied with a decrease in procedure for other directions as necessary to outline the
395
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/20/2007 06:15:35 MDT
ARTICLE 23, SE-114 2007 SECTION V
discontinuity on the surface. Search units of other frequen- (number, classification, and location of discontinuities).
cies and sizes may be used for mapping to obtain greater For bond/unbond (fusion/lack of fusion) examinations the
accuracy. Special consideration should be given to discon- extent of unbond (lack of fusion) or bond (fusion) should
tinuities when the signal amplitude drops to half the maxi- be reported.
mum amplitude or less, and remains at the lower level
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396
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Setal Engenharia Construcoes e Perfuracoes S.A./5941776001, User=Gome
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/20/2007 06:15:35 MDT