SYS Training Manual: 2D & 3D Solid Analysis

ANSYS Training Manual
2D & 3D Solid Analysis

Introduction
Two Dimensional Elasticity
 Review of 2-D Elasticity Theory
 Modeling of 2-D Elasticity Problems
 Formulation of the Plane Stress/Strain Element
 Study with ANSYS Workbench
 Review of Learning Objectives
Introduction
Three Dimensional Elasticity
 Review of Theory of Elasticity
 Modeling of 3-D Elastic Structures
 Formulation of Solid Elements
 Case Studies with ANSYS Workbench
 Review of Learning Objectives
Review of 2-D Elasticity Theory
In general, the stresses and strains at any point in a structure consist of
six independent components
 x ,  y ,  z , xy , yz , zx for stress
 x ,  y ,  z ,  xy ,  yz ,  zx for strain
Review of 2-D Elasticity Theory
Under certain conditions, the state of stresses and strains of 3-
dimensional solid can be simplified to a 2-dimensional solid
There are two general types of models involved in this 2-D analysis
 Plane stress
 Plane strain
Plane stress
In the plane stress case, any stress component related to the z direction
is zero
 z , yz , zx  0
A thin planar structure with constant thickness and loading within the
plane of the structure (xy-plane) can be regarded as a plane stress case
Example
Plane strain
In the plane strain case, any strain component related to the z direction
is zero
 z ,  yz ,  zx  0
A long structure with a uniform cross section and transverse loading
along its thickness (z-direction) can be regarded as a plane strain case
Example
Formulate Plane Stress/Strain
Element
For linear elastic isotropic materials with no stress/strain for initial state,
we have the following strain–stress relation
 x  1  0  x 
   1   
• Plane Stress  y  
1 
E
 2  0   y 
   0 0 (1  ) / 2   xy 
 xy 
• Where: E Young’s modulus, v Poisson’s ratio
 x  1   0  x 
      
• Plane Strain  y  
E
 1  0  y 
  (1  )(1  2 )  0 (1  2 ) / 2   xy 
 xy   0
Element
Strain – Displacement relations
u v u v
x  y   xy  
x y y x
in matrix form
 x   / x 0 
    u 
 y   0  / y    or   Du
   / y  / x   v 
 xy   
Element
Displacements (u, v) in a plane element can be interpolated from nodal

displacements (ui, vi) using shape functions Ni
u1 
v 
u   N1 ...  
1
0 N2 0
   u2 
   0 N1 0 N2 ...  
v
 2
... 
Element
u1 
v 
u   N1 ...  
1
0 N2 0
   u2  or u  Nd
   0 N1 0 N2 ...  
v
 2
... 
N is the shape function matrix
u the displacement vector
d the nodal displacement vector
  Du  DNd or   Bd
where: B is the strain–displacement matrix

Element
Thus, the quality of finite elements in representing the behavior of a
structure is mainly determined by the choice of shape functions. Most
commonly employed 2-D elements are linear or quadratic triangles and
quadrilaterals.
MODELING OF 2D ELASTICITY
PROBLEMS
Mesh properties such as the mesh density and the element shape quality
are important factors that affect the solution accuracy and efficiency.
Finer mesh is usually needed in areas where a high stress/strain is
expected.
Study With Ansys Workbench
Problem Description: A combination wrench is a convenient tool that
is used to apply torque to loosen or tighten a fastener. The wrench
shown below is made of stainless steel and has a thickness of 3 mm.
Determine the maximum deformation and the distribution of von Mises
stresses under the given distributed load and boundary conditions.
Step 1: Start an ANSYS Workbench Project
Launch ANSYS Workbench and save the blank project as “Wrench.wbpj.”
Step 2: Create a Static Structural (ANSYS) Analysis System
Drag the Static Structural (ANSYS) icon from the Analysis Systems
Toolbox window and drop it inside the highlighted green rectangle in the
Project Schematic window to create a standalone static structural
analysis system
Step
Step 3: Add a New Material
Double-click (or right-click and choose Edit) on the Engineering Data cell
in the above Project Schematic to edit or add a material. In the following
Engineering Data interface which replaces the Project Schematic, click
the empty box highlighted below and type “Stainless Steel” as name for
the new material
Step 3
Select “Stainless Steel” from the Outline window, and double-click
Isotropic Elasticity under Linear Elastic in the leftmost Toolbox window.
Enter “193E9” for Young’s Modulus and “0.27” for Poisson’s Ratio in the
bottom center Properties window. Click the Return to Project button to
go back to the Project Schematic
Select
Step 4: Launch the Design Modeler Program
Ensure Surface Bodies is checked in the Properties of Schematic A3:
Geometry window (select Properties from the View drop-down menu to
enable display of this window). Select 2D for Analysis Type in this
Properties window. Double-click the Geometry cell to launch Design
Modeler, and select “Millimeter” in the Units pop-up window
Step 4: Launch the Design Modeler Program
Step 5: Create Surface Sketch
First, clicking on the XY plane and then select icon to inter sketch
environment. Second, click on the Sketching tab, select the Draw toolbox
and then draw Wrench with dimensions as show in the problem
description
Use the Modify toolbox to finish the model
Step 5: Create Surface Sketch
Step 6: Create Surface Body
Switch to the Modeling tab and select Surfaces from Sketches from the
drop-down menu of Concept
Select Sketch1 from the Tree Outline and click Apply on the Base Objects
selection in the Details of SurfaceSK1.
Inter 3mm for Thickness (>=0). Then click Generate
Inter 3mm
Step 7: Launch the Static Structural Program
Double-click on the Model cell to launch the Static Structural program.
Click on Geometry in the Outline. In the Details of “Geometry,” the
following options are available for 2D Behavior: plane stress,
axisymmetric, plane strain, generalized plane strain (assuming a finite
length in the z direction, as opposed to the infinite value assumed for
the standard plane stain option), and by body (allowing you to set 2D
behavior options for individual bodies that appear under Geometry in the
outline). Choose Plan Stress as the desired 2D Behavior
Step 7: Launch the Static Structural Program
In the Details of “Surface Body,” click to the right of the Material
Assignment field and select Stainless Steel from the drop-down context
menu
Step 8: Generate Mesh
Right click on Mesh in the Project Outline tree. Select Insert and then
Method from the context menu. Click on the surface body in the
Graphics window, and apply it to the Geometry selection in the Details of
“Automatic Method.”
Step 8: Generate Mesh
Right click on Mesh in the Project Outline. Select Insert and then Sizing
from the context menu.
In the Details of “Body Sizing,” enter “1.5e-3 m” for the Element Size.
Click on the surface body in the Graphics window and apply it to the
Geometry selection. In the Outline of Project, right-click on the Mesh
and select Generate Mesh
Step 9: Apply Boundary Conditions
Right-click on Static Structural (A5) and select Insert and then Fixed
Support from the context menu
Ctrl-Click all six sides of the polygon as highlighted in the Graphics
window. You must turn on the Edge Selection filter to select a line. Click
Apply on the Geometry selection field in the Details of “Fixed Support.”
Step 9: Apply Boundary Conditions
Step 10: Apply Load
In the Outline, right-click on Static Structural (A5). Choose Insert and
then Pressure
In the Details of “Pressure”, click on the arc as shown below and apply it
to the Geometry selection. The Edge Selection filter must be turned on
to allow this selection. Choose Vector for the Define By field, and enter
“2e6” for Magnitude. Click on the vertical line as shown below and click
Apply to confirm on the Direction selection. Make sure the vector is
pointing downward. If not, click the left or right arrow at the bottom left
corner to toggle direction
Step 10: Apply Load
Click on the arc to

apply pressure.
Click on this vertical

line to use as a
direction reference.
Click on the left or right arrow to

toggle the vector direction.
Step 11: Retrieve Solution
Insert a Total Deformation item by right-clicking on Solution (A6) in the
Outline tree
Insert an Equivalent Stress item by right-clicking on Solution (A6) in the
Outline tree
And then right-click on Solution (A6) in the Outline tree and select Solve.
The program will start to solve the model.
After completion, click Total Deformation in the Outline to review the
total deformation results. As shown below, the maximum deformation
occurs at the two end tips on the left side of the wrench with a
magnitude of 0.138 mm under the assigned pressure load
Step 11: Retrieve Solution
Select Equivalent Stress in the Outline to review the von Mises stress
distribution. The following figure shows that the maximum von Mises
stress is located at the two entrant corners on the right side of the
wrench with a magnitude of 165.68 MPa, which is below 207 MPa, the
yield strength of stainless steel.
Decrease the element size in the Details of “Body Sizing” and solve again
to see if there is any increase in the solution accuracy

SYS Training Manual: 2D & 3D Solid Analysis

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ANSYS Training Manual

2D & 3D Solid Analysis

Displacements (u, v) in a plane element can be interpolated from nodal

where: B is the strain–displacement matrix

Click on the arc to

Click on this vertical

Click on the left or right arrow to

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