3.

EMI & AC

1. MAGNETIC FLUX
Various Methods of Producing induced E.M.F.
(1) The total number of magnetic lines of force passing
normally through an area placed in a magnetic field is equal We have learnt that e.m.f. is induced in a circuit, whenever
to the magnetic flux linked with that area. the amount of magnetic flux linked with the circuit is
changed. As I = BA cos T, the magnetic flux I can be
changed by changing B, A or T. Hence there are three
methods of producing induced e.m.f.
1. By changing the magnitude of magnetic field B,
2. By changing the area A, i.e., by shrinking or stretching or
changing the shape of the coil.
3. By changing angle T between the direction of B and normal
to the surface area A, i.e., changing the relative orientation
of the surface area and the magnetic field.
(2) Net flux through the surface I = ³ B. dA = BA cos T
3. LENZ’S LAW
(T is the angle between area vector and magnetic field
vector) If T = 0o then I= BA, If T = 90o then I = 0 This law gives the direction of induced emf/induced current.
According to this law, the direction of induced emf or current in a
(3) Unit and Dimension : Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It’s
circuit is such as to oppose the cause that produces it. This law is
S.I. unit is weber (wb), CGS unit is Maxwell or Gauss × cm2;
based upon law of conservation of energy.
(1wb = 108 Maxwell).
(1) When N-pole of a bar magnet moves towards the coil, the
Num Joule Volt u Coulomb
(4) Other units : Tesla × m 2 flux associated with loop increases and an emf is induced
Amp Amp Amp
in it. Since the circuit of loop is closed, induced current
= Volt × sec = Ohm × Coulomb = Henry × Amp. It’s also flows in it.
dimensional formula [I] = [ML2T–2A–1]
(2) Cause of this induced current, is approach of north pole
2. FARADAY’S LAWS OF EMI and therefore to oppose the cause, i.e., to repel the
approaching north pole, the induced current in loop is in
(1) First law : Whenever the number of magnetic lines of such a direction so that the front face of loop behaves as
force (magnetic flux) passing through a circuit changes an north pole. Therefore induced current as seen by observer
emf is produced in the circuit called induced emf. The O is in anticlockwise direction. (figure)
induced emf persists only as long as there is change or
cutting of flux.
(2) Second law : The induced emf is given by rate of change
dI
of magnetic flux linked with the circuit i.e. e  . . For
dt
NdI
N turns e  ; Negative sign indicates that induced
dt
emf (e) opposes the change of flux. (3) If the loop is free to move the cause of induced emf in the
coil can also be termed as relative motion. Therefore to
Induced current (i) Induced charge (q) Induced power (P)
oppose the cause, the relative motion between the
e N dI e2 N 2 § dI ·
2 approaching magnet and the loop should be opposed.
N
i  . dq idt  .dI P ¨ ¸ For this, the loop will itself start moving in the direction of
R R dt R R R © dt ¹
motion of the magnet.
Induced charge It depends on (4) It is important to remember that whenever cause of induced
is time indepen- time and resistance emf is relative motion, the new motion is always in the
dent. direction of motion of the cause.

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Table : The various positions of relative motion between the magnet and the coil

Position of magnet

Direction of Anticlockwise direction Clockwise direction Clockwise direction Anticlockwise direction

induced current

Behaviour of face As a north pole As a south pole As a south pole As a north pole
of the coil

Type of magnetic Repulsive force Attractive force Repulsive force Attractive force
force opposed

Magnetic field linked Cross (×), Increases Cross (×), Decreases Dots (˜) Increases Dots (˜) Decreases
with the coil and it’s
progress as viewed
from left
4. EDDY CURRENT
(i) Dead-beat galvanometer : A dead beat galvanometer
When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of means one whose pointer comes to rest in the final
conducting material then circulating currents called eddy currents equilibrium position immediately without any oscillation
are induced in the material. Because the resistance of the bulk about the equilibrium position when a current is passed
conductor is usually low, eddy currents often have large in its coil.
magnitudes and heat up the conductor.
This is achieved by winding the coil on a metallic
(1) These are circulating currents like eddies in water.
frame the large eddy currents induced in the frame provide
(2) Experimental concept given by Focault hence also named electromagnetic damping.
as “Focault current”.
(ii) Electric-brakes : When the train is running its wheel is
(3) The production of eddy currents in a metallic block leads
moving in air and when the train is to be stopped by
to the loss of electric energy in the form of heat.
electric breaks the wheel is made to move in a field created
(4) By Lamination, slotting processes the resistance path for
by electromagnet. Eddy currents induced in the wheels
circulation of eddy current increases, resulting in to
due to the changing flux oppose the cause and stop
weakening them and also reducing losses causes by them
the train.
(iii) Induction furnace : Joule’s heat causes the melting of a
metal piece placed in a rapidly changing magnetic field.
(iv) Speedometer : In the speedometer of an automobile, a
magnet is geared to the main shaft of the vehicle and it
rotates according to the speed of the vehicle. The magnet
is mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the help of
hair springs. When the magnet rotates, it produces eddy
currents in the drum and drags it through an angle, which
indicates the speed of the vehicle on a calibrated scale.
(v) Energy meter : In energy meters, the armature coil carries
a metallic aluminium disc which rotates between the poles
of a pair of permanent horse shoe magnets. As the
armature rotates, the current induced in the disc tends
(5) Application of eddy currents : Though most of the times to oppose the motion of the armature coil. Due to this
eddy currents are undesirable but they find some useful braking effect, deflection is proportional to the energy
applications as enumerated below consumed.

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5. INDUCED CHARGE FLOW

When a current is induced in the circuit due to the flux change,
charge flows through the circuit and the net amount of charge
which flows along the circuit is given as :

1 dI 1
q ³ i dt ³ R dt
dt
R
dI ³ when r < a; E =
r dB
2 dt
; En v r

'I 'I 7. DYNAMIC (MOTIONAL) EMI DUE

Ÿ q and q N for N turns.
R R TO TRANSLATORY MOTION

6. INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELD (1) Consider a conducting rod of length l moving with a

It is non-conservative and non-electrostatic in nature. Its field uniform velocity v perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
lines are concentric circular closed curves.
field B , directed into the plane of the paper. Let the rod be
dB moving to the right as shown in figure. The conducting
A time varying magnetic field always produced induced electrons also move to the right as they are trapped within
dt
the rod.
electric field in all space surrounding it.
Induced electric field (E in) is directly proportional to

induced emf so e = ³E in .d A ..…(i)

dI
From Faraday’s second laws e  ..…(ii)
dt

dI Conducting electrons experiences a magnetic force

From (i) and (ii) e ³ E in .d A 
dt
This is known as Fm = evB. So they move from P to Q within the rod. The
end P of the rod becomes positively charged while end Q
integral form of Faraday’s laws of EMI.
becomes negatively charged, hence an electric field is set
up within the rod which opposes the further downward
movement of electrons i.e. an equilibrium is reached and
in equilibrium Fe = Fm i.e. eE = evB or E = vB

ª Vº
Ÿ Induced emf e = El = Bvl «E
¬ A »¼

(2) If rod is moving by making an angle T with the direction of

magnetic field or length. Induced emf e = Bvl sinT

A uniform but time varying magnetic field B(t) exists in a

circular region of radius ‘a’ and is directed into the plane
of the paper as shown, the magnitude of the induced
electric field (Ein) at point P lies at a distance r from the
centre of the circular region is calculated as follows.

dI dB dB
So ³E in .d A e
dt
A
dt
i.e. E 2 Sr Sa 2
dt

a 2 dB 1
where r t a or E ; E in v (3) Motion of conducting rod on an inclined plane : When
2r dt r conductor start sliding from the top of an inclined plane

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156 EMI AND AC

as shown, it moves perpendicular to it’s length but at an (2) Magnetic force : Conductor PQ experiences a magnetic
angle (90  T ) with the direction of magnetic field. force in opposite direction of it’s motion and

§ BvA · B 2 vA 2
Fm BiA B¨ ¸A
© R ¹ R

(3) Power dissipated in moving the conductor : For uniform

motion of rod PQ, the rate of doing mechanical work by
external agent or mech. Power delivered by external source
is given as

dW B 2 vA 2 B2 v 2A 2
Pmech Pext Fext .v uv
Hence induced emf across the ends of conductor dt R R
e = Bv sin(90 – T)l = Bvl cosT (4) Electrical power : Also electrical power dissipated in
BvA cos T resistance or rate of heat dissipation across resistance is
So induced current i (Directed from Q to P). given as
R
2
The forces acting on the bar are shown in following figure. H § BvA · B2 v 2A 2
Pthermal i 2R ¨ ¸ .R ; Pthermal
The rod will move down with constant velocity only if t © R ¹ R
Fm cos T = mg cos (90 – T) = mg sin T (It is clear that Pmech. = Pthermal which is consistent with the
Ÿ Bil cos T = mg sin T principle of conservation of energy.)
(5) Motion of conductor rod in a vertical plane : If conducting
§ Bv A cos T · mgR sin T
B¨ T ¸A cos T mg sin T Ÿ vT rod released from rest (at t = 0) as shown in figure then
© R ¹ B 2 A 2 cos 2 T with rise in it’s speed (v), induces emf (e), induced current
(i), magnetic force (Fm) increases but it’s weight remains
8. MOTIONAL EMI IN LOOP BY GENERATED AREA constant.
Rod will achieve a constant maximum (terminal) velocity
If conducting rod moves on two parallel conducting rails
vT if Fm = mg
as shown in following figure then phenomenon of induced
emf can also be understand by the concept of generated B 2 v T2 A 2 mgR
area (The area swept of conductor in magnetic field, during So mg Ÿ vT
R B2A 2
it’s motion)

As shown in figure in time t distance travelled by conductor = vt

SPECIAL CASES
Area generated A = lvt. Flux linked with this area I = BA =
Motion of train and aeroplane in earth’s magnetic field
dI
Blvt. Hence induced emf e BvA
dt

(1) Induced current :

e BvA
i
R R

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EMI AND AC 157

Induced emf across the axle of the wheels of the train and it is
across the tips of the wing of the aeroplane is given by e = B vlv
where l = length of the axle or distance between the tips of the
wings of plane, B v = vertical component of earth’s magnetic field
and v = speed of train or plane.

9. MOTIONAL EMI DUE TO ROTATIONAL MOTION

(1) Conducting rod : A conducting rod of length l whose one
end is fixed, is rotated about the axis passing through it’s
fixed end and perpendicular to it’s length with constant
angular velocity Z. Magnetic field (B) is perpendicular to
the plane of the paper.
emf induces across the ends of the rod
where Q = frequency (revolution per sec) and T = Time
period.
(4) Semicircular conducting loop : If a semi-circular
conducting loop (ACD) of radius ‘r’ with centre at O, the
plane of loop being in the plane of paper. The loop is now
made to rotate with a constant angular velocity Z, about
an axis passing through O and perpendicular to the plane
of paper. The effective resistance of the loop is R.

In time t the area swept by the loop in the field i.e. region II

(2) Cycle wheel : A conducting wheel each spoke of length l 1 1 2 dA r 2Z

A r rT r Zt ;
is rotating with angular velocity Z in a given magnetic 2 2 dt 2
field as shown below in fig. Flux link with the rotating loop at time t I = BA. Hence induced

Due to flux cutting each metal spoke becomes identical dI dA BZr 2

emf in the loop in magnitude e B and
cell of emf e (say), all such identical cells connected in dt dt 2
parallel fashion enet = e (emf of single cell). Let N be the e BZr 2
induced current i
R 2R
1
number of spokes hence e net B ZA 2 ; Z 2Sv
2 10. PERIODIC EMI
Suppose a rectangular coil having N turns placed initially in a
magnetic field such that magnetic field is perpendicular to it’s
plane as shown.
Z–Angular speed
v–Frequency of rotation of coil
R–Resistance of coil
Here e net v N 0 i.e. total emf does not depends on number
of spokes ‘N’.
(3) Faraday copper disc generator : A metal disc can be
assumed to made of uncountable radial conductors when
metal disc rotates in transverse magnetic field these
radial conductors cuts away magnetic field lines and
because of this flux cutting all becomes identical cells each

1
of emf ‘e’ where e BZr 2
2

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158 EMI AND AC

For uniform rotational motion with Z, the flux linked with coil at (1) Coefficient of self-induction : Number of flux linkages with
any time t the coil is proportional to the current i. i.e. NI v i or

I = NBA cos T = NBA cos Zt NI Li (N is the number of turns in coil and NI – total

I = I0 cosZt where I0 = NBA = maximum flux NI

flux linkage). Hence L = coefficient of self-induction.
i
(1) Induced emf in coil : Induced emf also changes in periodic
manner that’s why this phenomenon called periodic EMI (2) If i = 1amp, N = 1 then, L = I i.e. the coefficient of self
dI induction of a coil is equal to the flux linked with the coil
e  = NBA Z sinZt Ÿ e = e0 sinZt where e0 = emf when the current in it is 1 amp.
dt
amplitude or max. emf = NBA Z = I0Z dI
(3) By Faraday’s second law induced emf e N . Which
dt
e e0
(2) Induced current : At any time t, i sinZt = i0
R R di di
gives e L ; If = amp/sec then | e |= L.
sinZt where i 0 = current amplitude or max. current dt dt

e0 NBAZ I0 Z Hence coefficient of self induction is equal to the emf

i0
R R R induced in the coil when the rate of change of current in
the coil is unity.
11. INDUCTANCE
(4) Units and dimensional formula of ‘L’ : It’s S.I. unit
(1) Inductance is that property of electrical circuits which
opposes any change in the current in the circuit. weber Tesla u m 2 Num Joule Coulomb u volt
2 2
Amp Amp Amp Amp Amp 2
(2) Inductance is inherent property of electrical circuits. It will
always be found in an electrical circuit whether we want it
or not. volt u sec
ohm u sec . But practical unit is henry (H).
amp
(3) A straight wire carrying current with no iron part in the
circuit will have lesser value of inductance. It’s dimensional formula [L] = [ML2T–2A–2]
(4) Inductance is analogous to inertia in mechanics, because (5) Dependence of self inductance (L) : ‘L’ does not depend
inductance of an electrical circuit opposes any change of upon current flowing or change in current flowing but it
current in the circuit. depends upon number of turns (N), Area of cross section
(A) and permeability of medium (P).
11.1 Self Induction
‘L’ does not play any role till there is a constant current
Whenever the electric current passing through a coil or circuit
flowing in the circuit. ‘L’ comes in to the picture only when
changes, the magnetic flux linked with it will also change. As a
there is a change in current.
result of this, in accordance with Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction, an emf is induced in the coil or the circuit which opposes (6) Magnetic potential energy of inductor : In building a
the change that causes it. This phenomenon is called ‘self steady current in the circuit, the source emf has to do
induction’ and the emf induced is called back emf, current so work against of self inductance of coil and whatever
produced in the coil is called induced current. energy consumed for this work stored in magnetic field
of coil this energy called as magnetic potential energy (U)
of coil

i 1 2
U ³0
Lidi
2
Li ;

1 NIi
Also U Li i
2 2

(7) The various formulae for L

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Condition Figure 11.2 Mutual Induction

Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit changes,

the magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring coil or circuit will
Circular coil also change. Hence an emf will be induced in the neighbouring
coil or circuit. This phenomenon is called ‘mutual induction’.
P 0 SN 2 r
L
2

Solenoid

P0 N 2r
L P 0 n 2 AA
A

(1) Coefficient of mutual induction : Total flux linked with the

secondary due to current in the primary is N2I2 and N2I2
P0 N2r
Toroid L
2 v i1 Ÿ N2I2= Mi1 where N1 - Number of turns in primary;
N2 - Number of turns in secondary; I2 - Flux linked with
each turn of secondary; i1 - Current flowing through
primary; M-Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
inductance.
Square coil (2) According to Faraday’s second law emf induces in

2 2P 0 N 2 a dI 2 di1
L secondary e 2 N 2 ; e2 M
S dt dt

Triangular coil di1 1Amp

(3) If then |e2| = M. Hence coefficient of mutual
dt sec
P 0 18 Ni
B . induction is equal to the emf induced in the secondary
4S A
coil when rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.

§ P 18Ni · §¨ 3 2 ·¸ (4) Units and dimensional formula of M : Similar to self-

N¨ 0 . ¸u A
© 4S A ¹ ¨© 4 ¸
¹
inductance (L)
L
i (5) Dependence of mutual inductance
(i) Number of turns (N1, N2) of both coils
9 3 P0 N 2A
L Ÿ L v N2 (ii) Coefficient of self inductances (L1, L2) of both the coils
8S
(iii) Area of cross-section of coils

Coaxial cylinders (iv) Magnetic permeability of medium between the coils (Pr)
P0 r or nature of material on which two coils are wound
L log e 2
2Sr r1
(v) Distance between two coils (As d increases so M
2.303 r decreases)
P 0 log10 2
2Sr r1
(vi) Orientation between primary and secondary coil (for 90o
orientation no flux relation M = 0)
(vii) Coupling factor ‘K’ between primary and secondary
coil

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160 EMI AND AC

(6) Relation between M, L1 and L2 : For two magnetically Condition Figure

coupled coils M K L1L 2 ; where k – coefficient of
Two concentric coplaner
coupling or coupling factor which is defined as
circular coils

K
Magnetic flux linked in sec ondary
; SP 0 N1N 2 r 2
M
Magnetic flux linked in primary 2R
0d K d 1

Two Solenoids

P 0 N1 N 2 A
M
A

Two concentric
(7) The various formulae for M : coplaner square coils

P 0 2 2 N1 N 2 A 2
M
SL

12. COMBINATION OF INDUCTANCE

(1) Series : If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 having mutual inductance are in series and are far from each other, so that the
mutual induction between them is negligible, then net self inductance LS = L1 + L2

When they are situated close to each other, then net inductance LS = L1 + L2 ± 2M

Mutual induction is absent (k = 0) Mutual induction is present and Mutual induction is present and
favours self inductance of coils opposes self inductance of coils

Leq = L1 + L2

Current in same direction Current in opposite direction

Winding nature same Opposite winding nature
Their flux assist each other Their flux opposes each other
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M

(2) Parallel : If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 having When they are situated close to each other, then
mutual inductance are connected in parallel and are far
1 1 1 L1L 2  M 2
from each other, then net inductance L is  LP
LP L1 L 2 L1  L 2 r 2M

L1L 2
Ÿ LP
L1  L 2

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EMI AND AC 161

Mutual induction is absent (k = 0) Mutual induction is present and Mutual induction is present and
favours self inductance of coils opposes self inductance of coil

L1L 2 L1L 2  M 2 L1L 2  M 2

L eq L eq L eq
L1  L 2 L1  L 2  2M L1  L 2  2M

13. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CURRENT IN LR­ CIRCUIT

If a circuit containing a pure inductor L and a resistor R in series

with a battery and a key then on closing the circuit current
through the circuit rises exponentially and reaches up to a certain
maximum value (steady state). If circuit is opened from it’s steady
state condition then current through the circuit decreases
exponentially.
(4) Behaviour of inductor : The current in the circuit grows
exponentially with time from 0 to the maximum value

§ E·
i¨ ¸ . Just after closing the switch as i = 0, inductor act
© R¹

as open circuit i.e. broken wires and long after the switch
has been closed as i = i0, the inductor act as a short circuit
i.e. a simple connecting wire.

(1) The value of current at any instant of time t after closing

the circuit (i.e. during the rising of current) is given by

ª  tº
R
E
i i 0 «1  e L » ; where i 0 i max = steady state
«¬ »¼ R

current.
(2) The value of current at any instant of time t after opening
from the steady state condition (i.e. during the decaying
R
 t
of current) is given by i i 0e L

L
(3) Time constant (W) : It is given as W ; It’s unit is second.
R
In other words the time interval, during which the current
in an inductive circuit rises to 63% of its maximum value at 14. LC­ OSCILLATION
make, is defined as time constant or it is the time interval,
during which the current after opening an inductive circuit When a charged capacitor C having an initial charge q 0 is
falls to 37% of its maximum value. discharged through an inductance L, the charge and current in the

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162 EMI AND AC

circuit start oscillating simple harmonically. If the resistance of

the circuit is zero, no energy is dissipated as heat. We also assume
an idealized situation in which energy is not radiated away from
the circuit. The total energy associated with the circuit is constant.

1 rad
Frequency of oscillation is given by Z
LC sec

1 The oscillation of the LC circuit are an electromagnetic analog to

or v Hz
2S LC the mechanical oscillation of a block-spring system.

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EMI AND AC 163

15. DC MOTOR Ee E  kZ ; When motor

(5) Current in the motor : i
R R
It is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. E
is just switched on i.e. Z = 0 so e = 0 hence i =
(1) Principle : It is based on the fact that a current carrying R
coil placed in the magnetic field experiences a torque. This
maximum and at full speed, Z is maximum so back emf e is
torque rotates the coil.
maximum and i is minimum. Thus, maximum current is drawn
when the motor is just switched on which decreases when
motor attains the speed.
(6) Motor starter : At the time of start a large current flows
through the motor which may burn out it. Hence a starter
is used for starting a dc motor safely. Its function is to
introduce a suitable resistance in the circuit at the time of
(2) Construction : It consists of the following components starting of the motor. This resistance decreases gradually
figure. and reduces to zero when the motor runs at full speed.

The value of starting resistance is maximum at time t = 0

and its value is controlled by spring and electromagnetic
system and is made to zero when the motor attains its safe
ABCD = Armature coil, S1, S2 = split ring comutators speed.
B1, B2 = Carbon brushes, N, S = Strong magnetic poles (7) Mechanical power and Efficiency of dc motor :

(3) Working : Force on any arm of the coil is given by Pmechanical Pout e Back e.m.f .
Efficiency K
Psup plied Pin E Supply voltage
F i A u B in fig., force on AB will be perpendicular to
plane of the paper and pointing inwards. Force on CD will (8) Uses of dc motors : They are used in electric locomotives,
be equal and opposite. So coil rotates in clockwise sense electric ears, rolling mills, electric cranes, electric lifts, dc
when viewed from top in fig. The current in AB reverses drills, fans and blowers, centrifugal pumps and air
due to commutation keeping the force on AB and CD in compressors, etc.
such a direction that the coil continues to rotate in the
16. DC GENERATOR
same direction.
If the current produced by the generator is direct current, then the
(4) Back emf in motor : Due to the rotation of armature coil in
generator is called dc generator.
magnetic field a back emf is induced in the circuit. Which
is given by e = E – iR. dc generator consists of (i) Armature (coil) (ii) Magnet (iii)
Commutator (iv) Brushes
Back emf directly depends upon the angular velocity Z of
In dc generator commutator is used in place of slip rings. The
armature and magnetic field B. But for constant magnetic commutator rotates along with the coil so that in every cycle
field B, value of back emf e is given by e v Z or e = kZ when direction of ‘e’ reverses, the commutator also reverses or
(e = NBAZ sinZt) makes contact with the other brush so that in the external load the
current remains in the some direction giving dc

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164 EMI AND AC

7. If an aeroplane is landing down or taking off and its wings

are in the east-west direction, then the potential difference
or emf will be induced across the wings. If an aeroplane is
landing down or taking off and its wings are in the north-
south direction, then no potential difference or emf will be
induced.

8. When a conducting rod moving horizontally on equator

of earth no emf induces because there is no vertical
component of earth’s magnetic field. But at poles BV is
maximum so maximum flux cutting hence emf induces.

9. When a conducting rod falling freely in earth’s magnetic

field such that it’s length lies along East - West direction
TIPS AND TRICKS then induced emf continuously increases w.r.t. time and
induced current flows from West - East.
1. If a bar magnet moves towards a fixed conducting coil,
then due to the flux changes an emf, current and charge 10. 1 henry = 109 emu of inductance or 109 ab-henry.
induces in the coil. If speed of magnet increases then
induced emf and induced current increases but induced 11. Inductance at the ends of a solenoid is half of it’s the
charge remains same
§ 1 ·
inductance at the centre. ¨ L end L centre ¸ .
© 2 ¹

12. A thin long wire made up of material of high resistivity

behaves predominantly as a resistance. But it has some
amount of inductance as well as capacitance in it. It is
thus difficult to obtain pure resistor. Similarly it is difficult
to obtain pure capacitor as well as pure inductor.
Induced parameter : e1, i1, q1
e2 ( > e1), i2( > i1), q2 (= q1) 13. Due to inherent presence of self inductance in all electrical
circuits, a resistive circuit with no capacitive or inductive
2. Can ever electric lines of force be closed curve ? Yes,
element in it, also has some inductance associated with
when produced by a changing magnetic field.
it.
3. No flux cutting No EMI
G JG G
The effect of self-inductance can be eliminated as in the
4. Vector form of motional emf : e vuB A coils of a resistance box by doubling back the coil on itself.

5. In motional emf B, v and A are three vectors. If any two

vector are parallel – No flux cutting.

14. It is not possible to have mutual inductance without self

inductance but it may or may not be possible self
inductance without mutual inductance.

di
6. A piece of metal and a piece of non-metal are dropped from 15. If main current through a coil increases (in) so will be
dt
the same height near the surface of the earth. The non-
metallic piece will reach the ground first because there will positive (+ve), hence induced emf e will be negative (i.e.
be no induced current in it. opposite emf) Ÿ Enet = E – e

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ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. THE ALTERNATING CURRENT

The magnitude of alternating current changes

continuously with time and its direction is reversed
16. Sometimes at sudden opening of key, because of high periodically. It is represented by
inductance of circuit a high momentarily induced emf
produced and a sparking occurs at key position. To I I 0 sin Z t or I I 0 cos Z t
avoid sparking a capacitor is connected across the
key. 2S
Z 2Sv
17. Sometimes at sudden opening of key, because of high T
inductance of circuit a high momentarily induced emf
produced and a sparking occurs at key position. To 2. AVERAGE VALUE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
avoid sparking a capacitor is connected across the
key. The mean or average value of alternating current over any
half cycle is defined as that value of steady current which
18. One can have resistance with or without inductance but
would send the same amount of charge through a circuit in
one can’t have inductance without having resistance.
the time of half cycle (i.e. T/2) as is sent by the alternating
19. The circuit behaviour of an inductor is quite different from current through the same circuit, in the same time.
that of a resistor. while a resistor opposes the current i, an
To calculate the mean or average value, let an alternating
di current be represented by
inductor opposes the change in the circuit.
dt I = I0 sin Z t ...(1)
If the strength of current is assumed to remain constant
for a small time, dt, then small amount of charge sent in a
small time dt is
dq = I dt ...(2)
Let q be the total charge sent by alternating current in the
first half cycle (i.e. 0 o T/2).
20. In RL-circuit with dc source the time taken by the current
T/2
to reach half of the maximum value is called half life time
? q ³ I dt
L 0

and it is given by T = 0.693 .

R
T/2
ª cos Zt º
T/2

21. dc motor is a highly versatile energy conversion device. It Using (1), we get, q ³I
0
0 sin Zt.dt I0 «
¬ Z »¼ 0
can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting
torque, high accelerating and decelerating torque.
I0 ª T º
 cos Z  cos 0q »
22. When a source of emf is connected across the two ends of Z «¬ 2 ¼
the primary winding alone or across the two ends of
secondary winding alone, ohm’s law can be applied. But 10
 cos S  cos 0q 'Z T 2S
in the transformer as a whole, ohm’s law should not be Z
applied because primary winding and secondary winding
are not connected electrically. I0 2I 0
q  1  1 ...(3)
Z Z
23. Even when secondary circuit of the transformer is open it
also draws some current called no load primary current for If Im represents the mean or average value of alternating
supplying no load Cu and iron loses. current over the 1st half cycle, then

24. Transformer has highest possible efficiency out of all the T

q Im u ...(4)
electrical machines. 2

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166 EMI AND AC

T I0 2 I0 .T 3.1 Phasor Diagram

From (3) and (4), we get I m u 2 ...(5)
2 Z 2S
In the a.c. circuit containing R only, current and voltage
2 are in the same phase. Therefore, in figure, both phasors
or Im I0 0.637 I0
S G G
I0 and E 0 are in the same direction making an angle (Zt)
Hence, mean or average value of alternating current over
positive half cycle is 0.637 times the peak value of with OX. This is so for all times. It means that the phase
alternating current, i.e., 63.7% of the peak value. angle between alternating voltage and alternating current
through R is zero.
3. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTANCE ONLY I = I0 sin Zt and E = E0 sin Zt.

Let a source of alternating e.m.f. be connected to a pure
resistance R, Figure. Suppose the alternating e.m.f.
supplied is represented by
E = E0 sin Zt ...(1)
Let I be the current in the circuit at any instant t. The
potential difference developed across R will be IR. This
must be equal to e.m.f. applied at that instant, i.e.,
IR = E = E0 sin Zt
4. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING INDUCTANCE ONLY
In an a.c. circuit containing L only alternating current I
lags behind alternating voltage E by a phase angle of 90°,
i.e., by one fourth of a period. Conversely, voltage across
L leads the current by a phase angle of 90°. This is shown
in figure.

Figure (b) represents the vector diagram or the phasor

diagram of a.c. circuit containing L only. The vector
G
representing E 0 makes an angle (Zt) with OX. As current
E0
or I sin Zt I 0 sin Zt ...(2) lags behing the e.m.f. by 90°, therefore, phasor representing
R G
I0 is turned clockwise through 90° from the direction of
where I0 = E0/R, maximum value of current.
This is the form of alternating current developed. G § S· v0
E0 . I I0 sin ¨ Zt  ¸ , I0 , XL = Z L
Comparing I0 = E0/R with Ohm’s law equation, viz. current © 2¹ xL
= voltage/resistance, we find that resistance to a.c. is A pure inductance offer zero resistance to dc. It means a
represented by R–which is the value of resistance to d.c. pure inductor cannot reduce dc. The units of inductive
reactance
Hence behaviour of R in d.c. and a.c. circuit is the same, R
can reduce a.c. as well as d.c. equally effectively. 1 1 1
XL = Z L Ÿ (henry) = ohm
Comparing (2) and (1), we find that E and I are in phase. sec sec amp / sec
Therefore, in an a.c. circuit containing R only, the voltage The dimensions of inductive reactance are the same as
and current are in the same phase, as shown in figure. those of resistance.

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EMI AND AC 167

5. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING CAPACITANCE ONLY

Let a source of alternating e.m.f. be connected to a capacitor

only of capacitance C, figure. Suppose the alternating e.m.f.
supplied is
E = E0 sin Zt ...(1)
The current flowing in the circuit transfers charge to the
plates of the capacitor. This produces a potential difference
between the plates. The capacitor is alternately charged
and discharged as the current reverses each half cycle. At
any instant t, suppose q is the charge on the capacitor. Comparing (3) with Ohm’s law equation, viz current =
Therefore, potential difference across the plates of voltage/resistance, we find that (1/Z C) represents
capacitor V = q/C. effective resistance offered by the capacitor. This is called
At every instant, the potential difference V must be equal capacitative reactance and is denoted by XC.
to the e.m.f. applied i.e.
1 1
Thus X C
q ZC 2SvC
V E E 0 sin Zt
C The capacitative reactance limits the amplitude of current in a
or q = CH0 sin Zt purely capacitative circuit in the same way as the resistance
If I is instantaneous value of current in the circuit at instant limits the current in a purely resistive circuit. Clearly,
t, then capacitative reactance varies inversely as the frequency of
a.c. and also inversely as the capacitance of the condenser.
dq d
I (CH0 sin Zt) In a d.c. circuit, v = 0, ? XC = f
dt dt
1 1 sec
I=CE0 (cos Zt) Z Xc sec
ZC farad coulomb / volt
E0
I sin Zt  S / 2 ...(2) volt sec .
1 / ZC ohm
amp. sec
The current will be maximum i.e.
I = I0, when sin (Zt + S/2) = maximum = 1 6. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTANCE,
E0 INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE AND SERIES
? From (2), I 0 u1 ...(3)
1 / ZC
Put in (2), I = I0 sin (Zt + S/2) ...(4) 6.1 Phasor Treatment

This is the form of alternating current developed. Let a pure resistance R, a pure inductance L and an ideal
Comparing (4) with (1), we find that in an a.c. circuit capacitor of capacitance C be connected in series to a source
containing C only, alternating current I leads the alternating of alternating e.m.f., figure. As R, L, C are in series, therefore,
e.m.f. by a phase angle of 90°. This is shown in figure (b) current at any instant through the three elements has the
and (c). same amplitude and phase. Let it be represented by
The phasor diagram or vector diagram of a.c. circuit containing I = I0 sin Zt
G
C only in shown in figure (b). The phasor I0 is turned
G
anticlockwise through 90° from the direction of phasor E 0 .
Their projections on YOY’ give the instantaneous values E
and I as shown in figure (b). When E0 and I0 rotate with
frequency Z, curves in figure (c). are generated.

However, voltage across each element bears a different

phase relationship with the current. Now,

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168 EMI AND AC

(i) The maximum voltage across R is potential difference across resistance = RI

G G
VR I0 R ? The voltage equation of the circuit is

G dI q
In figure, current phasor I0 is represented along OX. L  RI  = E = E sin Zt ...(2)
dt C 0

dq dI d 2q
As I , therefore,
dt dt dt 2

? The voltage equation becomes

d 2q dq q
L 2
R  E 0 sin Zt ...(3)
dt dt C
This is like the equation of a forced, damped oscillator. Let
the solution of equation (3) be
q = q0 sin (Zt + T)

dq
? q 0 Z cos Zt  T
dt
G
As VR is in phase with current, it is represented by the
d 2q
vector OA , along OX. q 0 Z2 sin Zt  T
dt 2
G G
(ii) The maximum voltage across L is VL I0 X L Substituting these values in equation (3), we get
2
L [–q0 Z sin (Zt + T)] + R q0 Z cos (Zt + T)
As voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90°, it
G
is represented by OB along OY, 90° ahead of I0 . q0
 sin (Zt  T) E 0 sin Zt
G G C
(iii) The maximum voltage across C is VC I0 X C
q 0 Z[R cos Zt  T  ZL sin Zt  T
As voltage across the capacitor lags behind the alternating
current by 90°, it is represented by OC rotated clockwise 1
 sin Zt  T ] E 0 sin Zt
G ZC
through 90° from the direction of I0 . OC is along OY’.
1
6.2 Analytical Treatment of RLC series circuit As ZL = XL and XC , therefore
ZC
Let a pure resistance R, a pure inductance L and an ideal q0 Z [R cos (Zt + T) + (XC – XL) sin (Zt + T)] = E0 sin Zt
condenser of capacity C be connected in series to a source Multiplying and dividing by
of alternating e.m.f. Suppose the alterning e.m.f. supplied
is Z R 2  XC  X L
2
, we get
E = E0 sin Zt ...(1)
At any instant of time t, suppose ªR X  XL º
q 0 ZZ « cos Zt  T  C sin Zt  T » = E sin Zt
q = charge on capacitor ¬Z Z ¼ 0

I = current in the circuit ...(4)

dI R XC  XL
dt
= rate of change of current in the circuit Let cos I and sin I ...(5)
Z Z
q XC  XL
? potential difference across the condenser
C so that tan I ...(6)
R

potential difference across inductor L

dI ? q0 Z Z[cos (Zt + T) cos I + sin (Zt + T) sin I] = E0 sin Zt
dt

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EMI AND AC 169

or q0 Z Z cos (Zt + T – I) = E0 sin Zt = E0 cos (Zt – S/2) ...(7)

Z R 2  X 2L
Comparing the two sides of this equation, we find that
E0 = q0 Z Z = I0 Z, where I0 q0Z ...(8) We find that in RL circuit, voltage leads the current by a
phase angle I, where
and Zt + TI = Zt – S/2
AK OL VL I0 X L
S tan I
? TI OA OA VR I0R
2

S XL
or T I ...(9) tan I
2 R
? Current in the circuit is
8. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTANCE
dq d AND CAPACITANCE
I q 0 sin Zt  T = q Z cos (Zt + T)
dt dt 0
Let a source of alternating e.m.f. be connected to an ohmic
I = I0 cos (Zt + T) {using (8)} resistance R and a condenser of capacity C, in series as
Using (9), we get, I = I0 cos (Zt + I– S/2) shown in figure.

I = I0 sin (Zt + I) ...(10) Z R 2  X C2

XC  X L
From (6), I tan 1 ...(11)
R
2 2
As cos I + sin I = 1

2 2
§ R · § XC  XL ·
? ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1
©Z¹ © Z ¹
2 2
or R2 + (XC – XL) = Z

or Z R 2  (X C  X L ) 2 ...(12)

7. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTING RESISTANCE & INDUCTANCE

Let a source of alternating e.m.f. be connected to an ohmic

resistance R and a coil of inductance L, in series as shown
in figure.

Figure represents phasor diagram of RC circuit. We find

that in RC circuit, voltage lags behind the current by a
phase angle I, where

AK OC VC I0 X C
tan I
OA OA VR I0 R

XC
tan I
R

9. ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

When a.c. is applied to an inductor of inductance L, the

current in it grows from zero to maximum steady value I0. If
I is the current at any instant t, then the magnitude of
induced e.m.f. developed in the inductor at that instant is

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170 EMI AND AC

dI 1 1
E L ...(1) i.e., Zr L or Z r
dt Zr C LC
The self induced e.m.f. is also called the back e.m.f., as it 1
2S v r 1
opposes any change in the current in the circuit. or v r
LC 2S LC
Physically, the self inductance plays the role of inertia. It
At this particular frequency vr, as XL = XC, therefore, from
is the electromagnetic analogue of mass in mechanics.
(1)
Therefore, work needs to be done against the back e.m.f. E
in establishing the current. This work done is stored in the Z R 2  0 = R = minimum
inductor as magnetic potential energy.
i.e. impedance of RLC circuit is minimum and hence the
For the current I at an instant t, the rate of doing work is
E0 E0
current I 0 becomes maximum. This frequency
dW Z R
EI
dt is called series resonance frequency.
If we ignore the resistive losses, and consider only
inductive effect, then

dW dI
Using (1), EI L u I or dW = LI dI
dt dt
Total amount of work done in establishing the current I is

I
1 2
W ³ dW ³ LI dI
0
2
LI

Thus energy required to build up current in an inductor =

energy stored in inductor

1 2 The Q factor of series resonant circuit is defined as the

UB W LI
2 ratio of the voltage developed across the inductance or
capacitance at resonance to the impressed voltage, which
10. ELECTRIC RESONANCE is the voltage applied across R.

10.1 Series Resonance Circuit voltage across L or C

i.e. Q
applied voltage ( voltage across R )
A circuit in which inductance L, capacitance C and
resistance R are connected in series, and the circuit admits Zr L I Zr L
maximum current corresponding to a given frequency of Q
RI R
a.c., is called series resonance circuit.
1 / Zr C I I
The impedance (Z) of an RLC circuit is given by or Q
RI RC Zr
2
§ 1 · 1
Z R  ¨ ZL 
2
¸ ...(1) Using Zr , we get
© ZC ¹ LC

At very low frequencies, inductive reactance XL = ZL is L 1 1 L

Q
negligible, but capacitative reactance (XC = 1/ZC) is very R LC R C
high.
1 LC 1 L
As frequency of alternating e.m.f. applied to the circuit is or Q
increased, X L goes on increasing and X C goes on RC R C
decreasing. For a particular value of Z ( = Zr, say)
1 L
Thus Q ...(1)
XL = XC R C

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EMI AND AC 171

§ Z · W E 0 I 0 cos I T E 0 I0
The quantity ¨ r ¸ is regarded as a measure of P . cos I
© 2 'Z ¹ T T 2 2 2
sharpness of resonance, i.e., Q factor of resonance circuit P = Ev Iv cos I ...(3)
is the ratio of resonance angular frequency to band width Hence average power over a complete cycle in an inductive
of the circuit (which is difference in angular frequencies at circuit is the product of virtual e.m.f., virtual current and
which power is half the maximum power or current is cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and current.
I0 / 2 .

10.2 Average Power in RLC circuit or Inductive Circuit

The relation (3) is applicable to all a.c. circuits. cos I and
Let the alternating e.m.f. applied to an RLC circuit be
Z will have appropriate values for difference circuits.
E = E0 sin Zt ...(1)
For example :
If alternating current developed lags behind the applied
e.m.f. by a phase angle I, then R
(i) In RL circuit, Z R 2  X 2L and cos I
I = I0 sin (Zt – I) ...(2) Z

dW R
Power at instant t, EI (ii) In RC circuit, Z R 2  X C2 and cos I
dt Z
(iii) In LC circuit, Z = XL – XC and I = 90°
dW
E 0 sin Zt u I 0 sin Zt  I
dt R
(iv) In RLC circuit, Z R 2  XL  XC
2
and cos I
= E0 I0 sin Zt (sin Zt cos I– cos Zt sin I) Z
2
= E0I0 sin Zt cos I– E0I0 sin Zt cos Zt sin I Ev
In all a.c. circuits, I v
Z
2 E 0I0
= E0I0 sin Zt cos I  sin 2 Zt sin I
2
10.3 Power Factor of an A.C. Circuit
If this instantaneous power is assumed to remain constant
We have proved that average power/cycle in an inductive
for a small time dt, then small amount of work done in this
circuit is
time is
P = EvIv cos I ...(1)
§ E I ·
dW ¨ E 0 I 0 sin 2 Zt cos I  0 0 sin 2 Zt sin I ¸ dt Here, P is called true power, (EvIv) is called apparent power
© 2 ¹ or virtual power and cos I is called power factor of the
Total work done over a complete cycle is circuit.

true power (P)

T T
E0I0 Thus, Power factor = cos I
W ³
0
E 0 I 0 sin 2 Zt cos I dt  ³
0
2
sin 2Zt sin I dt apparent power E v I v

...(2)
T T
E0I0
W ³
E 0 I 0 cos I sin 2 Zt dt 
2 ³
sin I sin 2 Zt dt R
2 [from impedance triangle]
0 0 R  XL  XC
2

T T
T Resistance
As ³
0
sin 2 Zt dt
2 0
³
and sin Zt dt 0 ? Power factor = cos I =
Impedance

In a non-inductance circuit, XL = XC
T
? W E 0 I 0 cos I u
2 R R
? Power factor = cos I = 1, I 0q ...(4)
? Average power in the inductive circuit over a complete R 2 R
cycle
This is the maximum value of power factor. In a pure

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172 EMI AND AC

inductor or an ideal capacitor, I = 90°
Power factor = cos I = cos 90° = 0
Average power consumed in a pure inductor or ideal a
capacitor, P = Ev Iv cos 90° = Zero. Therefore,
Theory and Working : As the armature coil is rotated in the
magnetic field, angle T between the field and normal to the
coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked
with the coil changes. An e.m.f. is induced in the coil.

current through pure L or pure C, which consumes no
power for its maintenance in the circuit is called Idle current
or Wattless current.
In actual practice, we do not have ideal inductor or ideal
capacitor. Therefore, there does occur some dissipation
of energy. However, inductance and capacitance continue
to be most suitable for controlling current in a.c. circuits
with minimum loss of power.
11. A.C. GENERATOR OR A.C. DYNAMO
To start with, suppose the plane of the coil is perpendicular
to the plane of the paper in which magnetic field is applied,
with AB at front and CD at the back, figure (a). The amount
of magnetic flux linked with the coil in this position is
maximum. As the coil is rotated anticlockwise (or
clockwise), AB moves inwards and CD moves outwards.
The amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil changes.
According to Fleming’s right hand rule, current induced
in AB is from A to B and in CD, it is from C to D. In the
external circuit, current flows from B2 to B1, figure (a)

An a.c. generator/dynamo is a machine which produces

alternating current energy from mechanical energy. It is
one of the most important applications of the phenomenon
of electromagnetic induction. The generator was designed
originally by a Yugoslav scientist, Nikola Tesla. The word
generator is a misnomer, because nothing is generated by
the machine. Infact, it is an alternator converting one form
of energy into another.

11.1 Principle

An a.c. generator/dynamo is based on the phenomenon

of electromagnetic induction, i.e., whenever amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an e.m.f. is
induced in the coil. It lasts so long as the change in
magnetic flux through the coil continues. The direction of
current induced is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.

11.2 Construction

The essential parts of an a.c. dynamo are shown in figure.

1. Armature : ABCD is a rectangular armatrue coil. It
consists of a large number of turns of insulated copper
wire wound over a laminated soft iron core, I. The coil can
be rotated about the central axis.
2. Field Magnets : N and S are the pole pieces of a strong
electromagnet in which the armature coil is rotated. Axis
of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
The magnetic field is of the order of 1 to 2 tesla.
3. Slip Rings : R1 and R2 are two hollow metallic rings, to
which two ends of armature coil are connected. These
rings rotate with the rotation of the coil.
4. Brushes : B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or
carbon rods. They are fixed and are kept in light contact
with R1 and R2 respectively. The purpose of brushes is to
pass on current from the armature coil to the external load
resistance R.

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EMI AND AC 173

After half the rotation of the coil, AB is at the back and CD The current supplied by the a.c. generator is also
is at the front, figure. Therefore, on rotating further, AB sinusoidal. It is given by
moves outwards and CD moves outwards and CD moves
e e0
inwards. The current induced in AB is from B to A and in i sin Zt i 0 win Zt
CD, it is from D to C. Through external circuit, current R R
flows from B1 to B2; figure (b). This is repeated. Induced e0
current in the external circuit changes direction after every where i 0 maximum value of current.
R
half rotation of the coil. Hence the current induced is
alternating in nature.
To calculate the magnitude of e.m.f. induced, suppose
N = number of turns in the coil, Suppose to start with, the plane of the coil is not
A = area enclosed by each turn of the coil perpendicular to the magnetic field. Therefore, at t = 0,
G T z 0. Let T G, the phase angle. This is the angle which
B = strength of magnetic field G
normal to the coil makes with the direction of B. The
G
T = angle which normal to the coil makes with B at any equation (4) of e.m.f. induced in that case can be rewritten
instant t, figure. as e = e0 sin (Zt + G).

12. TRANSFORMER
A transformer which increases the a.c. voltage is called a
step up transformer, A transformer which decreases the
a.c. voltages is called a step down transformer.
? Magnetic flux linked with the coil in this position
G G 12.1 Principle
I N B . A NBA cos T NBA cos Zt ...(1)
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual
where Z is angular velocity of the coil.
induction, i.e., whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked
As the coil is rotated, T changes; therefore, magnetic flux with a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighbouring
I linked with the coil changes and hence an e.m.f. is
coil.
induced in the coil.
12.2 Construction
At the instant t, if e is the e.m.f. induced in the coil, then
A transformer consists of a rectangular soft iron core made
 dI d
e  NAB cos Zt of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another, figure.
dt dt
Two coils P1P2 (the primary coil) and S1S2 (the secondary
d coil) are wound on the same core, but are well insulated
 NAB cos Zt  NAB  sin Zt Z
dt from each other. Note that both the coils are also insulated
from the core. The source of alternating e.m.f. (to be
E = NAB Z sin Zt ...(2)
transformed) is connected to the primary coil P1P2 and a
The induced e.m.f. will be maximum, when load resistance R is connected to the secondary coil S1S2
sin Zt = maximum = 1 through an open switch S. Thus, there can be no current
? emax = e0 = NAB Z × 1 ...(3) through the secondary coil so long as the switch is open.
Put in (2), e = e0 sin Zt ...(4)
The variation of induced e.m.f. with time (i.e. with position
of the coil) is shown in figure.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistances

of the primary and secondary windings are negligible.

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174 EMI AND AC

Further, the energy losses due to magnetic hysterisis in

Ep np
the iron core is also negligible. Well designed high capacity From (2),
Es ns
transformers may have energy losses as low as 1%.

12.3 Theory and working np Ip

? Is Ip . ...(3)
Let the alternating e.m.f. supplied by the a.c. source ns K
connected to primary be For a step up transformer, Es > Ep ; K > 1 ? Is < Ip
Ep = E0 sin Zt ...(1) i.e. secondary current is weaker when secondary voltage
As we have assumed the primary to be a pure inductance is higher, i.e., whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
with zero resistance, the sinusoidal primary current Ip lags current in the same ratio.
the primary voltage Ep by 90°. The primary’s power factor, The reverse is true for a step down transformer.
cos I = 90° = 0. Therefore, no power is dissipated in primary.
The alternating primary current induces an alternating §n · Es § ns ·
From eqn. (3) I p Is ¨ s ¸ ¨ ¸
magnetic flux IB in the iron core. Because the core extends ¨ np ¸ R ¨ np ¸
© ¹ © ¹
through the secondary winding, the induced flux also
extends through the turns of secondary.
1 §n ·§ ns ·
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Using equation (2), we get I p .Ep ¨ s ¸¨ ¸
R ¨ np ¸¨ np ¸
the induced e.m.f. per turn (Eturn) is same for both, the © ¹© ¹
primary and secondary. Also, the voltage Ep across the 2
primary is equal to the e.m.f. induced in the primary, and 1 §¨ n s ·
¸ Ep
Ip ...(4)
the voltage Es across the secondary is equal to the e.m.f. R ¨© n p ¸
¹
induced in the secondary. Thus,
Ep
dI B Ep Es This equation, has the form I p , where the
E turn R eq
dt np ns
2
§ np ·
Here, np ; ns represent total number of turns in primary and equivalent resistance Req is R eq ¨ ¸ R
¨n ¸ ...(5)
secondary coils respectively. © s ¹
Thus Req is the value of load resistance as seen by the
n source/generator, i.e., the source/generator produces
? Es Ep s ...(2)
np current Ip and voltage Ep as if it were connected to a
resistance Req.
If ns > np ; Es > Ep, the transformer is a step up transformer.
Similarly, when ns < np ; Es < Ep. The device is called a step Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
to the input power.
ns
down transformer. = K represents transformation ratio. E s Is
np Output power
i.e., K
Input power E p Ip
Note that this relation (2) is based on three assumptions
In an ideal transformer, where there is no power loss, K = 1
(i) the primary resistance and current are small,
(i.e. 100%). However, practically there are many energy
(ii) there is no leakage of magnetic flux. The same magnetic losses. Hence efficiency of a transformer in practice is
flux links both, the primary and secondary coil, less than one (i.e. less than 100%).
(iii) the secondary current is small.
12.4 Energy Losses in a Transformer
Now, the rate at which the generator/source transfer energy
to the primary = IpEp. The rate at which the primary then Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transfers energy to the secondary (via the alternating transformer :
magnetic field linking the two coils) is IsEs. 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
As we assume that no energy is lost along the way, copper coils of a transformer. This is due to Joule heating
conservation of energy requires that of conducting wires. These are minimised using thick wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
Ep of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents
IpEp = IsEs ? Is Ip
Es in iron core. It is minimised by taking laminated cores.

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EMI AND AC 175

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2. It can be reduced by winding
the primary and secondary coils one over the other.
4. Hysteresis loss. This is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetisation and demagnetisation of the iron core when
a.c. is fed to it. The loss is kept to a minimum by using a
magnetic material which has a low hysteresis loss.
5. Magnetostriction, i.e., humming noise of a transformer. Now, we consider a different surface, i.e., a tiffin box shaped
Therefore, output power in the best transformer may be surface without lid with its circular rim, which has the same
roughly 90% of the input power. boundary as that of loop C1. The box does not touch to
the connecting wire and plate P of capacitor. The flat
13. DISPLACEMENT CURRENT circular bottom S of the tiffin box lies in between the
capacitor plates. Figure (b). No conduction current is
According to Ampere circuital law :
passing through the tiffin box surface S, therefore I = 0.
G On applying Ampere’s circuital law to loop C1 of this tiffin
the line integral of magentic field B around any closed
box surface, we have
path is equal to P0 times the total current threading the
closed path, i.e.,
G G
³
C
B. d A P0 I
...(1)

Consider a parallel plate capacitor having plates P and Q

connected to a battery B, through a tapping key K. When
key K is pressed, the conduction current flows through
the connecting wires. The capacitor starts storing charge.
As the charge on the capacitor grows, the conduction
current in the wires decreases. When the capacitor is G G
fully charged, the conduction current stops flowing in ³ B.d A = B 2Sr = P × 0 = 0
0
or B = 0 ...(3)
the wires. During charging of capacitor, there is no C

conduction current between the plates of capacitor. From (2) and (3), we note that there is a magnetic field at R
During charging, let at an instant, I be the conduction calculated through one way and no magnetic field at R,
current in the wires. This current will produce magnetic calculated through another way. Since this contradition
field around the wires which can be detected by using a arises from the use of Ampere’s circuital law, hence
compass needle. Ampere’s circuital law is logically inconsisten.
Let us find the magnetic field at point R which is at a If at the given instant of time, q is the charge on the plate
perpendicular distance r from connecting wire in a region of capacitor and A is the plate area of capacitor, the
outside the parallel plate capacitor. For this we consider a magnitude of the electric field between the plates of
capacitor is
plane circular loop C1, of radius r, whose centre lies on
wire and its plane is perpendicular to the direction of current q
E
carrying wire (figure a). The magnitude of the magnetic 0 A
field is same at all points on the loop and is acting
tangentially along the circumference of the loop. If B is This field is perpendicular to surface S. It has the same
magnitude over the area A of the capacitor plates and
the magnitude of magnetic field at R, then using Ampere’s
becomes zero outside the capacitor.
circuital law, for loop C1, we have
The electric flux through surface S is,
G G P0I
³
C1
B.dA ³ B dA cos 0q = B 2 Sr = P I or B
C1
0
2 Sr
...(2)
IE
G G
E.A EA cos 0q
1 q
uA
q
...(4)
0 A 0

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176 EMI AND AC

dq
If is the rate of change of charge with time on the plate
dt
of the capacitor, then

dI E d§ q · 1 dq
¨ ¸
dt dt ¨© 0 ¸
¹ 0 dt

dq dI E
or 0
dt dt
Due to battery B, let the conduction current I be flowing
dq through the lead wires at any instant, but there is no
Here, = current through surface S corresponding to
dt conduction current across the capacitor gap, as no charge
changing electric field = ID, called Maxwell’s displacement is transported across this gap.
current. Thus, For loop C1, there is no electric flux, i.e., IE = 0 and
displacement current is that current which comes into play
dI E
in the region in which the electric field and the electric flux 0
is changing with time. dt

dI E dI E
I D 0 ? I  ID I 0 I 0 0 I ...(7)
...(5) dt
dt
For loop C2, there is no conduction current, i.e., I = 0
Maxwell modified Ampere’s circuital law in order to make
the same logically consistent. He stated Ampere’s circuital dI E
law to the form, ? I + ID = 0 + ID = ID = 0 ...(8)
dt
G G § dI · At the given instant if q is the magnitude of charge on the
³ B.dA P 0 I  ID P0 ¨ I  H0 E ¸
© dt ¹
...(6) plates of the capacitor of area A, then electric field E in the
gap between the two plates of this capacitor is given by
This is called Ampere Maxwell’s Law.
q § V q ·
14. CONTINUITY OF CURRENT E ¨'E ¸
0 A ¨ 0 0 A ¸¹
©
Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s circuital law gives that
G G q q
? Electric flux, I E EA A
³
C
B.dA P 0 I  I D 0 A 0

dI E
where I D 0 , called displacement current, I is the
dt
conduction current and IE is the electric flux across the
loop C.
The sum of the conduction current and displacement
current (i.e., I + ID) has the important property of continuity
along any closed path although individually they may not
be continuous.
To prove it, consider a parallel plate capacitor having plates
P and Q, being charged with battery B. During the time,
charging is taking place, let at an instant, I be the
conduction current flowing through the wires. Let C1 and
C2 be the two loops, which have exactly the same boundary
as that of the plates of capacitor. C1 is little towards left
and C2 is a little towards right of the plate P of parallel plate
capacitor, figure.
d dq
Thus from (8), we have I + ID = 0 q / 0 I
dt dt
...(9)
From (7) and (9), we conclude that the sum (I + ID) has the
same value on the left and right side of plate P of the
parallel plate capacitor. Hence (I + ID) has the property of
continuity although individually they may not be
continuous.
15. CONSEQUENCES OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
The discovery of displacement current is of great
importance as it has established a symmetry between the
laws of electricity and magnetism. Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of
the emf induced in a coil is equal to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with it. Since, the emf between two

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EMI AND AC 177

points A and B is the measure of maximum workdone in

taking a unit charge from point A to B, therefore, the
existence of an emf shows the existence of an electric field.
It is due to this fact, Faraday concluded that a changing
magnetic field with time gives rise to an electric field.
The Maxwell’s concept that a changing electric field with
time gives rise to displacement current which also produces
a magnetic field similar to that of conduction current. It is
infact, a symmetrical counterpart of the Faraday’s concept,
which led Maxwell to conclude that the displacement
current is also a source of magnetic field. It means the
time varying electric and magnetic fields give rise to each
other. From these concepts, Maxwell concluded the where P0 and 0 are permeability and permittivity of the
existence of electromagnetic wave in a region where free space respectively.
electric and magnetic fields were changing with time. –7
We know, P0 = 4S× 10 Wb A m ;
–1 –1

–2 2 –1 –2
16. MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND LORENTZ FORCE 0 = 8.85 × 10 C N m
8 –1
In the absence of any dielectric or magnetic material, the Putting these values in (10), we have c = 3.00 × 10 ms
four Maxwell’s equations are given below ? where P  are the absolute permeability and absolute
G G permittivity of the medium. We also know that P = P0Pr and
(i) ³
S
E . d s q / 0 . This equation is Gauss’s Law in
 0 r where P 0 , r are the relative permeability and
relative permittivity of the medium.
electrostatics.
The electric lines of force do not form continuous closed 1 c
Therefore, v
path. P 0P r 0 r P r r
G G
(ii)
³
S
B . d s 0 . This equation is Gauss’s Law in
ª 1 º
«' c »
magnetostatics. «¬ P 0 0 »¼
The magnetic lines of force always form closed paths.
Maxwell also concluded that electromagnetic wave is
G G d G G transverse in nature and light is electromagnetic wave.
(iii) ³ E .dA 
dt ³
s
B . d s . This equation is Faraday’s law of
17. VELOCITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
electromagnetic induction.
Consider a plane electromagnetic wave propagating along
The line integral of electric field around any closed path
positive direction of X–axis in space with speed c. Since
(i.e., the emf) is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic
in electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields
flux through the surface bounded by the closed path.
are transverse to the direction of wave propagation,
G G therefore, the electric and magnetic fields are in Y–Z plane.
d G G
(iv) ³ B.dA P 0 I  P 0 0 ³
dt s
E .ds . This equation is G
Let the electric field E be acting along Y–axis and
G
magnetic field B along Z–axis.
generalised form of Ampere’s law as Modified by Maxwell
and is also known as Ampere-Maxwell law. At any instant, the electric and magnetic fields varying
sinusoidally with x and t can be represented by the
The electromagnetic waves are those wave in which there
equations.
are sinusoidal variation of electric and magnetic field
vectors at right angles to each other as well as at right E = Ey = E0 sin Z (t – x/c) ...(1)
angles to the direction of wave propagation. B = Bz = B0 sin Z (t – x/c) ...(2)
Here E0 and B0 are the amplitudes of electric and magnetic
1
c fields along Y–axis and Z–axis respectively. Consider a
P 0 0 ...(10)
rectangular path PQRS in X–Y plane as shown in figure.

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178 EMI AND AC

G Consider a rectangular path PUTQ in the X–Z plane as

The line integral of E over the closed path PQRS will be G
shown in figure. The line integral of B over the closed
Q path PUTQ, we have
G G G G RG G SG G PG G
³
PQRS
E .dA ³
P
³
Q
³
R
³
E , dA  E , dA  E , dA  E , dA
S G G U
G G TG G QG G PG G
³
PUTQ
B.dA ³
P
³
U
³
T
³
B. dA  B. dA  B. dA  B. d A
Q
0 E x2 A0E x1 A
B x1 A  0  B x 2 A  0
ª § x · § x ·º
E 0 A «sin Z ¨ t  2 ¸  sin Z ¨ t  1 ¸» ...(3)
¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼ ª § x · § x ·º
B 0 A «sin Z¨ t  1 ¸  sin Z¨ t  2 ¸» ...(6)
¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼
Magnetic flux linked with surface surrounded by
rectangular path PQRS will be The electric flux linked with the surface surrounded by
rectangular path PUTQ is
x2 x2
ª § x ·º
IB ³ B x A dx ³ B A«¬sin Z¨© t  c ¸¹»¼ dx
0 x2
G G
x2 x2
§ x·
x1 x1 IE ³
x1
E . ds ³
x1
E x Adx ³
E 0 A sin Z¨ t  ¸ dx
x1
© c¹

B 0 Ac ª § x2 · § x ·º
«cos Z ¨ t  ¸  cos Z ¨ t  1 ¸»
ª § x · § x ·º
Z ¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼ c
 E 0 A « cos Z¨ t  2 ¸  cos Z¨ t  1 ¸»
Z ¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼

dI B B 0 Ac ª § x2 · § x ·º
? « Z sin Z¨ t  ¸  Z sin Z¨ t  1 ¸» dI E ª § x · § x ·º
dt Z ¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼ cE 0 A «sin Z¨ t  2 ¸  sin Z¨ t  1 ¸»
or dt ¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼

ª § x · § x ·º
B 0 Ac «sin Z¨ t  2 ¸  sin Z¨ t  1 ¸» ...(4) ª § x · § x ·º
¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼ c E 0 A «sin Z¨ t  1 ¸  sin Z¨ t  2 ¸» ...(7)
¬ © c ¹ © c ¹¼
Using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we have
In space, there is no conduction current. According to
G G dI B Ampere Maxwell law in space
³ E .dA 
dt
G G dI E
Putting the values from (3) and (4), we get ³
PUTQ
B.dA P 0 0
dt
E0 = cB0 ...(5)
Putting values from (6) and (7), we get
Since E and B are in phase, we can write.
B0 P 0 0 cE 0 P 0 0 c cB 0
E = c B at any point in space.

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EMI AND AC 179

1 1 B 02
or 1 P 0 0 c 2 or c ...(8) In terms of maximum magnetic field, u av ,
P 0 0 2 P0

Which is the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum. 1 B 20 1 2

so I c B rms c
–7 –1 2 P0 P0
For vacuum, P0 = 4S × 10 T mA

1 19. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

and 9 u 10 9 Nm 2 C  2
4 S 0
After the experimental discovery of electromagnetic waves
1 by Hertz, many other electromagntic waves were
or 0 N 1m  2 C 2
4S u 9 u10 9 discovered by different ways of excitation.

Putting the value in (8), we get
1 electromagnetic spectrum.
c 3 u10 8 m / s
7
4S u 10 u 1 / 4S u 9 u10 9
which is exactly the speed of light in vacuum.
This shows that light is an electromagnetic wave.
18. INTENSITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Intensity of electromagnetic wave at a point is defined as
the energy crossing per second per unit area normally
around that point during the propagation of electromagnetic
wave.
Consider the propagation of electromagnetic wave with
speed c along the X–axis. Take an imaginary cylinder of
area of cross-section A and length c ' t, so that the wave
crosses the area A normally. Figure. Let uav be the average
energy density of electromagnetic wave.
20. MAIN PARTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The orderly distribution of electromagnetic radiations
according to their wavelength or frequency is called the
The electromagnetic spectrum has much wider range with
–14 2
wavelength variation ~ 10 m to 6 × 10 m. The whole
electromagnetic spectrum has been classified into different
parts and subparts in order of increasing wavelength,
according to their type of excitation. There is overlapping
in certain parts of the spectrum, showing that the
corresponding radiations can be produced by two
methods. It may be noted that the physical properties of
electromagnetic waves are decided by their wavelengths
and not by the method of their excitation.
A table given below shows the various parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum with approximate wavelength
range, frequency range, their sources of production and
detections.
The electromagnetic spectrum has been broadly classified
into following main parts; mentioned below in the order of
increasing frequency.

20.1 Radiowaves

Theses are the electromagnetic wave of frequency range

5 9
from 5 × 10 Hz to 10 Hz. These waves are produced by
The energy of electromagnetic wave (U) crossing the area
oscillating electric circuits having an inductor and
of cross-section at P normally in time ' t is the energy of
capacitor.
wave contained in a cylinder of length c ' t and area of
cross-section A. It is given by U = uav (c ' t) A Uses : The various frequency ranges are used for different
types of wireless communication systems as mentioned below
The intensity of electromagnetic wave at P is,
(i) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range from 530
U u av c ' t A kHz to 1710 kHz form amplitude modulated (AM) band. It is
I u av c
A 't A 't used in ground wave propagation.

1 (ii) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 1710 kHz

In terms of maximum electric field, u av 0 E 20 , to 54 Mhz are used for short wave bands. It is used in sky
2
wave propagation.
1
so I 0 E 02 c 0 E 2rms c (iii) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 54 Mhz to
2 890 MHz are used in television waves.

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180 EMI AND AC

(iv) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 88 MHz to The visible light emitted or reflected from objects around
108 MHz from frequency modulated (FM) radio band. It is us provides the information about the world surrounding
used for commercial FM radio. us.
(v) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300 MHz
20.5 Ultraviolet rays
to 3000 MHz form ultra high frequency (UHF) band. It is
used in cellular phones communication. The ultraviolet rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. The
14 16
frequency range of ultraviolet rays is 8 × 10 Hz to 5 × 10
20.2 Microwaves Hz. The ultraviolet rays are produced by sun, special lamps
Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves of frequency and very hot bodies. Most of the ultraviolet rays coming
range 1 GHz to 300 GHz. They are produced by special from sun are absorbed by the ozone layer in the earth’s
vacuum tubes. namely ; klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn atmosphere. The ultraviolet rays in large quantity produce
diodes etc. harmful effect on human eyes.
Uses : Uses : Ultraviolet rays are used :
(i) Microwaves are used in Radar systems for air craft (i) for checking the mineral samples through the property of
navigation. ultraviolet rays causing flourescence.
(ii) A radar using microwave can help in detecting the speed (ii) in the study of molecular structure and arrangement of
of tennis ball, cricket ball, automobile while in motion. electrons in the external shell through ultraviolet
(iii) Microwave ovens are used for cooking purposes. absorption spectra.
(iv) Microwaves are used for observing the movement of trains (iii) to destroy the bacteria and for sterilizing the surgical
on rails while sitting in microwave operated control rooms. instruments.
(iv) in burglar alarm.
20.3 Infrared waves
(v) in the detection of forged documents, finger prints in
Infrared waves were discovered by Herschell. These are forensic laboratory.
11
the electromagnetic waves of frequency range 3 × 10 Hz
14 (vi) to preserve the food stuff.
to 4 × 10 Hz. Infrared waves sometimes are called as
heat waves. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies 20. 6 X–rays
and molecules. These wave are not detected by human
eye but snake can detect them. The X–rays were discovered by German Physicst W.
16 21
Roentgen. Their frequency range is 10 Hz to 3 × 10 Hz.
Uses :
These are produced when high energy electrons are
Infrared waves are used : stopped suddenly on a metal of high atomic number.
(i) in physical therapy, i.e., to treat muscular strain. X–rays have high penetrating power.
(ii) to provide electrical energy to satellite by using solar cells Uses : X–rays are used :
(iii) for producing dehydrated fruits (i) In surgery for the detection of fractures, foreign bodies
(iv) for taking photographs during the condition of fog, smoke like bullets, diseased organs and stones in the human body.
etc. (ii) In Engineering (i) for detecting faults, cracks, flaws and
(v) in green houses to keep the plants warm holes in final metal products (ii) for the testing of weldings,
casting and moulds.
(vi) in revealing the secret writings on the ancient walls
(iii) In Radio therapy, to cure untracable skin diseases and
(vii) in solar water heaters and cookers
malignant growth.
(viii) in weather forecasting through infra red photography
(iv) In detective departments (i) for detection of explosives,
(ix) in checking the purity of chemcials and in the study of opium, gold and silver in the body of smugglers.
molecular structure by taking infrared absorption spectrum.
(v) In Industry (i) for the detection of pearls in oysters and
20.4 Visible light defects in rubber tyres, gold and tennis balls etc. (ii) for
testing the uniformity of insulating material.
It is the narrow region of electromagnetic spectrum, which
is detected by the human eye. Its frequency is ranging (vi) In Scientific Research (i) for the investigation of structure
14 14
from 4×10 Hz to 8×10 Hz. It is produced due to atomic of crystal, arrangement of atoms and molecules in the
excitation. complex substances.

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EMI AND AC 181

(i) in the treatment of cancer and tumours.

20.7 J-rays
(ii) to preserve the food stuffs for a long time as the soft J–
J–rays are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range rays can kill microorganisms easily.
18 22
3 × 10 Hz to 5 × 10 Hz. J–rays have nuclear origin.
(iii) to produce nuclear reactions.
These rays are highly energetic and are produced by the
nucleus of the radioactive substances. (iv) to provide valuable information about the structure of
atomic nucleus.
Uses : J–rays are used :

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Example - 4

A bar magnet falls through a metal ring. Will its
acceleration be equal to ‘g’ ?
Sol. No, acceleration of the magnet will not be equal to g. It will
be less than ‘g’. This is because as the magnet falls, amount
of magnetic flux linked with the ring changes. An induced
current is developed in the ring which opposes the
downward motion of the magnet. After the magnet has
crossed the metal ring, amount of magnetic flux linked
with the ring goes on decreasing. An induced current
developes in the ring and opposes the fall of the magnet.
Therefore, downward acceleration of the magnet continues
to be less than ‘g’.
Example - 2
In the above problem, if the ring is cut somewhere, what
would be the answer ?
An ideal inductor when connected in a.c. circuit does
not produce heating effect though it reduces the current
in the circuit. Explain why ?
Sol. An ideal inductor is a coil having some inductance (L) but
no ohmic resistance R. Amount of heat produced in time
2
t = I Rt. As R = 0, therefore, heat produced = 0. However,
the inductor offers inductive reactance XL = Z L = 2 S v L
to the a.c. Therefore, the current is reduced.
Example - 5
A small resistor R (say, a lamp) is usually put in parallel
to the current carrying coil of an electromagnet, (figure).
What purpose does it serve ?

Sol. If the metal ring is cut somewhere, e.m.f. will be induced,

but no induced current can flow. Therefore, there will be
no opposing force on the falling magnet. Hence
acceleration of falling magnet will remain equal to ‘g’
throughout.
Example - 3
A plot of magnetic flux (I) versus current (I) is shown in
figure, for two inductors A and B. Which of the two has
larger value of self induction ?

Sol. When current in the coil of a large electromagnet is

switched off, magnetic flux changes at a very high rate.
Therefore, induced e.m.f. is very high and may cause
sparking which would damage the insulation. The small
resistor R placed in parallel provided a conducting path of
the e.m.f induced. In this way, risks of high voltages and
sparking etc. are reduced.

Sol. As L = I/I, therefore L for A > L for B.

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182
Example - 6
When current in a coil changes with time, how is the
back e.m.f. induced in the coil related to it ?
DI dA
Sol. Back e.m.f. induced in the coil, e L  Sol.
dt dt
where L is coefficient of self-inductance of the coil and dI/
dt is the rate of change of current through the coil. The
variation of –e with t is shown in figure.
Example - 7
Three identical coils A, B and C are placed with their
planes parallel to one another, figure. Coils A and C carry
current as shown. Coils B and C are fixed. The coil A is
moved towards B with uniform speed. Is there any
induced current in B.
Sol. As coils B and C are fixed, there is no induced current in
B due to C. However, when A is moved towards B, an
e.m.f. is induced in B, which would oppose relative motion
of A towards B. As current in A is clockwise, induced
current in B must be anticlockwise.
Example - 8
Explain why resistance coils are usually double wound.
Sol. The resistance coils are double wound to avoid induction
effects. Magnetic field due to current in one half of the
coil is cancelled by magnetic field due to current in the
other half of the coil (which is in opposite direction).
Mahesh Tutorials Science
EMI AND AC
Example - 9
A bulb connected in series with a solenoid is lit by a.c.
source. If a soft iron core is introduced in the solenoid,
will the bulb glow brighter ?
No, the bulb will glow dimmer. This is because on
introducing soft iron core in the solenoid, its inductance L
increases, the inductive reactance XL = ZL increases and
hence the current through the bulb decreases.
Example - 10
Can a capacitor of suitable capacitance be used to control
a.c. in place of the choke coil ?
Sol. Yes, this is because average power consumed/cycle in an
ideal capacitor is also zero. Therefore, like a choke coil, a
condenser can reduce a.c. without power dissipation.
Example - 11
Figure (a), (b), (c) show three alternating circuits with
equal currents. If frequency of alt. emf be increased, what
will be the effect on currents in the three cases ? Explain.
Sol. (i) in circuit (a), there will be effect on the current flowing.
This is because, R is not affected by frequency.
(ii) In circuit (b), current will decrease as inductive reactance
XL = Z L = 2 S v L will increases with increasing frequency.
(iii) In circuit (c), current will increase as capacitative reactance
1 1
XC will decrease on increasing the
ZC 2SvC
frequency.
Example - 12
When a current flows in the coil of a transformer, then
why does its core become hot ?
Sol. When alternating current flows through the coil of a
transformer, its core gets magnetised and demagnetised
repeatedly. The energy spent in magnetising the core is
not returned fully in demagnetisation. This energy left in
the core appears in the form of heat.
EMI AND AC 183

Example - 13 Sol. Infrared radiations are used (i) to treat muscular strain (ii)
for taking photographs during the conditionss of fog,
Why is the core of a transformer made of a magnetic
smoke etc.
material of high permeability ?
Example - 19
Sol. When permeability of magnetic material of transfomer core
is high, almost whole of magnetic flux will be linked with State two applications of X–rays.
the core. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the
Sol. X–rays are used (i) for the detection of fractures in the
secondary coil will almost be equal to the amount of
bones of human body (ii) for the detection of explosives,
magnetic flux linked with the primary coil. Therefore,
opium and gold in the body of the smugglers.
energy loss due to leakage of magnetic flux will be reduced
considerably. Example - 20
Example - 14 Which part of electromagnetic spectrum has largest
penetrating power.
Induced electric field due to changing magnetic flux are
22 18
more readily observed than induced magnetic field due Sol. Gamma rays (frequency range 5 × 10 Hz to 3 × 10 Hz)
to changing electric field. Why ? has largest penetrating power.
Sol. The changing electric field produced displacement current, Example - 21
which is very small and hence the magnetic field set up by it
What is intensity of electromagnetic wave ? Give its
is also small, the same cannot be observed easily. In an a.c.
relation in terms of electric field E and magnetic field B.
circuit displacement current can be increased by increasing
the angular frequency of current. This would increase the Sol. Intensity of electromagnetic wave is defined as the energy
induced electric field. On the other hand, the induced electric crossing per second per unit area perpendicular to the
field due to changing magnetic flux can be increased by taking direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. The
more number of turns of the coil. The induced e.m.f. in different intensity of electromagnetic wave at a point is
turns of the same coil are added up, resulting in induced
electric field which is easily observed. 1 1 B20
i = uav c where uav 0 E 02 and c is the velocity
2 2 P0
Example - 15
G of electromagnetic wave.
If you find closed loops of B in a region in space, does
it necessarily means that actual charges are flowing across 1 1 B02
the area bounded by the loops ? ? I 0 E 02 c c
2 2 P0
Sol. Not necessarily. A displacement current (such as that Here E0 and B0 are maximum values of electric field and
between the plates of a charging capacitor) can also magnetic field respectively.
G
produce loops of B .
Example - 22
Example - 16 The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane
Give difference between displacement current and and directed into paper is varying according to the relation
2
conduction current. I = (5t + 10t + 5) milliweber. Calculate the e.m.f. induced
in the loop at t = 5 s.
Sol. Conduction current is due to flow of electrons in the circuit.
2
It exists even if the flow of electrons is at uniform rate. Sol. Here, I = (5 t + 10 t + 5) milli weber
2 –3
Displacement current is due to time varying electric field. I = (5 t + 10 t + 5) × 10 Wb
It does not exist under steady condition.
dI
Example - 17 As e (in magnitude)
dt
State two applications of Ultraviolet radiations.
d 2 –3 –3
Sol. Ultraviolet radiations are used (i) to preserve the food ? e (5t + 10 t + 5) × 10 Wb/sec = (10t + 10) × 10 volt
dt
stuff (ii) for sterilizing the surgical instruments.
At t = 5 sec,
Example - 18 –3
e = (10 × 5 + 10) × 10 volt = 0.06 volt.
State two applications of Infrared radiations.

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Example - 23 1
A wheel with 10 metalllic spokes each 0.5 m long is rotated Sol. Here, l = 50 cm m
2
with a speed of 120 rpm, in a plane normal to earth’s
magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude of the field is Total no. of turns in one solenoid
0.40 gauss, what is the induced e.m.f. between the axle Total no. of turns in one solenoid
and rim of the wheel. N1 = 20 × 50 = 1000

Sol. Here, no. of spokes, N = 10 Area of cross section of outer solenoid,

2 –4 2
length of the spoke, l = radius, r = 0.5 m. A1 = 40 cm = 40 × 10 m

Frequency, n = 120 rpm = 2 rps. Total no. of turns in inner solenoid,

–4
B = 0.4 gauss = 0.4 × 10 tesla, e = ? N2 = 25 × 50 = 1250

As the wheel rotates, linear velocity of spoke end at the Area of cross section of inner solenoid,
2 –4 2
rim = r Z and linear velocity of spoke end at the axle = 0 A2 = 25 cm = 25 × 10 m

0rZ 1 P 0 N1 N 2
? Average linear velocity, v rZ M A2
2 2 A
As e.m.f. induced across the ends of each spoke
4Su 10 7 u 1000 u1250 u 25 u 10 4
§1 · 1 1/ 2
e = B v l = B. ¨ r Z ¸ . l = B r 2 Sn l = B r S nl
©2 ¹ 2 –3
= 7.85 × 10 henry.
Example - 26
–4 22 –5
e = 0.4 × 10 × 0.5 × × 2 × 0.5 = 6.28 × 10 volt (a) A toroidal solenoid with an air core has an average
7
2
radius of 15 cm, area of cross-section 12 cm and 1200
As all spokes are connected in parallel between the axle turns. Obtain the self inductance of the toroid. Ignore
and the rim, therefore net e.m.f. induced is the same as that field variations across the cross-section of the toroid.
induced across the ends of each spoke.
(b) A second coil of 300 turns is wound closely on the
Example - 24 toroid above. If the current in the primary coil is increased
Find the change in current in an inductor of 10 H in which from zero to 2.0 A in 0.05 s, obtain the induced e.m.f. in
–2
the e.m.f. induced 300 V in 10 sec. Also, find the change the second coil.
in magnetic flux.
Sol. (a) Here, a = 15 cm = 0.15 m
2 –4 2
–2 A = 12 cm = 12 × 10 m
Sol. Here, dI = ? L = 10 H, e = 300 V, dt = 10 sec., dI = ?
Total of toroidal solenoid, l = 2Sa = 2S × 0.15 m = 0.3 S m
l dI dI
As e ? 300 10 N12
dt 10 2 As L P0 A
A
300 u 10 2
dI 0.3A 2
1200 u 12 u 10 4
10 –7 –3
? L = 4S × 10 ×
0.3 S
= 2.304 × 10 henry

dI
Also, e dI 20
dt 40 amp / sec.
(b) Here N2 = 300,
–2 dt 0.05
dI = e dt = 300 × 10 = 3 Wb
e=?
Example - 25
dI P 0 N1 N 2 A dI
As e M
A solenoid of length 50 cm with 20 turns per cm and area dt A dt
2
of cross section 40 cm completely surrounds another
co–axial solenoid of the same length, area of cross section –7
300 –4
2 ? e = 4 S × 10 × 1200 × 0.3 S × 12 × 10 × 40
25 cm with 25 turns per cm. Calculate the mutual
inductance of the system.
= 0.023 volt

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EMI AND AC 185

Example - 27 In both the case, energy is directly proportional to the

square of the field strength.
Find the maximum value of current when inductance of
two henry is connected to 150 volt, 50 cycle supply. Note that equations, (ii) and (iii) have been derived for
special cases – a solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor
Sol. Here, inductance, L = 2 henry respectively. But they are valid for any region of space in
r.m.s. voltage, Ev = 150 volt which a magnetic field or/and an electric field exist.

frequency of A.C. supply, v = 50 c/s. Example - 29

? Inductive reactance, Determine the virtual value of alternating current shown
in figure.
22 4400
XL = Z L = 2 S v L = 2 × u 50 u 2 ohm
7 7
If E0 is the peak value of the alternating voltage, then
maximum value of current (I0) is given by

E0 2 Ev
I0
XL 2SvL

2 Ev 1.414 u 220
? L 1H
2SvL 2 u 3.14 u 50 u 0.9

Example - 28
(a) Obtain an expression for magnetic energy stored in a Sol. As is clear from the figure,
solenoid in terms of magnetic field B, area A and length l
2
of the solenoid. 22  2  22
Iv 2A
(b) How does this magnetic energy compare with the 3
electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor ?
Example - 30
1 2 A 100 ohm iron is connected to 220 volt, 50 cycle wall
Sol. (a) The magnetic energy is U B LI
2 plug. What is (i) Peak potential difference, (ii) average
potential difference, (iii) r.m.s. current ?
P 0 NI BA
As, B , therefore, I
A P0 N Sol. Here, resistance of iron, R = 100 ohm

2
r.m.s. voltage, Ev = 220 volt
1 § BA · frequency of A.C. supply, v = 50 c/s.
? UB L¨ ¸
2 © P0 N ¹
(i) Let E0 be the peak potential difference,
2
P0 N 2 A 1 § P 0 N 2 A · § BA · H0
Using L , we get, U B ¨ ¸¨ ¸ As E v .E v 2 u 200
A 2 © A ¹ © P0 N ¹ 2
= 1.414 × 220 = 311.08 volt
B2
UB AA ...(i) (ii) Let Em be the mean or average potential difference
2 P0
(b) The volume that contains flux, V = A × l 2 E0
As E m r
S
UB B2
? Magnetic energy per unit volume, u B V 2 P 0 ...(ii) 2 u 311.08 14 u 311.08
? Em r r = ± 197.9 volt.
22 / 7 22
It is know that electrostatic energy stored per unit volume
in a parallel plate capacitor is (iii) Let Iv be the virtual or r.m.s. current

1 Ev 220
uE 0 E 2 ...(iii) As I v ? Iv = 2.2 ampere.
2 R 100

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186 EMI AND AC

Example - 31 Example - 34
A 15.0 PF capacitor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz source. A resistor of 12 :, a capacitor of reactance 14 ohm and a
Find the peak current. pure inductor of inducatance 0.1 H are joined in series
–6
and placed across 200 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply. Calculate (i)
Sol. Here, C = 15.0 PF = 15.0 × 10 F, current in the circuit (ii) phase angle between current and
Ev = 220 V; v = 50 Hz, XC = ?, Iv = ? voltage. Take S = 3.

1 1 1 Sol. Here, R = 12 :, XC = 14 ohm, L = 0.1 H

XC = 212.1 :
ZC 2SvC 22
2 u u 50 u 15.0 u 10 6 Ev = 200 V, v = 50 hz, Iv = ?, I = ?
7
XL = Z L = 2 S v L = 2 × 3 × 50 × 0.1 = 30 ohm.
Ev 220
Iv 1.037 A Z R 2  X L  XC
2
12 2  30  14
2
= 20 ohm
XC 212.1

I0 2 Iv 1.414 u1.037 A = 1.47 A Iv

Ev 200
= 10 A
Z 20
Example - 32
An electric lamp which runs at 80 volt d.c. and consumes XL  XC 30  14
tan I 1.33
10 ampere is connected to 100 volt, 50 Hz a.c. mains. R 12
Calculate the inductance of the choke required. –1
I = tan (1.33) = 53.13°.
Sol. Here, V = 80 V, I = 10 A Example - 35
V 80 A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source of 220
R 8:
I 10 V–50 hz. If the readings of voltmeters across resistor,
capacitor and inductor are 65 V, 415 V and 204 volt; and R
Ev = 100 V, v = 50 Hz, Iv = I = 10 A, L = ?
= 100 :, calculate (i) current in the circuit (ii) vlaue of L (iii)
If Z is impedance of lamp and choke coil, value of C and (iv) capacitance required to produce
resonance with the given inductor L.
Ev 100
then Z 10 :
Iv 10 Sol. Here, Ev = 200 V, v = 50 hz, R = 100 :
As R 2  X 2L Z2 VR = 65 V, VC = 415 V, VL = 204 V
(i) If Iv is current in the circuit, then
? X 2L Z2  R 2 102  82 36
VR = Iv × R
XL 6: 65 = Iv × 100, Iv = 0.65 A.
Now X L ZL 2SvL (ii) VL = Iv XL

XL 6u7 VL 204
L –2
= 1.9 × 10 H. XL 313.85 :
2Sv 2 u 22 u 50 Iv 0.65

Example - 33 XL = Z L = 2 S v L = 313.85
A series circuit contains a resistor of 20 ohm, a capacitor
313.85 313.85
and an ammeter of negligible resistance. It is connected L 1.0 H
2Sv 2 u 3.14 u 50
to a source of 220 V–50 hz. If the reading of the ammeter
is 2.5 A, Calculate reactance of the capacitor.
VC 415
(iii) VC Iv XC , X C 638.5 :
Sol. Here, R = 20 ohm, Ev = 220 v, v = 50 hz, Iv = 2.5 A Iv 0.65
Ev 220
Z 88 ohm 1 1 1
Iv 2.5 XC ;C
ZC 2SvC 2 Sv X C
As R 2  X C2 Z2
1
C 4.99 u10 6 F
? XC Z2  R 2 882  20 2 85.7 : 2 u 3.14 u 50 u 638.5

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EMI AND AC 187

(iv) Let C’ be the capacitance that would produce resonance Sol. Here, R = 50 W, L = 80 H, E = 200 V, t = ?
with L = 1.0 H, then
500
I I0
1 100
v
2 S LC '
L 80 8 E 200
W s, I0 4A
1 R 50 5 R 50
C'
4S v L
2 2

From I = I0 1  e
t / W

1
C' –6
4 u 3.14 u 50 u1 = 10.1 × 10 F = 10.1 PF 50 8
2 2
I0 I0 1  e t / W ; t W log e 2 u 0.693 1.109s
100 5
Example - 36
1 2 1 2
Three series capacitors of capacitances 2.0, 3.0 and 6.0 Maximum energy stored LI0 u 80 u 4 640 J
2 2
P F are charged by a 60 V battery. Find the total energy
stored. Example - 39

Sol. Here, C1 = 2.0 P F, C2 = 3.0 PF, C3 = 6.0 P F How much current is drawn by the primary coil of a
transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V to operate
V = 60 V,
device with an impedance of 220 ohm.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
As C     1 Sol. Here, Ip = ?, Ep = 220 V, Es = 22 V
S
C1 C 2 C3 2 3 6
Es 22
? CS 1PF 10 6 F Rs = 220 ohm; Is 0.1 A
Rs 220

1 1 2
U CS V 2 u106 60 1.8 u 10 3 J. Ip Es
2 2 In an ideal transformer,
Is Ep
Example - 37
A 200 km long telegraph wire has capacity of 0.014 P F/mk. If Es 22 u 0.1
? Ip u Is 102 A
it carries an alternating current of 50 kc/s, what should be Ep 220
the value of an inductance required to be connected in
series so that impedance is minimum. Example - 40
The number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
Sol. Here, Capacity of telegraph wire,
of an ideal transformer are 2000 and 50 respectively. The
–6
C = 0.014 × 200 P F = 2.8 × 10 F primary coil is connected to a main supply of 120 V and
3
v = 50 k c/s = 50 × 10 c/s, L = ? secondary to a night bulb of 0.6 :. Calculate
Impedance is minimum at resonance where (i) Voltage across the secondary,
(ii) Current in the bulb,
1 1
v or L 4 S2 v2 C (iii) Current in primary coil,
2S LC
(iv) Power in primary and secondary coils.
1
L Sol. Here, np = 2000; ns = 50;
22 22 2
4u u 50 u 103 u 2.8 u 106
7 7 Ep = 120 V; Rs = 0.6 :
–3
? L = 0.36 × 10 H. Es = ?, Is = ?, Ip = ?, Pp = ?, Ps = ?

Example - 38 Es ns
(i) As
Ep np
A solenoid of resistance 50 : and inductance 80 H is
connected to a 200 V battery. How long will it take for the
current to reach 50% of its final equilibrium value ? ns 50
? Es Ep . 120 u 3V
Calculate the maximum energy stored ? np 2000

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188 EMI AND AC

Es 3 P0 ID
(ii) As Is ? Is 5A and B ...(ii) (If r > R)
R 0.6 2 Sr

Ip Es Es 3 (i) On the axis, r = 0.

(iii) As ? Ip u Is u5 0.125 A
Is Ep Ep 120 Using (i), we get, B = 0
–2
(iv) Power in primary, Pp = Ep × Ip = 120 × 0.125 = 15 W (ii) For a point 6.5 cm from the axis, r = 6.5 cm = 6.5 × 10 m.

Power in secondary, Ps = Es × Is = 3 × 5 = 15 W 4S u10 7 u 0.15 u 6.5 u10 2

Using (i), we have, B 2
Example - 41 2Su 12 u10 2
Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates –7
= 1.35 × 10 T.
each of radius 12 cm and separated by 5.0 mm. The
capacitor is being charged by an external source (not (iii) For a point 15 cm from the axis, r = 15 cm = 0.15 m.
shown in the figure). The charging current is constant
4Su 10 7 u 0.15 –7
and equal to 0.15 A. Use Ampere’s law (modified to include Using (ii), we have, B = 2 × 10 T
2Su 0.15
displacement current as given in the text) and the
symmetry in the problem to calculate magnetic field (b) From equations (i) and (ii) we note that B is maximum if r =
between the plates at a point (i) on the axis (ii) 6.5 cm from R = 12 cm = 0.12 m
the axis (iii) 15 cm from the axis.
P 0 ID 4 Su 107 u 0.15 –7
Bmax = 2.5 × 10 T..
2SR 2Su 0.12

Example - 42
A magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given
–7 3 11
by By = 3 × 10 sin (0.314 × 10 x + 3.14 × 10 t) tesla.
(a) What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave ?
(B) At what distance from the axis is the magnetic field (b) Write down an expression for the electric field.
due to displacement current greatest ? Obtain the (x is in metre and t in second).
maximum value of the field.
–7 3 11
Sol. Given, By = 3 × 10 sin (0.314 × 10 x + 3.14 × 10 t)
Sol. Here, R = 0.12 m, I = 0.15 A (a) Comparing it with a standard equation for a progressive
2 2 2
? Area of the plate, A = S R = S × (0.12) m . wave travelling along the negative direction of x-axis is
(a) Consider a loop of radius r between the two circular plates,
2S § 2Sx 2Svt ·
placed, coaxially with them. y r sin x  vt r sin ¨ 
O ¸¹
= r sin
O © O
Then area of the loop, A ' S r2
G § 2Sx ·
By symmetry magnetic field induction B is equal in ¨ O  2Svt ¸
© ¹
magnitude and is tangentially to the circle at every point.
In this case, only displacement current ID will cross the 2Sx
loop. Therefore, using Ampere’s Maxwell law, we have
we have, 0.314 u 103 x
O
G G
³ B.dA P 0I D
or O
2S
0.02 m
0.314 u103
2 S r B = P0 × (current passing through the area A’ )

Sr 2 11 3.14 u 1011 10
P0 ID and 2 Sv = 3.14 × 10 or v = 5 × 10 Hz
S R 2 for r < R 2S
8 –7 –1
(b) E0 = cB0 = (3 × 10 ) × (3 × 10 ) = 90 Vm
P 0 ID for r > R
Since the electric field variation in electromagnetic wave
is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of
P0 I D r 2 P0 I D r
Thus, B ...(i) (If r < R) electromagnetic wave and direction of magnetic field,
R 2 2Sr 2SR 2

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EMI AND AC 189

therefore, the electric field variation in electromagnetic every point. In this case, only a part of displacement current
wave is along z–axis. It is given by ID will cross the loop of area A’. Therefore, the current
passing through the area
2S § 2Sx ·
Ez E 0 sin x  Vt E 0 sin ¨  2 Svt ¸
O © O ¹ A'
ID
u S r2
ID 2
r
3 11 S R2 R2
or Ez = 90 sin (0.314 × 10 x + 3.14 × 10 t) V/m
Using Ampere’s Maxwell law we have,
Example - 43
G JJG
A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz travels v³ B.dt P0 × (total current through the area A’)
in free space along the x–direction. At a particular point in
G I0 2
space and time the electric vector is E 6.3V / mj. ˆ 2SrB P 0 r
or
G R2
Calculate B at this point.
P 0 I0 r 4Su 107 u 11.312 u106 u 2 u 102
or B
2SR 2
2

B
E 6.3V / m –8 –8 2Su 0.1
Sol. = 2.1 × 10 T = 2.1 × 10 T
C 3 u 108 m / s
–12
= 4.525 × 10 T
G
As E is along y–direction and wave is travelling along x–
G Example - 45
direction, therefore, B is along z–direction, i.e.,
Suppose that the electric field part of an electromagnetic
G –8 wave in vacuum is
B = 2.1 × 10 k̂ tesla.
8
E = 3.1 N/C cos [(1.8 rad/m)y + (5.4 × 10 rad/s) t] î
Example - 44
(a) What is the direction of motion ?
A parallel plate capacitor made of circular plates each of
radius 10.0 cm has a capacitance 200 pE. The capacitor is (b) What is the wavelength O ?
connected to a 200 V a.c. supply with an angular (c) What is the frequency v ?
–1
frequency of 200 rad s . (d) What is the amplitude of the magnetic field part of the
(a) What is the r.m.s. value of the conduction current ? wave ?
(b) Is the conduction current equal to displacement current ? (e) Write an expression for the magnetic field part of the
(c) Peak value of displacement current. wave.
(d) Determine the amplitude of magnetic field at a point Sol. (a) From the given equation, it is clear that the direction of
2.0 cm from the axis between the plates. motion of e.m. wave is along negative y direction i.e. along
Sol. Here, R = 10 cm = 01. m;  ĵ .
–12 –10
C = 200 pF = 200 × 10 F = 2 × 10 F; (b) Comparing the given equation with the equation E = E0
–1 –2
Erms = 200 V; Z = 200 rad s ; r = 2.0 × 10 m. cos (ky + Zt), we have
8
k = 1.8 rad/m; Z = 5.4 × 10 rad/s; E0 = 3.1 N/C
E rms
(a) I rms Z C E rms
1/ ZC 2S 2 u 22 / 7
–10
O 3.492m | 3.5 m.
= 200 × (2 × 10 ) × 200 k 1.8
–6
= 8 × 10 A = 8 PA
Z 5.4 u 108
(b) Yes, because ID = I (c) v 85.9 u 106 | 86 MHz.
2S 2 u 22 / 7
(c) I0 2 I rms 2 u 8 u 10 6
E0 3.1
= 11.312 × 10 A
–6
(d) B0 1.03 u 10 8 T | 10.3nT.
c 3 u 108
(d) Consider a loop of radius r between two circular plates of
parallel plate capacitor placed coaxially with them. The (e) B = B0 cos (ky + Zt) k̂ = (10.3 nT) cos
2
area of this loop A’ = S r . By symmetry, the magnetic field 8
G [(1.8 rad/m) y + (5.4 × 10 rad/s) t] k̂
B is equal in magnitude and is tangentially to the circle at

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190 EMI AND AC

Example - 46 Flux I2 through coil created by current i1 in solenoid is

A series circuit having a self–induction 3 H, a pure resistor I2 = N2 (B1 A2)
10 ohm and a source of constant voltage 3 V is closed
at time t = 0. Find : §P i N ·
I2 N2¨ 0 1 1 ¸ A2
(a) time constant of the circuit. At the end of 1 time– © A ¹
constant, find :
(b) the current in the circuit, § P 0 N1 N 2 A 2 ·
I2 ¨ ¸i1
(c) the rate at which the current in the circuit is increasing, © A ¹
(d) the rate at which joule’s heating is produced, Comparing with I2 = M i1, we get :
(e) the rate at which energy is stored in the magnetic
field, P 0 N1 N 2 A 2
Mutual inductance M
A
(f) the rate at which energy is delivered by the source.
Is the total energy conserved ? 4S10 7 u1000 u 20 u 10 u10 4
M
1
Sol. i = 3/10 (1 – e–10 t /3)
= 2.51 × 10–5 H
(a) W = L/R = 0.3 sec
(b) i (0.3) = 0.3 (1 – 1/e) = 0.19A di1
–10t/3
Magnitude of induced emf = E2 = M
(c) di/dt = e = 1/e = 0.37 A/s dt
(d) P = i R = (0.19)2 10 = 0.361 Watts
2
E2 = 2.51 × 10–5 × 10 = 2.51 × 10–4 V.
dU d §1 2· di Example - 48
(e) ¨ Li ¸ Li 3 u 0.19 u 0.37 0.21 W
dt dt © 2 ¹ dt
(a) Calculate the mutual inductance between two coils
(f) Rate at which cell delivers energy = Ei = 3 (0.19) when a current of 4 amp. changes to 12 amp. in 0.5
= 0.57 Watts. sec. and induces an e.m.f. of 50 milli–volts in the
secondary.
di (b) Also calculate the induced e.m.f. in the secondary if
It is early seen that E i = i2 R + Li
dt current in the primary changes from 3 amp. to 9 amp.
in 0.02 secs.

di 4  12
Sol. (a) 16 amp / sec
dt 0 .5

§ di ·
Induced emf = – M ¨ ¸
© dt ¹

50 u 10 3
Example - 47 ? M 3.125 u10 3 Henry.
16
A long solenoid of length 1 m, cross sectional area 10
cm2, having 1000 turns has wound about its centre a di 39
(b) 300 amp / sec
small coil of 20 turns. Compute the mutual inductance of dt 0.02
the two circuits. What is the emf in the coil when the
Now emf = – (3.125 × 10–3) (–300) = 0.9375 volt
current in the solenoid changes at the rate of 10 Amp/s ?
Example - 49
Sol. Let N1 = number of turns in solenoid ;
A long solenoid of length 1 metre, cross–section 10 cm2,
N2 = number of turns in coil having 1000 turns has would about its centre a small coil of
A1 and A2 be their respective areas of cross section. 20 turns. Compute the mutual inductance of the two circuits.
What is the induced e.m.f. in the coil when the current in
(A1 = A2 is this problem) the solenoid changes at the rate of 10 amp/sec. ?

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EMI AND AC 191

Sol. The mutual inductance between solenoid and coil is given
by M = m0 Np Ns A
where Np = number of turns per metre of the solenoid
primary and Ns = Total number of turns in the coil
? M = (4S × 10–7) (1000) n(20) (10 × 10–4)
Example - 51
A conducting rod AB makes contact with the metal rails
AD and BC which are 0.5 m apart. If uniform magnetic
field of induction 0.5 Wb/m2 acts perpendicular to the
plance of the figure.

= 25.1 × 10–6 henry

or M = 25.1 micro henry

Induced e.m.f.,

di
emf = M (a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the induced emf
dt
when the rod is moving to the right with speed 4 m/s.
= 25.1 × 10 (b) If the resistance of the circuit ABCD is 0.2 ohm, calculate
= 251 micro–volt. the force required to maintain the motion assuming
smooth contacts.
Example - 50
(c) Compare the rate at which mechanical work is done by
A coil of 100 turns and 1 cm radius is kept coaxially within the force with the rate of heat developed in the circuit.
a long solenoid of 8 turns per cm and 5 cm radius. Find
the mutual inductance. Sol. (a) Let AB = l and AD = BC = x at some instant.
Ÿ I=Blx
Sol. The magnetic field B in the primary of solenoid given by
dI dx
B = m0 Np i Ÿ induced emf BA BAv
dt dt
The magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is given by Ÿ induced emf = 0.5 × 0.5 × 4 = 1 volt.
Ns I = Ns B As = Ns (m0 Np i) As (b) induced current = i
where As is the cross sectional area of secondary of = induced emf/R = 1/0.2 = 5 A
solenoid. magnetic force acting on AB = B i l
The mutual inductance is therefore, = 0.5 × 5 × 0.5 = 1.25 N towards left.
The applied force to maintain constant velocity must
N sI be of same magnitude but opposite direction i.e.,
M P0 N p Ns As
i towards right.

Substituting the given values, we get : (c) Rate of work done = Fv

= 1.25 × 4 = 5 Watts.
M = (4S × 10–7 weber/amp–m) (8000/m)
Rate of heat dissipation in resistance i2 R
–7 2
× 100 × (S × 10 m )
= 52 × 0.2 = 5 Watts.
= 3.15 × 10–5 henry.
Hence the work done by force applied to the rod is
completely converted to heat in the resistance.

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192 EMI AND AC

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Lenz Law
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
7. A magnet is moved towards a coil (i) quickly (ii) slowly.
Magnetic Flux The induced e.m.f. is
1. One tesla in equal to (a) same in both
7 –4
(a) 10 gauss (b) 10 gauss (b) more in (i) than in (ii) case
4 –8
(c) 10 gauss (d) 10 gauss (c) smaller in (i) than in (ii) case
Induced emf, current, charge flow (d) nothing can be said
2 2
2. A coil of cross-sectional area 10 cm is is placed in the 8. If magnetic flux associated with a coil varies at the rate of
–2 2
magnetic field, which changes to 4 × 10 Wb/cm within 5 1 Wb/s, the induced e.m.f. is
sec. What will be the current across 5 : resistance ? (a) 1V 10 V
8

(a) 0.016 A (b) 0.16 A –8

(c) 10 V (d) 1 mV
(c) 1.6 A (d) 16.0 A Eddy Currents
3. An electric potential difference will be induced between 9. A metal ring is held horizontally and a bar magnet is
ends of conductor shown in figure when the conductor dropped through the ring with its length along the axis of
moves in a direction along. the ring. The acceleration of the falling manget is
(a) equal to g (b) less than g
(c) more than g
(d) depends on the diameter of ring and length of magnet
Translatory motion
10. A straight conductor of length 0.4 m is moved with a speed
–1
of 7 ms perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction 0.9
2
(a) P (b) Q Wb/m . The induced e.m.f. across the conductor is
(c) L (d) M (a) 25.2 V (b) 5.04 V
4. A coil having 500 square loops of side 10 cm is placed (c) 2.52 V (d) 1.26 V
normal to magnetic field which increases at a rate of 11. The wing span of an aeroplane is 36 m. If the plane is
1 T/sec. The induced e.m.f. is flying at 400 km/h, the e.m.f. induced between the wings
–5
(a) 0.1 V (b) 0.5 V tips is (assume V = 4 × 10 T)
(c) 1 V (d) 5 V (a) 16 V (b) 1.6 V

5. The instantaneous magnetic flux I in in a circuit is (c) 0.16 V (d) 0.016 V

2
I = 4t – 4t + 1 12. A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its own plane
with velocity V in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular
1 to its plane as shown in figure. An electric field is induced
The total resistance of circuit is 10 :. At t s, the
2
induced current in circuit is
(a) 0 (b) 0.6
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.2
2
6. A loop of area 0.1 m rotates with a speed of 60 rps
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 T. If there are 100
turns in the loop, maximum voltage induced in the loop is
(a) 15.07 V (b) 1507 V (a) in AD, but not in BC (b) in BC, but not in AD
(c) 250 V (d) 150.7 V

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EMI AND AC 193

(c) neither in AD nor in BC (d) in both AD and BC. (c) 2.5 V (d) –2.5 V
13. The e.m.f. produced in a wire by its motion across a 18. The unit of inductance is equivalent to
magnetic field does not depend upon
volt ×ampere ampere
(a) The length of the wire (a) (b) volt ×second
second
(b)The composition of the wire
(c) The diameter of the wire volt volt × second
(c) ampere ×second (d) ampere
(d) The orientation of the wire
14. A car moves on a plane road. The induced e.m.f. in the axle 19. What is the self inductance of an air core solenoid 1 m
2
connecting the two wheels is maximum when it moves long, diameter 0.5 m, if it has 500 turns ? Take S = 10.
–4 –4
(a) eastward at the equator (a) 3.15 × 10 H (b) 4.8 × 10 H
–4 –4
(b) westward at the equator (c) 5 × 10 H (d) 6.25 × 10 H
(c) eastward at the latitude of 45° 20. Dimensions of self-inductance are :
(d) at the poles (a) MLT A
–2 –2
(b) ML T A
2 –1 –2

Rotational Motion (c) ML T A

2 –2 –2
(d) ML T A
2 –2 –1

15. A conducting ring of radius r is rolling without slipping

21. In a current carrying long solenoid, the field produced
with a constant angular velocity Z in figure. If the magnetic
does not depend upon
field strength is B and is directed into the page then the
e.m.f. induced across PQ is (a) No. of turns per unit length
(b) current flowing
(c) Radius of solenoid
(d) All of the above there.
3
22. For a coil having L = 2 mH, current flows at the rate of 10
ampere/sec. The emf induced is
(a) 2V (b) 1 V
(c) 4 V (d) 3 V
2 BZr 2
(a) BZr (b) L–R Circuit with DC Battery
2
23. An e.m.f. of 15V is applied in a circuit containing 5H
2 S r BZ
2 2
inductance and 10: resistance. The ratio of the currents
(c) 4BZr (d)
8 at time t = f and t = 1 s is

Inductor
e1/ 2 e2
(a) (b)
16. Two solenoids of same cross-sectional area have their e1/ 2  1 e2  1
lengths and number of turns in ratio of 1 : 2. The ratio of –1 –1
self-inductance of two solenoids is (c) 1 – e (d) e

(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 Mutual Inductance (Introduction)

(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 24. If number of turns in primary and secondary coils in

increased to two times each, the mutual inductance
17. The current passing through a choke coil of 5H is
–1
decreasing at the rate of 2 As . The e.m.f. developed (a) becomes 4 time
across the coil is (b) becomes 2 time
(a) – 10V (b) + 10V (c) becomes 1/4 time

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194 EMI AND AC

(d) remains unchanged (c) 2I0/S (d) I0/2

Lenz Law 29. A generator produces a voltage that is given by V = 240
25. Two circular coils can be arranged in any of the three sin 120 t volt, where t is in second. The frequency and
situations shown in figure. Their mutual inductance will be r.m.s. voltage are :
(a) 60 Hz. and 240 volt (b) 19 Hz and 120 volt
(c) 19 Hz and 170 volt (d) 754 Hz and 170 volt
AC Circuit
30. In general, in an alternating current circuit
(a) the average value of current is zero
(b) the average value of square of current is zero
(c) average power dissipation is zero

(a) maximum in situation (i) (d) the phase difference between voltage and curent is
zero.
(b) maximum in situation (ii)
Reactance, Impedance
(c) maximum in situation (iii)
31. A 60 volt–10 watt bulb is operated at 100 volt–60 Hz a.c.
(d) the same in all situations The inductance required is
ALTERNATING CURRENTS (a) 2.56 H (b) 0.32 H
Peak and rms value (c) 0.64 H (d) 1.28 H
2
26. If i = t for 0 < t < T, then r.m.s. value of current is : 32. The inductive reactance of a coil of 0.2 H inductance at a
frequency of 60 Hz is
T2 T2
(a) (b) (a) 7.54 : (b) 0.754 :
2 2
–3
(c) 75.4 : (d) 7.54 × 10 :
2
T
(c) (d) none of these 33. The angular frequency of a.c. at which a coil of inductance
5 1mH has a reactance of 1 : is
27. Alternating voltage V = 400 sin (500 S t) is a applied across (a) 10
3
(b) 10
a resistance of 0.2 k :. The r.m.s. value of current will be –3
(c) 10 (d) 1
equal to
34. Which of the following curves, figure correctly represent
(a) 14.14 A (b) 1.414 A
the variation of capacitative reactance (XC) with frequency
(c) 0.1414 A (d) 2.0 A (f) ?
28. The output current versus time curve of a rectifier is shown
in figure.

(a) (b)

The average value of the output current in this case is

(a) I0/S (b) I0 2

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EMI AND AC 195

(c) (d)
(c) (d)

38. How much current will flow in a circuit having resistance

35. For high frequency, capacitor offers of 109 : and an inductance of 0.5 H connected to an A.C.
(a) more resistance (b) less resistance supply of 100 V and 50 Hz in series ?
(c) zero resistance (d) none of these (a) 0.25 A (b) 0.52 A
36. A series LCR circuit is tuned to resonance. The impedance (c) 0.75 A (d) 0.85 A
of the circuit now is 39. A coil of resistance 200 ohm and self inductance 1.0 henry
has been connected to an a.c. source of frequency 200/S
1/ 2
ª 2 § 1 · º
2
Hz. The phase difference between voltage and current is
(a) « R  ¨ Z L  ¸ »
¬« © ZC ¹ ¼» (a) 30° (b) 63°
(c) 45° (d) 75°
2 1/ 2
ª 2 2 § 1 · º 40. In the circuit shown in figure, what will be the reading of
(b) « R  ZL  ¨ ¸ » the voltmeter ?
¬« © ZC ¹ »¼

1/ 2
ª 2 § 1 · º
2

(c) « R  ¨  ZL ¸ »
¬« © ZC ¹ ¼»

(d) R
37. The alternating current I in an inductance coil varies with
(a) 300 V (b) 900 V
time according to graph given in figure
(c) 200 V (d) 400 V
41. In the circuit shown in figure, if value of R = 60 :, then the
current flowing through the condenser will be

Which one of the following graphs, gives the variation of

voltage with time ?

(a) 0.5 A (b) 0.25 A

(a) (b) (c) 0.75 A (d) 1.0 A
42. In L-C-R series A.C. circuit, the phase angle between
current and voltage is
(a) Any angle between 0 and zS/2
(b) S/2
(c) S
(d) any angle between 0 and S/2

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196 EMI AND AC

43. In the circuit shown in figure the r.m.s. value of e is 5 V and 49. The average power dissipatio in a pure capacitor in AC
r.m.s. value of voltage drop across L is 3 V. circuit is

1
(a) CV 2 (b) CV
2

2
2
(c) 2 CV (d) zero
50. In an a.c. circuit, V and I are given by
V = 100 sin (100 t) volt
The r.m.s. value of voltage across R will be
I = 100 sin (100 t + S/3) mA.
(a) 2 V (b) 3 V
The power dissipated in the circuit is
(c) 4 V (d) 0 V
4
(a) 10 watt (b) 10 watt
44. An alternating voltage
E = 200 sin (100 t) volt is connected to a 1 P F capacitor (c) 2.5 watt (d) 5 watt
through an A.C. ammeter. The reading of ammeter is 51. In an ac circuit, with voltage V and current I the power
dissipated is
(a) 10 mA (b) 20 / 2 mA
(c) 40 mA (d) 80 mA 1
(a) VI (b) VI
45. For the LR circuit shown in figure, the phase angle if 2
frequency is 100/S is
1
(c) VI
2
(d) depends on the phase angle between V and I.
52. In series LR circuit, XL = 3 R. Now a capacitor with XC = R
is added in series. The ratio of new to old power factor is

(a) 2 (b) 1/ 2
(a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 45° (d) 90°
Resonant Frequency
Insutantaneous and Average Power
53. At resonance, in a series LCR circuit, which relation does
46. The power factor of an a.c. circuit having resistance r and
not hold ?
inductance L connected in series to an a.c. source of
angular frequency Z is 1 1
(a) R/ZL (b) ZL/R (a) Z (b) Z
LC LC
(c) R / R 2  Z2 L2 (d) zero
1 1
(c) LZ (d) CZ
47. A (100 W, 200 V) bulb is connected to a 160 V supply. The CZ LZ
power consumption would be
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
(a) 64 W (b) 80 W
Characteristics of E-M Waves
(c) 100 W (d) 125 W
54. The electromagnetic waves
48. In an A.C. circuit, voltage applied is V = 220 sin 100 t. If the
impedance is 110 : and phase difference between current (a) travel with the speed of sound
and voltage is 60°, the power consumption is equal to (b) travel with the same speed in all media
(a) 55 W (b) 110 W
(c) travel in free space with the speed of light
(c) 220 W (d) 330 W
(d) do not travel through a medium

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EMI AND AC 197

55. The oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors of 61. Which of the following relation is correct
electromagnetic wave are oriented along
(a) 0 E 0 P 0 B0 (b) P0 0 E 0 B0
(a) the same direction and in phase
(b) the same direction but have a phase difference of 90° (c) E 0 P0 0 B0 (d) P0 E 0 0 B0
–16
(c) mutually perpendicular direction and are in phase 62. The energy of X-ray photon is 3.3 × 10 J. Its frequency is
19 18
(d) mutually perpendicular directions but has a phase (a) 2 × 10 Hz (b) 5 × 10 Hz
difference of 90° (c) 5 × 10 Hz
17 16
(d) 5 × 10 Hz
Electromagnetic Spectrum 63. A radio station on the surface of the earth radiates 50 kW.
56. Which of the following is of shortest wavelength ? If transmitter radiates equally in all directions above the
(a) X–rays (b) J–rays surface of earth, what is the amplitude of electric field
detected 100 km away ?
(c) microwaves (d) radiovaves
–1 –1
(a) 2.45 Vm (b) 0.245 Vm
57. The correct sequence of the increasing wavelength of the
–1 –1
given radiation sources is (c) 0.0245 Vm (d) 0.00245 Vm
(a) radioactive sources, X-rays tube, crystal oscillator, 64. A laser beam is sent to the moon and reflected back to
sodium vapour lamp earth by a mirror placed on the moon by an astronaut. If
the moon is 384000 km from earth, how long does it take
(b) radioactive source, X-rays tube sodium vapour lamp,
the light to make the round trip
crystal oscillator
(a) 5 minutes (b) 2.5 minutes
(c) X-ray tube, radioactive source, crystal oscillator,
sodium vapour lamp (c) 2.5 s (d) 500 s
(d) X-rays tube, crystal oscillator, radioactive source, 65. If o amd P0 represent the permittivity and permeability of
sodium vapour lamp. vacuum and  and P represent the permittivity and
Equation of Wave permeability of medium, then refractive index of the medium
58. The conduction current in ideal case through a circuit is is given by
zero when charge on capacitor is
P 0 0 P
(a) zero (a) (b) P 0 0
P
(b) maximum
(c) any transient value  P 0 0
(c) P 0 0 (d)
(d) depends on capacitor used P

59. The conduction current is same as displacement current Maxwell Equations

when source is 66. According to Maxwell’s hypothesis, a changing electric
(a) a.c. only (b) d.c. only field gives rise to
(c) both a.c. or d.c. (d) neither for d.c. nor for a.c. (a) an e.m.f. (b) electric current
60. A radiowave has a maximum magnetic field induction of (c) magnetic field (d) pressure radiant
10–4 T on arrival at a receiving antenna. The maximum 67. Maxwell’s modified form of Ampere’s circuital law is
electric field intensity of such a wave is G JJG
(a) zero
4
(b) 3 × 10 V/m (a) v³ B.ds 0
S
–9 –13
(c) 5.8 × 10 V/m (d) 3.3 × 10 V/m
G JJG
(b) v³ B.dA P0 I

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198 EMI AND AC

G JJG 1 dq
(c) v³ B.dA P0 I 
0 dt

G JJG dI E
(d) v³ B.dA P 0 I  P 0 0
dt

68. Consider the following statements about electromagnetic

radiations; All of htem
(i) have energy (ii) exert pressure on an object
(iii) have the same momentum.
Of these statements
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (i) and (iii) are correct.

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EMI AND AC 199

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR COMPETITION QUESTIONS

1. Eddy currents are produced when (1988) 7. A magnetic field of 2 × 10–2 T acts at right angles to a coil
of area 100 cm2, with 50 turns. The average e.m.f. induced
(a) a metal is kept in varying magnetic field
in the coil is 0.1 V, when it is removed from the field in t sec.
(b) a metal is kept in steady magnetic field The value of t is : (1991)
(c) a circular coil is placed in a magnetic field (a)10 s (b) 0.1 s
(d) through a circular coil, current is passed (c) 0.01 s (d) 1 s
–2
2. In a region of magnetic induction B = 10 tesla, a circular 8. A 100 millihenry coil carries a current of 1 A. Energy stored
coil of radius 30 cm and resistance S2 ohm is rotated about in its magnetic field is : (1991)
an axis which is perpendicular to the direction of B and
(a) 0.5 J (b) 1 A
which forms a diameter of the coil. If the coil rotates at 200
rpm the amplitude of the alternating current induced in the (c) 0.05 J (d) 0.1 J
coil is : (1988) 9. If the number of turns per unit length of a coil of solenoid
(a) 4S2 mA (b) 30 mA is doubled, the self-inductance of the solenoid will :

(c) 6 mA (d) 200 mA (a) remain unchanged (b) be halved (1991)

3. Energy in a current carrying coil is stored in the form of (c) be doubled (d) become four times

(a) electric field (b) magnetic field (1988) 10. Faraday’s laws are consequence of conservation of :
(c) dielectric strength (d) heat (1991)
(a) energy (b) energy and magnetic field
4. In the circuit of figure, the bulb will become suddenly
bright, if (1989) (c) charge (d) magnetic field
11. A rectangular coil of 20 turns and area of cross-section 25
sq. cm has a resistance of 10 :. If a magnetic field which is
perpendicular to the plane of coil changes at a rate of 1000
tesla per second, the current in the coil is : (1992)
(a) 1 A (b) 50 A
(c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A

(a) contact is made or broken 12. The total charge, induced in a conducting loop when it is
moved in magnetic field depend on : (1992)
(b) contact is made
(a) the rate of change of magnetic flux
(c) contact is broken
(b) initial magnetic flux only
(d) won’t become bright at all
(c) the total change in magnetic flux
5. An inductor may store energy in (1990)
(a) its electric field (d) final magnetic flux only

(b) its coils 13. The time constant of C–R circuit is (1992)

(c) its magnetic field (a)1/CR (b) C/R

(d) both in electric and magnetic fields (c) CR (d) R/C

6. The current in self inductance L = 40 mH is to be increased 14. What is the self-inductance of a coil which produces 5 V
uniformly from 1 amp to 11 amp in 4 milliseconds. The when the current changes from 3 ampere to 2 ampere in
e.m.f. induced in inductor during process is : (1990) one millisecond ? (1993)
(a) 100 volt (b) 0.4 volt (a) 5000 henry (b) 5 mili-henry
(c) 4.0 volt (d) 440 volt (c) 50 henry (d) 5 henry

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200 EMI AND AC

15. If N is the number of turns in a coil, the value of self 20. A straight line conductor of length 0.4 m is moved with a
inductance varies as : (1993) speed of 7 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity
(a) N0 (b) N 0.9 Wb/m2. The induced e.m.f. across the conductor is
(c) N2 (d) N–2 (a) 5.04 V (b) 25.2 V
16. The direction of induced emf was given by (1994) (c) 1.26 V (d) 2.52 V
(a) Faraday (b) Lenzs 21. When the key K is pressed at time t = 0, then which of the
(c) Both a and b (d) None following statement about the current I in the resistor AB
of the given circuit is true ? (1995)
17. An series L-C-R circuit is connected to a source of A.C.
current. At resonance, the phase difference between the
applied voltage and the current in the circuit, is : (1994)
(a) S (b) zero
(c) S/4 (d) S/2
18. In an A.C. circuit, Irms and I0 are related as : (1994)

(a) Irms = SI0 (b) Irms = 2 I0

(a) I oscilates between 1 mA and 2 mA
(c) Irms = I0/S (d) Irms = , 2 (b) at t = 0, I = 2 mA and with time it goes to 1 mA
19. The current I in an A.C. circuit inductance coil varies with (c) I = 1 mA at all t
time according to the graph given below (d) I = 2 mA at all t.
22. In an A.C. circuit, the current flowing is I = 5 sin (100t – S/2)
ampere and the potential difference is V = 200 sin (100 t)
volts. The power consumption is equal to : (1995)
(a) 20 W (b) 0 W
(c) 1000 W (d) 40 W

Which one of the following graphs gives the variation of 23. A varying current in a coil change from 10 A to zero in 0.5
voltage with time ? (1994) s.If the average emf induced in the coil is 220 V, the self-
inductance of the coil is (1995)
(a) 5 H (b) 6 H
(c) 11 H (d) 12 H

(a) (b) 24. A metal ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is dropped
through the ring with its length along the axis of the ring.
The acceleration of the falling magnet is : (1996)
(a) more than g (b) equal to g
(c) less than g (d) either (a) or (c).
25. In an a.c. circuit with phase voltage V and current I, the
power dissipated is : (1997)
(c) (d)
(a) V.I
(b) depends on phase angle between V and I

1
(c) u V.I
2

1
(d) u V.I
2

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EMI AND AC 201

26. The primary winding of a transformer has 500 turns whereas 33. For a series LCR circuit the power loss at resonance is :
it secondary has 5000 turns. The primary is connected to (2002)
an A.C. supply 20 V, 50 Hz. The secondary will have an
output of : (1997) V2
(a) (b) I2LZ
ª 1 º
«¬ ZL  ZC »¼
(a) 2 V, 50 Hz (b) 2 V, 5 Hz
(c) 200 V, 50 Hz (d) 200 V, 500 Hz
27. Two coils have a mutual inductance 0.005 H. The current 2
V2
(c) I R (d)
changes in the first coil according to equation I = I0 sin Zt, CZ
where I0 = 10 A and Z = 100 S rad/sec. The maximum value
34. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes
of e.m.f. in the second coil is : (1998)
by an amount 'I in a time 't. Then the total quantity of
(a) S (b) 5S electric charge Q that passes any point in the circuit during
(c) 2S (d) 4S the time 't is represented by : (2004)
28. A step-up transformer operates on a 230 V line and supplies
1 'I 'I
a load of 2 ampere. The ratio of the primary and secondary (a) Q . (b) Q
R 't R
windings is 1 : 25. The current in the primary is : (1998)
(a) 15 A (b) 50 A 'I 'I
(c) Q (d) Q R.
(c) 25 A (d) 12.5 A 't 't
29. In the circuit given in figure 1 and 2 are ammeters. Just 35. A coil of 40 henry inductance is connected in series with a
after key K is pressed to complete the circuit, the reading resistance of 8 ohm and the combination is joined to the
will be : (1989) terminals of a 2 volt battery. The time constant of the circuit
is : (2004)
(a) 5 seconds (b) 1/5 seconds
(c) 40 seconds (d) 20 seconds
36. As a result of change in the magnetic flux lined to the
closed loop as shown in the figure, an e.m.f. V volt is
induced in the loop. The work done (joule) in taking a
charge Q coulomb one along the loop is : (2005)
(a) zero in 1, maximum in 2
(b) maximum in both 1 and 2
(c) zero in both 1 and 2
(d) maximum in 1, zero in 2
30. The value of quality factor is : (2000)

ZL 1
(a) (b)
R ZRC
(a) QV (b) 2QV
(c) LC (d) L/R (c) QV/2 (d) zero
31. A capacitor of capacity C has reactance X. If capacitance 37. In a circuit L, C and R connected in series with an
and frequency become double then reactance will be : alternating voltage source of frequency f. The current leads
(a) 4X (b) X/2 (2001) the voltage by 45°. The value of C is : (2005)

(c) X/4 (d) 2X 1 1

2 – (a) Sf 2Sf L  R (b) 2Sf 2Sf L  R
32. For a coil having L = 2 mH, current flow through it is I = t e
t
then, the time at which emf become zero : (2001)
1 1
(a) 2 sec (b) 1 sec (c) Sf 2Sf L  R (d) 2Sf 2Sf L  R
(c) 4 sec (d) 3 sec.

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202 EMI AND AC

38. A coil of inductive reactance 31: has a resistance of 8:. 45. A long solenoid has 500 turns. When a current of 2 A is
It is placed in series with a condenser of capacitative passed through it, the resulting magnetic flux linked with
reactance 25:. The combination is connected to an a.c. each turn of the solenoid is 4 × 10–3 Wb. The self-inductance
source of 110 V. The power factor of the circuit is : (2006) of the solenoid is (2008)
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.56 (a) 2.5 H (b) 2.0 H
(c) 0.64 (d) 0.80 (c) 1.0 H (d) 4.0 H
39. Two coils of self inductance 2 mH and 8 mH are placed so 46. A circular disc of radius 0.2 m is placed in a uniform magnetic
close together that the effective flux in one coil is
1
completely linked with the other. The mutual inductance field of induction (Wb/m2) in such a way that its axis
S
between these coils is : (2006)
G
(a) 16 mH (b) 10 mH makes an angle of 60° with B . The magnetic flux linked
with the disc is (2008)
(c) 6 mH (d) 4 mH
(a) 0.02 Wb (b) 0.06 Wb
40. The core of a transformer is laminated because : (2006)
(c) 0.08 Wb (d) 0.01 Wb
(a) ratio of voltage in primary and secondary may be
increased 47. A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic
field 0.04 T with its plane perpendicular to the magnetic
(b) energy losses due to eddy currents may be minimised
field. The radius of the loop starts shrinking at 2 mms–1.
(c) the weight of the transformer may be reduced The induced emf in the loop when the radius is 2 cm is
(d) rusting of the core may be prevented. (a) 3.2 SP V (b) 4.8 SP V (2009)
41. A transistor-oscillator using a resonant circuit with an (c) 0.8 SP V (d) 1.6SP V
inductor L (of neglibigle resistance) and a capacitor C in
48. A rectangular, a square, a circular and an elliptical loop, all
series produce oscillations of frequency f. It L is doubled
in the (x–y) plane, are moving out of a uniform magnetic
and C is changed to 4C, the frequency will be : (2006)
G
(a) f/2 (b) f/4 field with a constant velocity, v v ˆi . The magnetic field
is directed along the negative z–axis direction. The induced
(c) 8f (d) f / 2 2
emf, during the passage of these loops, out of the field
42. The primary and secondary coils of a transformer have 50 region, will not remain constant for (2009)
and 1500 turns respectively. It the magnetic flux I linked (a) the rectangular, circular and elliptical loops
with the primary coil is given by I = I0 + 4t, where I is in
webers, t is time in seconds and I0 is a constant, the output (b) the circular and the elliptical loops
voltage across the secondary coil is : (2007) (c) only the elliptical loop
(a) 120 volts (b) 220 volts (d) any of the four loops
(c) 30 volts (d) 90 volts 49. The r.m.s. value of potential difference V shown in the
43. A transformer is used to light a 100 W and 110 V lamp from figure is (2011)
a 220 V mains. If the main current is 0.5 amp, the efficiency
of the transformer is approximately : (2007)
(a) 50% (b) 90%
(c) 10% (d) 30%
44. What is the value of inductance L for which the current is
maximum in a series LCR circuit with C = 10 PF and
Z = 1000 s–1 ? (2007)
(a) 1 mH
V0 V0
(b) cannot be calculated unless R is known (a) (b)
2 3
(c) 10 mH
V0
(d) 100 mH (c) V0 (d)
2

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EMI AND AC 203

50. The ratio of amplitude of magnetic field to the amplitude of 52. The instantaneous values of alternating current and
electric field for an electromagnetic wave propagating in voltages in a circuit are given as (2012)
vacuum is equal to : (2012)
1
(a) unity i sin 100 St ampere
2
(b) the speed of light in vacuum
(c) reciprocal of speed of light in vacuum 1 § S·
e sin ¨100 St  ¸ volt
(d) the ratio of magnetic permeability to the electric 2 © 3¹
susceptibility of vacuum
The average power in Watts consumed in the circuit is
51. In a coil of resistance of 10 :, the induced current
developed by changing magnetic flux through it, is shown 1 1
(a) (b)
in figure as a function of time. The magnitude of change in 8 4
flux through the coil in Weber is (2012)
3 1
(c) (d)
4 2

53. A coil of resistance 400 : is placed in a magnetic field. If

the magnetic flux I (wb) linked with the coil varies with
time t (sec) as I = 50t2+ 4, the current in the coil at t = 2 sec
is (2012)
(a) 1 A (b) 0.5 A
(c) 0.1 A (d) 2 A
54. The electric field associated with an e.m. wave in vacuum
G 8
is given by E ˆi 40 cos kz  6 u 10 t , where E, z and t
(a) 4 (b) 8
(c) 2 (d) 6 are in volt/m, meter and seconds respectively. The value
of wave vector k is (2012)
(a) 3 m–1 (b) 2 m–1
(c) 0.5 m–1 (d) 6 m–1

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204 EMI AND AC

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b)

10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d)
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b)
28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (c)
55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (c)
64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (b)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR COMPETITION QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d)

10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b)
28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a, b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a)
37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (b)

Dream on !!
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