FRAC CODE LIST 1:

Fungicides sorted by FRAC Code

INTRODUCTION
The following table lists commercial fungicides according to their mode of action and resistance risk.
The most important bactericides are also included.

The Table headings are defined as:

Code
Numbers and letters are used to distinguish the fungicide groups. The numbers were assigned
primarily according to the time of product introduction to the market. The letters refer to P = host plant
defence inducers, M = multi-site inhibitors, and U = recent molecules with unknown mode of action
and unknown resistance risk (transient status, mostly not longer than 8 years, until information about
mode of action and mechanism of resistance becomes available).

Target Site of Action

If available the biochemical mode of action is given. In many cases the precise target site is not known.
However, a grouping can be made due to cross resistance profiles within a group or in relation to other
groups.

Group Name
The Group Names listed are widely accepted in literature. They are based on different sources (mode
of action, first important representative, chemical group).

Chemical Group
Sub-grouping due to chemical considerations.

Common name
Accepted (or proposed) common name for an individual active ingredient expected to appear on the
product label as definition of the product.

Comments on Resistance
If field resistance is known to one member of the Group, it is most likely but not exclusively valid that
cross resistance to other Group members will be present. There is increasing evidence that cross
resistance may not be clearly visible between Group members and that the degree of the effect can
differ both between group members and fungal species or even within species. For the latest
information on resistance and cross resistance status of a particular fungus-fungicide complex, you are
advised to contact your local FRAC representative, product manufacturer’s representative or crop
1
protection advisor. The intrinsic risk for resistance evolution to a given fungicide group is estimated to
be low, medium or high according to the principles described in FRAC Monographs 1, 2 and 3.
Resistance management is driven by pathogen risk and agronomic risk (see FRAC pathogen risk list)

Similar classification lists of fungicides have been published by T. Locke on behalf of FRAG – UK
(Fungicide Resistance, August 2001), and by P. Leroux (Classification des fongicides agricoles et
résistance, Phytoma, La Défense des Végétaux, No. 554, 43-51, November 2002).

Last update: December 2006

Next update: December 2007

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP
Resistance common in many fungal
benomyl species. Several target site mutations,
carbendazim mostly E198A/G/K, F200Y in β-tubulin
benzimidazoles
fuberidazole gene
MBC -
thiabendazole
mitosis: fungicides
Positive cross resistance between the
ß-tubuline (Methyl
1 group members. Negative cross
assembly Benzimidazole
resistance to N-Phenylcarbamates
Carbamates)
thiophanate
thiophanates
thiophanate-methyl High risk. See FRAC Benzimidazole
Guidelines
for resistance management.
Resistance common in Botrytis and some
other pathogens.
Several mutations in OS-1, mostly I365S
MAP/Histidine- chlozolinate
Kinases in osmotic iprodione Cross resistance common between the
2 dicarboximides dicarboximides
signal transduction procymidone group members.
(os-1, Daf1) vinclozolin
Medium to high risk. See FRAC
Dicarboximide Guidelines
for resistance management.
imazalil
oxpoconazole
imidazoles pefurazoate
prochloraz
triflumizole
piperazines triforine

pyridines pyrifenox
There are great differences in the activity
fenarimol spectra of the different DMI fungicides.
pyrimidines
nuarimol
azaconazole Resistance is known in various fungal
bitertanol species. Several resistance mechanisms
bromuconazole known incl. target site mutations, e.g.
cyproconazole V136A, Y137F, I381V in cyp51 gene, ABC
C14- DMI-fungicides difenoconazole transporters and others.
demethylation diniconazole
in sterol (DeMethylation epoxiconazole Generally wise to accept that cross
3 biosynthesis Inhibitors) resistance is present between fungicides
fenbuconazole
(erg11/cyp51) fluquinconazole active against the same fungus.
(SBI: Class I) flusilazole
flutriafol DMI fungicides are Sterol Biosynthesis
hexaconazole Inhibitors (SBI's) but show no cross
triazoles resistance to other SBI classes.
imibenconazole
ipconazole
metconazole Medium risk. See FRAC SBI Guidelines
myclobutanil for resistance management.
penconazole .
propiconazole
prothioconazole
simeconazole
tebuconazole
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP
benalaxyl
Resistance and cross resistance well
furalaxyl
known in various Oomycetes but
acylalanines metalaxyl
resistance mechanism unknown.
PA - fungicides metalaxyl-M
4 RNA polymerase I
(PhenylAmides) (=mefenoxam)
oxazolidinones oxadixyl High risk. See FRAC Phenylamide
butyrolactones ofurace Guidelines
aldimorph Decreased sensitivity described for
Δ14-reductase dodemorph powdery mildews.
morpholines
and fenpropimorph Cross resistance within the group
Amines
Δ8→Δ7 tridemorph generally found but not to other
(“Morpholines”)
5 isomerase fenpropidin SBI classes.
in sterol piperidines
(SBI: Class II) piperalin
biosynthesis Low to medium risk. See FRAC SBI
(erg24, erg2) spiroketalamines spiroxamine Guidelines
for resistance management.
edifenphos
phosphoro- phosphoro-
phospholipid iprobenfos (IBP) Resistance known for specific fungi. Low
thiolates thiolates
6 biosynthesis, pyrazophos to medium risk. Resistance management
methyltransferase required if used for risky pathogens.
dithiolanes dithiolanes isoprothiolane
benodanil
benzamides flutolanil
mepronil
furan
fenfuram
carboxamides
complex II in Resistance known for specific fungi.
oxathiin carboxin
fungal respiration Target site mutation H257L. Medium risk.
7 carboxamides carboxamides oxycarboxin
(succinate- Resistance management required if used
dehydrogenase) thiazole for risky pathogens.
thifluzamide
carboxamides
pyrazole furametpyr
carboxamides penthiopyrad
pyridine
boscalid
carboxamides
hydroxy- hydroxy- bupirimate Medium risk. Resistance and cross
adenosin-
8 (2-amino-) (2-amino-) dimethirimol resistance known in powdery mildews.
deaminase
pyrimidines pyrimidines ethirimol Resistance management required.
Resistance known in Botrytis and
methionine Venturia, sporadically in Oculimacula.
AP - fungicides anilino- cyprodinil
biosynthesis
9 (Anilino- pyrimidines mepanipyrim
(proposed) Medium risk. See FRAC
Pyrimidines) pyrimethanil
(cgs gene) Anilinopyrimidine Guidelines
for resistance management.
Resistance known. Target site mutation
mitosis:
N-phenyl N-phenyl E198K. Negative cross resistance
10 ß-tubulin diethofencarb
carbamates carbamates to benzimidazoles. High risk.
assembly
Resistance management required.

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP
azoxystrobin
methoxyacrylates enestrobin
picoxystrobin
methoxy- Resistance known in various fungal
pyraclostrobin species. Target site mutations G143A,
carbamates
kresoxim-methyl F129L and additional mechanisms.
oximino acetates
complex III of trifloxystrobin
fungal respiration: QoI-fungicides dimoxystrobin
oximino- Cross resistance shown between all
11 ubiquinol oxidase, (Quinone outside metominostrobin
acetamides members of the QoI group.
Qo site Inhibitors) orysastrobin
(cyt b gene) oxazolidine-diones famoxadone
High risk. See FRAC QoI Guidelines
dihydro-dioxazines fluoxastrobin
for resistance management.
imidazolinones fenamidone
benzyl-
pyribencarb
carbamates
MAP/Histidine- Resistance found sporadically,
Kinase in osmotic PP-fungicides fenpiclonil mechanism speculative (OS-2 kinase).
12 signal transduction (PhenylPyrroles) phenylpyrroles
fludioxonil Low to medium risk. Resistance
(os-2, HOG1) management required.
G-proteins in early
Resistance known. Medium risk.
13 cell signalling quinolines quinolines quinoxyfen
Resistance management required.
(proposed)
biphenyl
AH-fungicides
chloroneb
(Aromatic
aromatic dicloran Resistance known to some fungi.
Hydrocarbons)
lipid peroxidation hydrocarbons quintozene (PCNB) Low to medium risk. Cross resistance
14 (chlorophenyls,
(proposed) tecnazene (TCNB) patterns complex due to different activity
nitroanilines)
tolclofos-methyl spectra.
heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles etridiazole

MBI-R isobenzofuranone fthalide

reductase in
(Melanin
16.1 melanin Resistance not known
Biosynthesis pyrroloquinolinone pyroquilon
biosynthesis
Inhibitors -
Reductase triazolobenzo-
tricyclazole
thiazole
cyclopropane-
MBI-D carpropamid
carboxamide
dehydratase in (Melanin
Resistance known. Medium risk.
16.2 melanin Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet
Resistance management required.
biosynthesis Inhibitors -
Dehydratase propionamide fenoxanil
3-keto reductase
during C4
hydroxyanilides Low to medium risk. Resistance
17 demethylation in (SBI: Class III) hydroxyanilides fenhexamid
management required.
sterol biosynthesis
(erg27)
Herbicide and fungicide. Resistance not
squalene thiocarbamates pyributicarb
known
18 epoxidase in sterol (SBI: class IV)
naftifine
biosynthesis (erg1) allylamines medical fungicides
terbinafine

peptidyl pyrimidine Resistance known. Medium risk.

19 chitin synthase polyoxins polyoxin
nucleoside Resistance management required.

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP

cell division
20 phenylureas phenylureas pencycuron Resistance not known
(proposed)

complex III of Resistance risk unknown but assumed to

QiI - fungicides cyanoimidazole cyazofamid
fungal respiration: be medium to high (mutations at target
21 (Quinone inside
ubiquinone site known in model organisms).
Inhibitors) sulfamoyl-triazoles amisulbrom
reductase, Qi site Resistance management required.

mitosis Low to medium risk. Resistance

22 ß-tubulin assembly benzamides toluamides zoxamide
management required.

enopyranuronic enopyranuronic Low to medium risk. Resistance

23 protein synthesis blasticidin-S
acid antibiotic acid antibiotic management required.

hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl Medium risk. Resistance known.

24 protein synthesis kasugamycin
antibiotic antibiotic Resistance management required.

glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl Bactericide. Resistance known. High risk.

25 protein synthesis streptomycin
antibiotic antibiotic Resistance management required.
trehalase and / or
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl
26 inositol- validamycin Resistance not known
antibiotic antibiotic
biosynthesis

cyanoacetamide- cyanoacetamide- Resistance described. Low to medium

27 unknown cymoxanil
oximes oximes risk. Resistance management required.

cell membrane iodocarb

Low to medium risk. Resistance
28 permeability, fatty carbamates carbamates propamocarb
management required.
acids (proposed) prothiocarb
dinitrophenyl binapacryl
Resistance not known
crotonates dinocap
uncouplers of pyrimidinone-
29 oxidative ferimzone Resistance not known
hydrazones
phosphorylation
2,6-dinitro- Low risk. However, resistance claimed in
fluazinam
anilines Botrytis in Japan
inhibitors of
fentin acetate
oxidative phospho- organo tin tri phenyl tin Some resistance cases known. Low to
30 fentin chloride
rylation, ATP compounds compounds medium risk
fentin hydroxide
synthases
DNA Bactericide. Resistance known. Risk
31 topoisomerase carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid unknown.
type II (gyrase) Resistance management required.
DNA/RNA isoxazoles hymexazole
32 synthesis heteroaromatics Resistance not known
(proposed) isothiazolones octhilinone

ethyl
fosetyl-Al
phosphonates
Few resistance cases reported in few
33 unknown phosphonates
phophorous acid and pathogens. Low risk
salts

teclofthalam
34 unknown phthalamic acids phthalamic acids Resistance not known
(Bactericide)

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP

35 unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide Resistance not known

benzene- benzene-
36 unknown flusulfamide Resistance not known
sulfonamides sulfonamides

37 unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine Resistance not known

ATP production thiophene- thiophene-

38 silthiofam Resistance reported. Risk low
(proposed) carboxamides carboxamides
Complex I of
39 respiration, NADH pyrimidinamides pyrimidinamides diflumetorim Resistamce not known
Oxidoreductase
cinnamic acid dimethomorph
Resistance known in Plasmopara viticola
amides flumorph
phospholipid but not in Phytophthora infestans.
CAA-fungicides benthiavalicarb
biosynthesis and valinamide Cross resistance between all members of
40 cell wall deposition (Carboxylic Acid carbamates
iprovalicarb
the CAA group.
Amides) valiphenal
(proposed) Low to medium risk. See FRAC CAA
mandelic acid Guidelines for resistance management
mandipropamid
amides
protein synthesis
attachment of
tetracycline tetracycline Bactericide. Resistance known. High risk.
41 aminoacyl-tRNA to oxytetracycline
antibiotic antibiotic Resistance management required.
ribosomal acceptor
(A) site

42 unknown thiocarbamate thiocarbamate methasulfocarb Resistance not known

delocalisation of
43 spectrin-like benzamides acylpicolides fluopicolide Resistance not known
proteins

P1
salicylic acid benzo-thiadiazole
acibenzolar-S-methyl
pathway BTH
host plant
P defence probenazole Resistance not known
induction P2 benzisothiazole (also antibacterial and
antifungal activity)
thiadiazole- tiadinil
P3
carboxamides isotianil

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 TARGET SITE OF CHEMICAL
CODE GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
ACTION GROUP
microtubule
U (U numbers not appearing in the list derive

thiazole
disruption U5 ethaboxam Resistance not known
carboxamide
(proposed)
Resistance in Sphaerotheca
from reclassified fungicides)

unknown U6 phenyl-acetamide cyflufenamid

Resistance management required

unknown U7 quinazolinone proquinazid Resistance not known

unknown U8 benzophenone metrafenone Resistance not known

unknown U10

copper
M1 inorganic
(different salts)

M2 inorganic sulphur

ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithiocarbamates
metiram
M3 and
propineb
relatives
thiram Generally considered as a low risk group
zineb without any signs of resistance developing
ziram to the fungicides
captan
M4 phthalimides captafol * For dodine, resistance was reported in
multi-site contact folpet
M Venturia inaequalis suggesting that dodine
activity
chloronitriles may not be a multi-site inhibitor.
M5 chlorothalonil
(phthalonitriles) Resistance management recommended
dichlofluanid No cross resistance between group
M6 sulphamides
tolylfluanid members M1 to M9
dodine*
M7 guanidines guazatine
iminoctadine

M8 triazines anilazine

quinones
M9 dithianon
(anthraquinones)

mineral oils, organic

oils, potassium
NC not classified NC diverse Resistance not known
bicarbonate, material
of biological origin