UNIT-I

1. Explain system response system and distortion. [3M]

2. Explain dynamic response of second order instrument. [4M]
b) A resistor has a nominal value of 10 Ω ± 1%. A voltage is applied across the
resistor and calculates the power consumed in the resistor. Calculate the uncertainty in
each case when the measured values of E and I are : E = 100 V ± 1% and I = 10
A ± 1% [8M]
c) Explain the experimental determination of system parameters. [4M]

2. a) Define measurement and explain its significance in our day to day life. [3M]
3.a) Explain the difference between: i) Input and output, ii) measurement and instrument
and iii) measurand and measurement. [8M]
b) What is the function of a sensing element, signal conditioner and indicating element
of a measuring instrument? [8M]
4. a) What do you mean by random errors? [4M]
a) Describe the elements present in the generalized measuring system block with the
suitable examples. [8M]
b) Explain the working principle of variable-inductance transducer with a neat sketch
and also list out its advantages. [8M]
5. a) Explain the following terms. i) Accuracy ii) Precision iii) Threshold iv) Standards
[4M]
a) Sketch and explain with a block diagram generalized measurement system and its
elements with an example. [6M]
b) Sketch and explain variable capacitive transducer elements with applications. [6M]
c) Write short notes on calibration procedures for transducers [4M]
6. a) Explain with a block diagram generalized measurement system and its elements
with an example. [4M]
a) Explain the following terms. i) Accuracy ii) Precision iii) Calibration iv) Standards
[4M]
b) Explain in brief the various sources of errors and how can they be reduced [6M]
c) Explain the working principle of Ionization gauge with a neat sketch. State its
advantages and disadvantages [6M]
7. What are the different standard inputs for studying the dynamic response of a system?
[4M]
a) What are Transducers and how are they classified? Explain their importance in an
instrumentation process. [8M]
 b) What are the various errors occur in the measuring instruments and explain the
methods of elimination. [8M]
8. Define the following: i) measurand ii) measurement iii) calibration iv) primary
measuring element. [4M]
a) Sketch and explain generalized measurement system and its functional elements. [8M]
b) Explain the difference in principle of operation of photo emissive cell, a photo
conductive cell and a photo voltaic cell. [8M]
9.a) State the advantages of electrical transducers over other transducers. [3M]
a) Explain various dynamic performance characteristics with sketches. [6M]
b) With a neat sketch explain the working of LVDT to measure linear displacement
[6M]
c) Describe the principle of operation of a piezo-electric transducer. [4M]
10. a) Mention important characteristics of a transducer. [3M]
a) Explain various types of errors in measurement system by giving suitable examples.
[8M]
b) Describe the construction and working of capacitive transducer and state it advantages
[8M]
11. a) What do you mean by systematic errors? [4M]
a) Explain the working of different parts of Bourdon tube pressure gauge with
generalized measuring system block diagram. [8M]
b) Explain the working principle of Piezoelectric transducer with neat sketch and also
list out its limitations. [8M]
12. a) Name the different sources of error. [3M]
a) Draw the block diagram of generalized measurement system and explain its various
elements. [8M]
b) With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of piezo electric transducer and
write its advantages and limitations. [8M]

UNIT-II
1.a) Explain the theory of radiation pyrometers. [4M]
b) What are the advantages of raised well manometers? [4M]
a) Describe the series and parallel connections of thermocouple and where it is used? [3M]
b) A McLeod gauge is available with bulb and measuring capillary volume of 150 x106
mm2and a capillary of diameter0.3 mm. Calculate the gauge reading for a pressure of 30 µm.
[8M]
c) Explain electrical resistance thermometers and resistance thermometer detector. [5M]
2. a) What is the case compensation and the full compensation in a filled in system. [4M]
a.)Distinguish between RTD and Thermistors. [3M]
b) Explain with the help of suitable sketches, the difference between a Bellow gauage and a
diaphragm gauage for pressure measurement. [8M]
c) With neat of a suitable sketch. Explain the construction and working principle of bourdon
tube pressure gauge? [5M]
3. a) List out the advantages of thermocouples. [4M]
a) Explain how pyrometric cones are used for the measurement of temperature. [8M]
b) Explain with the help of suitable sketches, the difference between a bellows gauge and a
diaphragm gauge for pressure measurement. [8M]
4. a) Explain with a neat sketch working of Thermocouple type thermal conductivity gauge.
[4M]
a) Explain how pyrometric cones are used for the measurement of temperature. [8M]
b) Explain with the help of suitable sketches, the difference between a bellows gauge and a
diaphragm gauge for pressure measurement. [8M]
5. Explain with a neat sketch working of Thermocouple type thermal conductivity gauge.
[4M]
a) Explain the disappearing filament pyrometers setup and explain its operation [8M]
b) What are the advantages of thermistors for temperature measurement? [3M]
c) Explain with a neat sketch working of Bourdon tube pressure gauge. List its advantages
and disadvantages. [5M]
6. a) Describe the constructional details, theory and application of different types of
Diaphragm pressure gauges [4M]
What do you mean by low pressures? List out various indirect methods for measurement of
low pressure and explain any two methods. [8M]
b) Explain the disappearing filament pyrometers setup and explain its operation [4M]

c)Explain any two temperature measurement equipments with neat sketches [4M]
7. a) Classify temperature measuring instruments. Write short notes on solid expansion
thermometers [4M]
a) Explain working principle of thermocouples [4M]
b) Explain the working principle of McLeod pressure gauge. State advantages and
disadvantages of McLeod pressure gauge [8M]
c) Classify pressure measurement techniques [4M]
8. a) Explain with a neat sketch how pressure can be measured with bourdon tube pressure
gauge. [4M]
Explain the working of liquid in glass thermometers by means of neat sketch. List their
advantages and disadvantages. [6M]
b) Explain i) Gauge pressure ii) Absolute pressure [2M]
9. a) Explain the bellows gauge used to measure gauge pressure. [4M]
a) What is thermopile? Explain the principle of operation with neat sketch. [6M]
b) Explain the construction and working of strain gauge pressure cells. [10M]
10. a) List the metals used for resistance thermometers and give their useful temperature
ranges. [4M]
a) Explain the working of the thermistor with neat sketch and also list out its advantages and
limitations. [8M]
b) Explain the working of Thermal conductivity gauge for the measurement of pressure with
neat sketch. [8M]
11. b) List five properties a material should have to be used as an element for bimetallic strip.
[4M]
a) What is a thermistor? With a neat sketch explain how it is used to measure temperature?
Write its advantages, limitations and applications. [8M]
b) Explain the working of elastic diaphragm pressure gauge used for the measurement of
pressure and write its limitations. [8M]

UNIT-III
1. a) Explain the construction and working of orifice meter and flow nozzle. [8M]
b) Explain the construction and working of cryogenic fuel level indicator. [8M]
2. a) What is flow visualization? [3M]
a) Explain different types of flow obstruction methods. [6M]
b) A seismic accelerometer sensing displacement has and undamped frequency of 20 Hz and
a damping ratio of 0.7. Calculate a) its damped frequency b) the amplitude ratio and phase
angle between the motion of the seismic mass and the applied vibration if the latter is a
sinusoidal displacement at a frequency of 30Hz and 1kHz. [8M]
5 a) Explain the working mechanical tachometer with a neat sketch. [8M]
b) A piezoelectric accelerometer has a transfer function of 61 mV/g and a natural frequency
of 4500 Hz. In a vibration test at 110 Hz, a reading of 3.6 V peak is obtained. Find the
vibration peak of displacement? [8M]
3. a) Explain the principle of operation of Turbine meter for the measurement of fluid
velocity. [4M]
a) A Stroboscope projects 6000 flashes per minute on a disk mounted on the shaft of a
machine. Find the speed of the machine if the disk appears stationary and has a single image
of 10 points. [8M]
b) Describe the functioning of a stroboscope and explain how speed of a rotating shaft can be
measured using a single pattern and multi-pattern disc? [8M]
4.a) State the working principle of piezo-electric transducer for the measurement of
acceleration. [4M]
a) Explain the working principle of operation of turbine flow with neat sketch and also list
out its advantages and disadvantages. [8M]
b) Explain the measurement of vibration by the reed vibrometer, and the stroboscope. [8M]
5. a) Write explanatory notes on Hot-wire anemometers [4M]
a) Write short notes on cryogenic fuel level indicator [4M]
b) Why rotameter is called variable area flow meter? Describe its construction and working
with a neat sketch. [6M] c) Explain the construction, principle of working and advantages of
Capacitive vibration sensor. [6M]
6. a) Explain any with a neat sketch any of the constant head variable area flow meter. [4M]
a) Write short notes on non contact type tachometers [3M]
b) With the help of hot wire bridge circuit explain the working of hot wire anemometer in
constant current mode and constant temperature mode. [7M]
c) Explain the construction, principle of working and advantages of Strain gauge
accelerometer. [6M]
7. a) Define vibration. Explain how it is characterized, and list some of its harmful effects.
[3M]
a) Write short notes on bubler level indicators [3M]
b) Why rotameter is called variable area flow meter? Describe its construction and working
with a neat sketch. [8M]
c) Explain the construction, principle of working and advantages of Seismic instruments.
[5M]
8. a) Write short notes on mechanical and electrical tachometers [3M]
a) With the help of hot wire bridge circuit explain the working of hot wire anemometer in
constant current mode and constant temperature mode. [8M]
b) Name the different vibration sensing system used in practice. Explain any one such
system for the measurement of vibration. [8M]
9. a) What is the difference between direct and indirect liquid level measuring devices? [4M]
a) Why a rotometer is called variable area flow meter? Sketch and explain its working. [6M]
b) What factors are to be considered for level measurement sensor selection? [4M]
c) Explain the construction and working of stroboscope with suitable diagram. [6M]
10. a) Write a short note on magnetic flow meter. [4M]
a) Explain the construction and working of a hot wire anemometer. [7M]
b) How can gamma rays be used to measure liquid level? [5M]
c) Draw the diagram of a piezo electric accelerometer and explain its working. [4M]
11. a) How seismic instruments used for measuring acceleration? [4M]
a) Explain a capacitive liquid level sensor used to measure liquid level. [7M]
b) Describe the working of a cryogenic fuel level indicator. What are its advantages and
disadvantages? [9M]
12. a) State the principle of tachogenerators . [4M]
a) Explain with a neat sketch how you will measure the fluid velocity by using turbine meter.
[8M]
b) Describe the different methods used for measurement of speed and explain their
advantages and disadvantages. [8M]
13. a) Define vibration. List out its harmful effects? [4M]
a) Explain the working principle of operation of hot wire anemometer with neat sketch. [8M]
b) Explain the construction and working of a vibrating reed tachometer for measuring speed.
[8M]