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DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
V SEMESTER - R 2013
LABORATORY MANUAL
Name :
Register No. :
Class :
VISION
MISSION
VISION
To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
MISSION
To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
Viva -
Voce
To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and
soul
VISION
To provide candidates with knowledge and skill in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and
thereby produce extremely well trained, employable, socially responsible and innovative Electrical and Electronics
Engineers.
MISSION
VISION
To provide the students rigorous learning experience to produce creative solutions to society’s needs.
MISSION
To produce electrical engineers of high calibre, conscious of the universal moral values adhering to
professional ethical code. Viva -
Voce
To provide highest quality learning environment for the students emphasizing fundamental concepts with
strongly supported laboratory and prepare them to meet the global needs of the industry by continuous
assessment and training.
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in mathematics, science and fundamentals of engineering
enabling them to solve complex problems in order to develop real time applications.
2. Core Competence
To train the students to meet the needs of core industry with an attitude of learning new technologies.
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice which enable
them to find solutions to problems in industry and research that contributes to the overall development of society.
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills to the students to make them lead a team and
stand as a good decision maker to manage any constraint environment with good professional ethics at all
strategies.
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the organization and society with commitment and
lifelong learning needed for successful professional career.
INSTRUMENTATION
8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges
9. Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers
Temperature
Pressure
Displacement
Optical
Strain
Flow
10. Power and Energy Measurement
11. Signal Conditioning
Instrumentation Amplifier
Analog – Digital and Digital –Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
12. Process Simulation.
COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Ability to understand basic science, circuit theory, Electro-magnetic field theory, control theory concepts.
2. Ability to apply basic science, circuit theory, Electro-magnetic field theory, control theory concepts for an
engineering problems.
3. Ability to measure energy and power.
4. Ability to understand the working of instrumentation amplifier.
5. Ability to analyze the analog to digital conversion.
6. Ability to analyze the digital to analog conversion.
7. Ability to measure the unknown high resistance value using bridges.
8. Ability to measure the unknown low resistance value using bridges.
9. Ability to measure the unknown impedance value using bridges.
10. Ability to understand the working of transducers
10 MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE
31
(USING MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE BRIDGE)
11 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS 34
12 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
37
GENERATOR
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
13 STUDY OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS 43
14 STUDY OF AC SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 46
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Experiment Type Range Quantity
1. Single phase energy meter
2. Wattmeter LPF 300V,10A 1
3. Voltmeter MI (0-300V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
5. Load
6. Connecting wires
Formula:
Energy meter specification = 750 rev /per kWh
True Energy = (P x T) / (3600 x 1000) in kWh
Measured Energy = (n / 750) in kWh
Where n = Number of revolutions / sec
% Energy = {(Measured Energy x True Energy) / True Energy} x 100
Theory:
The energy meter is an integrated type of an instrument where the speed of rotation of the aluminum disc is directly
proportional to the power consumed and the number of revolutions per minutes is proportional to the energy
consumed by the load. The ratings associated with the energy meter are
1. Voltage rating
2. Current rating
3. Frequency rating
4. Meter constants
The driving system of the meter provides the rotational torque for the moving system, which in turn activates the
energy registration system for reading purposes. The energy meter is operated on induction principle, in which the
eddy current induced in the aluminum disc interacts with the main field and creates the driving torque.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch to give supply to the circuit.
3. Switch on the load.
4. By adjusting the autotransformer the voltmeter is brought to a rated voltage.
5. Time taken for 5 revolutions in the energy meter is noted and the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter
readings are noted down.
6. Repeat the above procedure for different load currents and for fixed number of revolutions.
7. Calculate the percentage error using the given formula.
Observations:
Voltage Current Wattmeter reading P Time T True Measured % Error
S.No
(V) (A) Absorbe
(Watts)Actual (sec) Energy Energy
d (kWh) (kWh)
Model Calculation:
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Calibrate the energy meter.
Viva – voce
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Experiment Type Range Quantity
1. Wattmeter UPF 600V,10A 2
2. Voltmeter MI (0-600V) 1
3. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
4. Load
5. Connecting wires
Formulae:
Power W = W1 + W2 in watts
Power factor Cos = Cos {tan -1 [3 (W1 - W2 ) / (W1 + W2 ) ] }
Precaution:
1. At the time of starting the loading rheostat should be at no load condition.
2. Autotransformer should be at minimum position at the time of starting.
Theory:
The electrodynamometer type instrument is a transfer instrument. A transfer instrument is one which calibrated
with a dc source and used without any modifications for ac measurements. Such a transfer instrument has same
accuracy for ac and dc measurements. The electrodynamometer type instruments are often used in accurate ac
voltmeters and ammeters, not only at the power line frequency but also in the lower audio frequency range. With
some little modifications, it can be used as a wattmeter for the power measurements.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the TPST switch to give supply to the circuit.
3. The rated voltage is given by adjusting the autotransformer.
4. The meters reading are noted down at no load condition.
5. By applying the load gradually the corresponding meter readings are noted down,
6. The load is released gradually and the supply is switched off.
Observations:
Voltage Current Wattmeter reading P Power Power Total Power
S.No (V) (A) W1 (Watts) W2 P factor (W)
Result:
Thus the three phase power was measured using two wattmeter method and also the power factor was
determined.
Outcomes:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Measure the three phase power.
Determine the power factor and real, reactive power for a given load.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus Required:
1. Instrumentation amplifier trainer kit
2. Digital multimeter
3. Patch cards
Formula:
Output voltage V0 = (V1 – V2) x (Rf / R) in volts
Theory:
In many industrial and commercial applications, the measurement and control of physical conditions are very
important. For example, measurement temperature and humidity inside a dairy or meat plant permits the operator to
make necessary adjustments to maintain product quality. Similarly, precise temperature control of a plastic furnace
is needed to produce a particular type of plastic.
Generally, a transducer is used at the measuring site to obtain the required information easily and safely. The
transducer is a device that converts one form of energy in to another.
For example, a strain gauge when subjected to pressure or force(physical energy) undergoes a change in its
resistance(electrical energy). An instrumentation system is used to measure the output signal produced by a
transducer and often to control the physical signal producing it.
The input stage is composed of a preamplifier and some of transducer, depending on the physical quantity to be
measured. The output stage may use devices such as meters, oscilloscopes, charts, or magnetic records.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the V1 input voltage below 4.9-5.3 V using variable pot provided.
3. Connect the V2 input to +5V fixed voltage provided.
4. Connect the Rf and R values at 100K and 10K.
5. Calculate the output voltage.
Observations:
Voltage1 Voltage2 Output voltage V0 (V)
S.No
(V) (V) Theoretical Practical
Result:
Thus the operating principle of the instrumentation amplifier using variable voltage was studied.
Outcomes:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Design an instrumentation amplifier using OP AMP
Analyze the characteristics of an OP AMP.
Viva - Voce
5. Define Attenuator
6. What is meant by differential amplifier?
7. What is meant by biasing?
8. What is meant by instrumentation amplifier?
9. What are the different modes of differential amplifier?
10. Define DC offset
Apparatus required:
1. ADC Trainer (LT-3010)
2. Digital multimeter
3. Patching cards
Theory:
The flash ADC is also known as the parallel comparator ADC and is the faster and the most expensive one. The
circuit has a resistive divider network, 4 op-amps comparator and 4 lines to 2-line priority encoder. The comparator
is built in such a way inputs are equal. Now a comparator voltage is available at each node of the resistive divider.
The entire resistors are of equal value. Therefore the voltage levels available are equally divided between VR and the
ground. The circuit compare takes place simultaneously instead of sequentially therefore the circuit has high speed.
The typical conversion time is 100ns.
The conversion time is restricted only by the speed of the comparator and of the priority encoder. The
disadvantage is number of comparators needed almost doubles for each added bit.
Proced
ure:
1. Interconnect the connection as per the patching diagram.
2. Interconnect the ADC trainer and power supply circuit through the 4-pin RMC connector.
3. Switch ON the supply and adjust the input to the ADC is 1V through the pot meter.
4. Put the chip select(CS) switch in the low position and give the start of convention (WR) signal high to low
and high (normally WR is in high position).
5. After the conversion completion action the digital output of the ADC corresponding to the input is
displayed in the LEDs and terminated in the D0 to D7 test terminals.
6. Change the input to the ADC is 2V through the pot meter. Also give the chip select (CS) and start of
conversion signal to the ADC, the corresponding digital output is indicated in the output LEDs.
7. Repeat the experiment at the different analog input and tabulate it.
Observations:
Input analog
Digital outputs
voltage (V)
Model Calculations:
16 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
Result:
Thus the analog to digital converter operation through successive approximation converter was studied.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to analyze the A/D conversion through successive
approximation register.
Viva - Voce
5. Define Quantization
6. Define Sampling
7. What is meant by sampling theorem?
8. Define Sampling Rate
9. Define Aliasing
Apparatus required:
1. DAC Trainer
2. Digital multimeter
3. Patching cards
Theory:
The circuits used for digital to analog conversion are known as DAC. The number of the binary inputs is four in a 4-bit
(binary digit) converter. Because there are 16 (24) combinations of binary inputs for D0 through D3, an analog output
should have 16 possible corresponding values. Four switches (b0 to b3) are used to simulate the binary inputs. The
output voltage equation is
Assume that the resistor R1, R2, R3....... Rn are binary weighted resistors, thus
Formula:
Circuit diagram:
Observations:
Result:
20 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
Thus the digital to analog converter operation using binary weighted resistor technique was studied.
Outcomes:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Analyze the D/A conversion through R-2R ladder network.
Analyze the D/A conversion through binary weighted register.
.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus required:
1. Wheatstone bridge trainer kit
2. Unknown resistance
3. Patch cards
Formula:
Unknown resistance R= (P/Q) x S in ohms
P – Standard resistance
Q - Standard resistance
S – Variable resistance
Theory:
A very important device used in the measurement of medium resistance is the Wheatstone’s bridge. It has four
resistive arms, together with 1 kHz oscillator. The output of 1 kHz oscillator is given to the bridge circuit through an
isolation transformer. Suppose a galvanometer is connected across the points B and d, the bridge is set to be
balanced if the potential difference across the galvanometer is 0 volt, so that there is no current through the
galvanometer. This condition occurs when the voltage from point B to point A equals the voltage from point D to
point A or by referring to the other terminal when the voltage from point B to point C equals the voltage from point D
to point C.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
22 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
1. Connect the unknown resistance in the arm marked R.
2. Set the value in the multiplier.
3. Initially set the sensitivity knob to be in minimum position.
4. Press the galvanometer push button and battery push button switch simultaneously and adjust the
sensitivity to maximum value.
5. Adjust the knob S, until the galvanometer shows null deflection.
6. Measure the value of S under balanced condition.
7. Find the unknown resistance R using the given formula.
Observations:
Unknown resistance R(Ω)
S.No P (Ω) Q (Ω) S (Ω)
Theoretical Practical
Model calculation:
Result:
Thus the unknown resistance value was measured using Wheatstone bridge.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Measure the unknown resistance value using DC bridge network.
Viva - Voce
1. What are the different methods used for measurement of medium resistance?
2. What are the different methods used for measurement of low resistance?
3. Difference between Wheatstone and Kelvin double bridge.
4. What is the working principle of Wheatstone bridge?
5. What is the necessity of Wheatstone bridge?
6. What is meant by bridge circuit?
7. What are the types of DC bridges?
8. What are the applications of Wheatstone bridge?
9. What is the working principle of Galvanometer?
10. What are the types of galvanometer?
11. What is the accuracy level of wheatstone bridge?
Apparatus required:
1. Kelvin double bridge trainer kit
2. Unknown resistance
3. Patch cards
Formula:
Unknown resistance R= (P/Q) x S in ohms
P – standard resistance
Q - standard resistance
S – Variable resistance
Theory:
Kelvin double bridge is a modification of Wheat stone bridge and provides increased accuracy in measurement of
low resistance. Kelvin double bridge incorporates two sets of ratio arms and the use of four terminal resistors for the
low resistance arms. Consider the circuit shown in figure. The first set of ratio arms are P and Q. The second set of
ratio arms, p and q are used to connect the galvanometer to a point c at the appropriate potential between points m
and n to eliminate the effect of connecting lead of resistance r between the known resistance R and the standard
resistance S. The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q. Under balanced conditions, there is no current flowing through the
galvanometer, which means that the voltage drop between a and b, E ab is equal to the voltage drop Eamd between a
& c.
Procedure:
1. Connect the unknown resistance in the arm marked R.
2. Set the value in the multiplier.
3. Initially set the sensitivity knob to be in minimum position.
4. Press the galvanometer push button switch and adjust the sensitivity knob to be in maximum position.
5. Adjust the knob S, until the galvanometer shows null deflection.
6. Measure the value of S under balanced condition.
7. Find the unknown resistance R using the given formula.
Observations:
Unknown resistance R(Ω)
S.No P (Ω) Q (Ω) S (Ω)
Theoretical Practical
Result:
Thus the unknown resistance value was measured using Kelvin double bridge.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Measure the unknown low resistance value effectively using Kelvin bridge network.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus required:
1. Pressure transducer trainer kit
2. Pressure tank with foot pump setup
3. Digital multimeter
Theory:
Pressure cells are divisors that convert pressure into electrical signal through a measurement of either
displacement strain or piezoelectric response. Diaphragm type pressure transducers with strain gauges as sensor is
used here for measurement of pressure.
This type of pressure transducers uses diaphragm as the elastic element. Diaphragms are used for low and middle
pressure ranges. Strain gauges are bonded on the diaphragm and the pressure force is applied to the specimen the
material gets elongated or compressed due to the force applied, that is the material gets strained. The strain
incurred by the specimen depends on the material used and its elastic module. The strain is transferred to the strain
gauge bonded on the material resulting in change in the resistance of the gauge. Since the strain gauge are
connected in the form of Wheatstone’s bridge, any change in the resistance will imbalance the bridge. The
imbalance in the bridge will intern gives out the output in mV proportional to the change in the resistance of the strain
gauge.
Procedure:
1. Connect the pressure sensor with the trainer through D connector.
2. Release the tank pressure using manual releasing valve.
3. Now give the excitation input (+5V, -5V) to the pressure transducer.
4. Adjust the zero adjustment pot till the output voltage equal to zero.
5. Close the release valve and apply the pressure input through foot pump.
6. Note down the variation of output voltage at various pressure input.
7. Plot the graph between pressure verses output voltage.
Observations:
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Analyze the characteristics of a pressure transducer.
Viva - Voce
9. Define Pressure
10. What are the different types of pressure transducer?
11. What is the working principle of manometer?
12. Define Diaphragm
Apparatus required:
Linear variable differential transformer trainer kit
Digital multimeter
Theory:
Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is an inductive transducer, which converts displacement in to
electrical signal.
LVDT consists of a single primary winding P1 and two secondary windings S1 and S2 wound on a cylindrical
former. The secondary windings have equal number of turns. They are identically placed on either side of the
primary windings. An AC source of suitable frequency is connected with the primary winding.
The two magnetic fields set up emf’s E1 and E2 in the two secondary windings, which are connected in a manner
to give the total output voltage E0 = E1 – E2. If the core is symmetrically placed, then E0 = 0. Any displacement of
the core causes an output voltage E0. The magnitude of E0 is a function of the displacement of the core
Circuit diagram:
Observations:
+ve
Null
-ve
Model graph:
Voltage
31 (mV)
Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
Result:
Thus the characteristics of linear variable differential transformer were studied.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Analyze the characteristics of displacement transducer.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus required:
1. Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge kit
2. Unknown Inductance
3. Bridge oscillator
4. Patching cards
5. CRO
Formula:
L = CPS
Where, C – Variable capacitor
S – Resistance of self-inductor L
P – Known non-inductive resistance
Theory:
33 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
A Bridge circuit in its simplest form consists of a network of four resistance arms forming closed circuits. A source
of current is applied to two opposite junctions. The current detector is connected to other two junctions.
Maxwell’s bridge can be used to measure by comparison either with a variable standard self-inductance or with a
standard variable capacitance. These two measurements can be done by using the Maxwell’s bridge in two different
forms. Using Maxwell’s inductance and Capacitance Bridge, We can measure inductance by comparing with a
variable standard capacitor.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the power supply of the oscillator.
2. Connect audio oscillator and headphone to proper terminals.
34 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
3. Keep the amplitude of the audio oscillator in maximum position.
4. Adjust the knob S and C, until to hear minimum sound in the headphone. The minimum sound indicates
the balance condition of the bridge.
5. Note down the values of S and C.
6. Calculate the value of inductance using the given formula.
Observations:
L (mH) L (mH)
S.No P (Ω) C (µF) R (Ω) S (Ω)
Calculated Practical
Model calculation:
Result:
Thus the unknown inductance value was measured using Maxwell’s Inductance - Capacitance bridge.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Measure the unknown inductance value using Maxwell’s LC bridge network.
Viva - Voce
1. What is the main disadvantage of Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge?
35 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
2. What are the types of A.C bridge ?
3. What are the advantages of Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge?
4. What is the working principle of Maxwell Bridge?
5. What are the types of Maxwell Bridge?
6. Write down the equation of Maxwell Inductance Bridge at balanced condition.
7. Write down the equation of Maxwell inductance Capacitance Bridge at balanced condition.
8. What are the advantages of Maxwell Bridge?
9. What are the disadvantages of Maxwell Bridge?
10. Define Quality Factor
11. What are the applications of Maxwell Bridge?
Apparatus required:
PC with MATLAB
Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M-file by selecting FILE/NEW/M-FILE.
3. Type and save program.
4. Execute the program.
5. View the result
6. Analyze the stability of the system for various transfer functions.
Theory:
Bode Plot:
is 20 log G( j ) where the base of the logarithm is 10. The unit used in this representation of the magnitude is the
decibel, usually abbreviated db. The curve are drawn on semi log paper, using the log scale (abscissa) for frequency
and the linear scale (ordinate) for either magnitude (in decibels) or phase angle (in degrees).
The main advantage of the bode plot is that multiplication of magnitudes can be converted into addition. Also a
simple method for sketching an approximate log-magnitude curve is available.
Root locus:
The root locus technique is powerful tool for adjusting the location of closed loop poles to achieve the desired
system performance by varying one or more system parameters.
37 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
Consider the open loop transfer function of system,
k
G(S )
S ( S P1)( S P 2)
The closed loop transfer function of the system with unity feedback is given by,
C (S ) K
R( S ) S ( S P1)( S P 2) K
% Root locus
% Bode plot
% Nyquist plot
Model calculation:
Result:
Thus the stability of the given transfer function was analyzed using Bode plot, Root locus and Nyquist plot.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Analyze the stability of the given time domain and frequency domain system.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus required:
Sl. No. Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
(0-20)A MC 1
(0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-150)V MI 1
3 Rheostat 2
4 Auto Transformer (0-270)V 1
Formula used:
2.
Theory:
The generated voltage is directly proportional to the field current
Eg α I f
E g = K g If
Kg = Generator emf constant
Vf = RfIf + Lf dif/dt
Taking laplace transform
Eg(s) = Kg If(s)
Vf(s) = Rf If(s) + s Lf If(s)
Vf(s) = (Rf +s Lf) If(s)
Transfer function
Eg (s) / Vt (s) = Kg / ( Rf + SLf )
Vt = Eg - IaRL
Vt (s) = Eg(s) - ILRa(s)
IL(s) = Vt (s) / RL
Vt (s) = Eg(s) – VtRa(s)
RL
Vt (s) + Vt (s) Ra = Eg(s)
RL
Vt (s) / Eg (s) = RL / ( Ra + RL )
Circuit diagram:
To Find Kg:
To Find RF
42 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
To Find ZF:
Procedure:
To Find Kg:
(i) The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
(ii) The field rheostat of DC motor is kept constant at minimum position.
(iii) After checking the connections, the DPST switch is closed.
(iv) By adjusting the field rheostat of generator the generated voltage (Eg) and If are noted down, until it
reaches the rated voltage of the generator.
(v) From the tabulated values the graph is plotted between Eg and I f .
(vi) The slope of the above graph gives the value of Kg.
To Find Zf:
43 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
(i) The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Close the DPST switch.
(iii) By varying single phase auto transformer take different values of V f and If.
(iv) By using the formula Zf = Vf / If, the average or mean value of Zf is calculated.
To Find Rf :
(i) The connections are given as per circuit diagram Close the DPST switch
(ii) By varying the field rheostat from its maximum position, take different readings of V f & If , until it
reaches the rated voltage(60%, 80% and 100% of the rated voltage)
(iii) The value of Rf is calculated by using the formula Rf = Vf / If
(iv) Find the average value of Rf
To Find Ra :
Observations:
To Find Kg:
To Find Ra:
To Find zf:
To Find Rf:
Result:
Thus the transfer function of separately excited DC generator by conducting suitable experiment was derived.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Model the electrical system mathematically.
Viva - Voce
Apparatus required:
System with Matlab 7.0.1
Theory:
The transient response of a practical control system often exhibits damped oscillation before reaching steady state
value. In specifying the transient response characteristics of control systems to unit step input, it is common to
specify the following:
i)Delay Time(Td)
ii) Rise time (Tr)
iii) Peal time ( Tp)
iv) Max. Overshoot (Mp)
v) Settling time (Ts)
Proportional control:
The output of the controller is proportional to input U(t) = Kp*e(t) ,where e(t) = error signal; U(t) controller output; Kp =
proportional constant.
It amplifies the error signal and increases loop gain*. Hence steady state tracking accuracy, disturbance
signal rejection and relative stability are improved.
Its drawbacks are low sensitivity to parameter variation and it produces constant steady state error.
Problem statements:
Obtain the response for transfer function and using Mat lab.
Block diagram:
P 1/(1+0.1s) SCOPE
STEP I/P
TF
Procedure:
1. Open the Mat lab program
2. In command window, from the file tab, select New Simulink file.
3. Create a new model project file.
4. From tool bar, Drag and drop the step input, summer, P controller & transfer function blocks into the model file.
5. Create a complete model as per the given block diagram using the above blocks.
6. Simulate the model & observe the response in the scope of the model file.
7. Verify the same for PI & PID controller.
8. Repeat the above procedure for second order transfer function.
Result:
Thus the effect of P, PI and PID controller was studied using mat lab.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Design the P, PI and PID controllers.
47 VivaFormat
- VoceNo. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
1. What is meant by controller?
2. What is the necessity of controller?
3. What is meant by proportional controller?
4. What is meant by integral controller?
5. What is integral control action?
6. What is meant by derivative controller?
7. What is meant by PI controller?
8. What is meant by PD controller?
9. What is meant by PID controller?
10. What is the effect of PI controller?
11. What is the effect of PD controller?
12. What is the effect of PID controller?
13. Why is ID controller impossible?
14. What is reset rate?
15. Why is derivative control not employed in isolation?
Aim:
To study the operation of AC synchro transmitter and receiver
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
Theory:
A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer commonly used to convert an angular position of a shaft into an
electric signal. It is commercially known as a selsyn or an autosyn. The basic synchro unit is usually called a
synchro transmitter. Its construction is similar to that of three phase alternator. The stator is of laminated silicon
steel and is slotted to accommodate a balanced three phase winding which is usually of concentric coil type and
star connected. The rotor is dumb bell construction and its wound with a concentric coil.
Thus it is seen that the input to the synchro transmitter is the angular position of its rotor shaft and the output
is a set of three signal phase voltages. The magnitudes of this voltage are function of the shift position. The
output of the synchro transmitter is applied to stator winding of synchro control transformer.
The control transmitter is similar in construction to a synchro transmitter except for the fact that rotor of the
control transformer in made cylindrical in shape so that the air gap is practically uniform. The system
(transmitter and control transformer pair) acts an error detector, circulating current to the same phase but of
different magnitudes flow through two stator coils. The result is establishment of an indentical flux pattern in the
air gap of the control transformer as the voltage drops in resistance and lockage reactance’s of two sets of
stator coils are usually small.
Observations:
S.No Transmitter Receiver Vs1 – Vs2 Vs2 – Vs3 Vs3 – Vs1 Error
(Degree) (Degree)
Procedure:
49 Format No. DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
1. Make the connections as per the patching diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply.
3. Vary the shaft position of the transmitter and observe the corresponding changes in the shaft
position of the receiver.
4. Repeat the above steps for different angles of the transmitter.
5. Tabulated the different voltage at the test points of S1 S2, S3S2, and S3S1.
Result:
The operation of AC synchro transmitter and receiver was studied.
Outcome:
At the completion of this experiment student will able to
Understand the working of synchro transmitter and receiver.
Viva - Voce