In the name of Allah, the most beneficent and most merciful

CE-106 Civil Engineering Materials and Concrete

Technology
Concrete

CONCRETE everywhere around us

Ancient Roman were probably the first to use concrete a word of

Latin origin based on hydraulic cement , that is a material
which hardens under water.
Or
“ Concrete is a composite material wherein a binding material
mixed in water on solidification binds the inert particles of well
graded fine and coarse aggregates”

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Concrete Cont…
Constituents of Concrete

Cement

Aggregates

Water

Admixtures

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Concrete Cont…
Uses of Concrete
Roads
Buildings
Bridges
Sidewalks
Runways
Canals
Mines
Tunnels
Dams
Sewer pipes
Railway ties
Manholes
Nuclear Installations etc

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Concrete Cont…
Concrete
Concrete should be

Hard
Durable
Strong
Dense
Non porous
Fire resistant
Economical
Typical Composition by volume

Cement: 7-15%
Water: 14-21%
Aggregate: 60-80%

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Concrete Cont…
Concrete Versus Steel

USA

Concrete consumption 5 times by weight of steel

Other Countries

Concrete consumption exceeds 10 times by weight of steel

More than 1 ton/year/person

Man consumes no material except water in such tremendous

quantities

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Cement
Portland cement is the name given to cement obtained by intimately
mixing together calcareous and argillaceous or other silica-, alumina- and
iron oxide bearing materials. Burning them at a clinkering temperature
and grinding the resulting clinker.
From the definition of port land cement given above, it can be seen
that it can is made primarily from a combination of calcareous material,
such as limestone or chalk, and of silica and alumina found as clay or
shale.
The process of manufacture of consist of essentially of grinding the
materials into a very fine powder, mixing them intimately in
predetermined proportions and burning in a large rotary kiln at a
temperature of about 1400 C (2550 F) when the material sinters and
partially fuses into clinker.
The clinker is cooled in a ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum
added, and the resulting product is the commercial Portland cement used
throughout the world.

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Cement Cont…

Table 2.1: Main compounds in Portland cement

Name of compound Oxide composition Abbreviation

Tricalcium silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S

Dicalcium silicate 2Ca2.SiO2 C2S

Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A

Tetracalcium aluminate 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Cement Cont…

Table 2.2 Approximate composition limits of Portland cement

Oxide content, percent

CaO 60-67

SiO2 17-25

Al2O3 3-8

Fe2O3 0.5-6.0

MgO 0.1-4.0

Alkalis 0.2-1.3

SO3 1-3

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Cement Cont…

Hydration of cement

Chemical reaction between cement and water is called hydration of

cement.

Heat of Hydration

In common with many chemical reactions the hydration of cement

compounds is exothermic and the quantity of heat (in joules) per
gram of hydrated cement evolved upon complete hydration at a
given temperature is defined as the heat of hydration.

Assignment (Hydration and Heat of Hydration in detail)

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada
 Cement Cont…

Setting of Cement

Initial Setting Time:

The time after mixing of cement with water at which the paste or mortar
or concrete can no longer be properly mixed, finished, or compacted is
known as initial setting time.

Final Setting Time:

The time at which the mortar or cement paste or concrete gain sufficient
strength and hardness.

Assignment (Setting of cement in detail)

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology By. Dr. Khan Shahzada