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    Java Programming for Beginners: Programming
    Java Programming for Beginners: Programming
    Java Programming for Beginners: Programming
    Ebook462 pages2 hours

    Java Programming for Beginners: Programming

    By Stephanie Mwaniki

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    About this ebook

    This is a book on learning Java programming for beginners.Java is a revolutionary programming language that has completely changed the way programming is done by software programmers worldwide.Java is a general-purpose programming language that follows the object-oriented programming paradigm and the Write Once Run Anywhere approach. Java is used for desktop, web, mobile, and enterprise applications.Java can be found anywhere you look. It's a primary language for Android development. You will find it in web applications, governmental websites, and big data technologies.Java embraces object-oriented programming (OOP) – a coding concept in which you not only define the type of data and its structure, but also the set of functions applied to it. This way, your data structure becomes an object that can now be manipulated to create relationships between different objects.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherStephanie Mwaniki
    Release dateMay 31, 2022
    ISBN9798201086121
    Java Programming for Beginners: Programming

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      Java Programming for Beginners - Stephanie Mwaniki

      OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

      OOP Concepts

      Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts, such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism, etc.

      Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as a truly object-oriented programming language.

      Smalltalk is considered the first truly object-oriented programming language. The popular object-oriented languages are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc.

      The main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities, for example, object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.

      OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

      Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc. Object- Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

      Object

      Class

      Inheritance

      Polymorphism

      Abstraction

      Encapsulation

      Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in Object-Oriented design:

      Coupling

      Cohesion

      Association

      Aggregation

      Composition

      Object

      Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

      An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.

      Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

      Class

      Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

      A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual object. Class doesn't consume any space.

      Inheritance

      When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

      Polymorphism

      If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

      In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

      Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.

      Abstraction

      Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

      In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

      Encapsulation

      Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

      A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

      Coupling

      Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It arises when classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of another class, there is strong coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers to display the visibility level of a class, method, and field. You can use interfaces for the weaker coupling because there is no concrete implementation.

      Cohesion

      Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-defined task. A single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly cohesive method will split the task into separate parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive package because it has I/O related classes and interface. However, the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package because it has unrelated classes and interfaces.

      Association

      Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be associated with one object or many objects. There can be four types of association between the objects:

      One to One

      One to Many

      Many to One, and

      Many to Many

      Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country can have one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many ministers (one to many). Also, many MP's can have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers can have many departments (many to many).

      Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

      Aggregation

      Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak relationship between objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like, inheritance represents the is-a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.

      Composition

      The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There is a strong relationship between the containing object and the dependent object. It is the state where containing objects do not have an independent existence. If you delete the parent object, all the child objects will be deleted automatically.

      Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

      1)  OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size increases.

      2)  OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming language, global data can be accessed from anywhere.

      3)  OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

      What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based programming language?

      Object-based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except Inheritance. JavaScript and VBScript are examples of object-based programming languages.

      Java

      Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented and secure programming language.

      Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name was Oak. Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his team changed the Oak name to Java.

      Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called a platform.

      Java Example

      Let's have a quick look at Java programming example. A detailed description of Hello Java example is available in next page.

      class Simple{

      public static void main(String args[]){

      System.out.println(Hello Java); 4. }

      5. }

      Application

      According to Sun, 3 billion devices run Java. There are many devices where Java is currently used. Some of them are as follows:

      Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc.

      Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.

      Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.

      Mobile

      Embedded System

      Smart Card

      Robotics

      Games, etc.

      Types of Java Applications

      There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using Java programming:

      1)  Standalone Application

      Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based applications. These are traditional software that we need to install on every machine. Examples of standalone application are Media player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing are used in Java for creating standalone applications.

      2)  Web Application

      An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a web application. Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate, JSF, etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in Java.

      3)  Enterprise Application

      An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is called enterprise application. It has advantages of the high-level security, load balancing, and clustering. In Java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

      4)  Mobile Application

      An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application. Currently, Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

      Java Platforms / Editions

      There are 4 platforms or editions of Java:

      1)  Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

      It is a Java programming platform. It includes Java programming APIs such as java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.util, java.sql, java.math etc. It includes core topics like OOPs, String, Regex, Exception, Inner classes, Multithreading, I/O Stream, Networking, AWT, Swing, Reflection, Collection, etc.

      2)  Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)

      It is an enterprise platform which is mainly used to develop web and enterprise applications. It is built on the top of the Java SE platform. It includes topics like Servlet, JSP, Web Services, EJB, JPA, etc.

      3)  Java ME (Java Micro Edition)

      It is a micro platform which is mainly used to develop

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