Chapterb4 BioSensors

Introduction
1- Biological sensors, electrodes, or transducers are used to measure
physiological Parameters or signals of human.
2- Founded in clinical laboratories, hospitals or used for agriculture,
food processing, and the petrochemical industries.
3-They convert a nonelectrical physical variable such as pressure, flow,
or temperature, or biochemical variables, such as partial pressures of
gases or ionic concentrations, to an electrical signal.
Difference between Vitro andVivo Measurements
Vitro physiological quantities such as electrolytes, enzymes, and other
biochemical metabolites in blood. 'Tested in Lab or outside the body'
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺧﺎرج ﺟﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬
Vivo to follow continuously (monitor) the condition of a patient.
" pressure, flow, and the concentrations of gases, such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide 'quantities Tested inside the body'
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻻﺷﺎرات داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﻌﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬
Biomedical Sensor Classifications
1-categorized as 1-physical, 2-electrical, or 3-chemical
2- Sensors have two distinct components:
A- a biological or chemical recognition element, such as a purified enzyme,
antibody or metabolic.--‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺄﻳﺾ أو اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬
B- supporting structure that also acts as a transducer.
‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬:‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
Transducer converts the biochemical reaction into the form of an optical,
electrical, or physical signal.
Example what type of a blood pH sensor? ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬
It's not biosensor, but chemical sensor .
‫ﻻﻳﺤﻮل درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ اﻟﻰ اﺷﺎرة آﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ أو ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻃﺒﻲ آﻬﺮﺑﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
Sensor Packaging
Packaging process is important consideration during the design, fabrication, and
use of the device to keep long operational lifetime and biocompatibility of
the sensor ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮر ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ وﻋﻤﺮﻩ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‬
Factors that affect the Sensor:
1- body fluids at site in which it is implanted.
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎن زرع اﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮر‬
2- Inflammation of tissue, infection, or clotting in a vascular site.
‫اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﻌﺪوى وﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﺪم‬
leading to drift and loss of sensor sensitivity or stability over time.
Solution
1-To use polymeric covering materials and barrier layers to minimize leaching of
potentially toxic sensor components into the body.
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻤﻮم اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﺳﻮاﺋﻠﻪ‬
2- During sterilization ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬practices by steam, ethylene oxide, or gamma radiation
Sensor Specifications ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮر‬
Depending on the intended application, the design specifications are:
1- Sensitivity‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
∆Output /∆Input ‫أﻗﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺨﺮج‬
A high sensitivity implies that a small change in input quantity causes a large change
in its output.
For example,a sensitivity of 20 mV/0C; that is, the output of this sensor will
change by 20 mV for 10C
2-Range ‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﻘﺮاءات أو اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى واﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
the minimum and maximum operating limits that the sensor is expected
to measure accurately.

3-Accuracy ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ 3-Precision

Degree of exactness of a A measure of consistency or repeatability
measurement to the expected value of measurements
Yn − Xn Very reproducible readings indicate a high
A = 1−
Yn
precision
Yn : expected value ____
Xn − Xn
Xn : measured value P =1− ____
Xn

‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺪى اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ او اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
Example 1
The expected value of a voltage across the resistor is 50 v, however
measurement yields a value of 49 v
Calculate: percent error and relative accuracy
Yn=50, Xn=49

Percent error= Yn − Xn =2%

Yn

Relative accuracy A = 1 − Yn − Xn =0.98

Yn
Example 2
The following set of measurement was recorded in the laboratory.
Calculate the precision of the 4th measurement
N0. Measurement value
1 98
2 102
3 109
4 110
5 99
____
____ Xn − Xn
X n =110 Xn = 103.6 P = 1− ____
=0.972
Xn

3- Reproducibility ‫ﻣﺪى ﺗﻘﺎرب اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬

Reproducibility: how close the measurements are when the same input is
measured repeatedly over time. When the range of measurements is small, the
reproducibility is high.
For example, a temperature sensor may have a reproducibility of ±0.10C for a
measurement range of 200C to 800C.
Example 3
The following set of angular displacement of a needle were recorded in the
laboratory. Determine the worst-case precision of the readings
Iin (V) Output Displacement (Degree)
10 20.10
10 20.00
10 20.20
10 19.80
10 19.70
10 20.00
10 20.30
10 20.10
 ____
____ Xn − Xn
For worst-case precision X n =19.70 X n =20.02 P = 1 − ____
=0.98
Xn

4- Resolution
The smallest distinguishable input change that can be detected with certainty.
‫ﻣﺎ هﻮ أﻗﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺨﺮج ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
5- Linearity
Linearity is a measure of the maximum deviation of any reading from a straight
calibration line. ‫ﻣﺪى اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻦ أﻗﺮب ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺮج‬
7- Calibration ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة‬
Typically, sensor linearity is expressed as either a percent of the actual reading or
a percent of the full-scale reading. ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة ﺧﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
8- Response Time ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ أو ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬%95 ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ل‬
The time it takes to reach a certain percent (e.g., 95 percent) of its final steady-
state value when the input is changed.
For example, it may take 20 seconds for a temperature sensor to reach 95
percent of its maximum value when a change in T of 10C is measured. Short
response time indicates the ability to respond quickly to ∆ input quantities.
9- Offset
Offset refers to the output value when the input is zero
10-Drift ‫ﻣﺪى اﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‬
Drift: change in sensor readings when the input remains constant.
Practically, temperature changes produces change in output.
11- Hysteresis ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ او اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
A sensor exhibits hysteresis, the input-output relation is not unique but depends on
the direction change in the input quantity.
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺨﺮج ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺮاءات ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﺻﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬: ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻣﺮة اﺧﺮى أو اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻪ‬
In some sensors, the input-output characteristic follows a different nonlinear trend,
depending on whether the input quantity increases or decreases, zero.
When the measurement is not perfectly reversible, the sensor is said to exhibit
hysteresis.

Example4:
1. Plot the input-output calibration for this sensor.
2. Find the offset and sensitivity for readings between 0 to 700C.
3. Estimate the average sensitivity for readings ranging between 700C to
1000C.

a-

2- at T=0 C V=10.84
at T=70 C V=68.3
at T=100 C V=73

b- Offset is 10.84 mV
Sensitivity=∆ output / ∆ intput =68.3- 10.84 / 70- 0 = 0.833 mv/C
C-Sensitivity=∆ output / ∆ intput =73- 68.3 / 100- 70 = 0.168 mv/C
4- BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت آﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
1- Use different kinds of specialized electrodes.
Its function is to couple the ionic potentials generated inside the body to
an electronic instrument.
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮق اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
2- Biopotential electrodes are classified either as noninvasive‫( اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬skin
surface) or invasive ‫( اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬e.g., microelectrodes or wire electrodes).
To have an accurate, stable measurement;
1- minimize motion artifacts
2- Use strong metal electrodes as stainless steel or noble as gold or from
various alloys such as platinum-tungsten, platinumiridium to avoide
corrosion or chemically reaction of electrode due to body fluids or
toxicity to living tissues. ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻮم وﺳﻮاﺋﻞ وأﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
These metals may have high impedance causes impedances unstable reading.
External monitoring electrodes can use nonnoble materials such as silver
to avoid this problem.‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺒﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﺮاءة‬
3- Other design considerations is the cost, shelf life, and mechanical
characteristics. ‫أﺧﺬ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
4.1 The Electrolyte/Metal Electrode Interface
A metal is placed in an electrolyte (i.e., an ionizable) solution‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺘﺤﻠﻞ آﻬﺮﺑﻴﺎ‬,
a charge distribution is created on metal surface.
The charge distribution causes an electric potential, called a half-cell potential,
to be developed across the interface between the metal and the electrolyte
solution.

Typically, biopotential measurements are made by utilizing two similar metal

electrodes. Therefore, the two half-cell potentials for these electrodes would be equal
in magnitude.
Example5:
Silver and zinc electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte solution. Calculate the
potential drop between these two electrodes.

the half-cell potentials for the silver and zinc electrodes are 0.799 V and -0.763
V, respectively.
The potential drop between these two metael ectrodes is
0.799V –( -0.763V) = 1.562V
In measuring electrocardiogram, or ECG, two similar electrodes can be taped to the
chest near the heart and attached to differential amplifier to measure the electrical
potentials generated by the heart.
4.2 ECG Electrodes
Noninvasive biopotential electrodes composed of certain types of
polymers or elastomers covered with of a fine carbon or metal powder.
These electrodes are available with prepasted AgCl gel for quick and
easy application to the skin using a double-sided peel-off adhesive tape.
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮودات ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﺒﻮدرة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺗﺜﺒﺖ د ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻻﺻﻖ أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺪر ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺠﻮن آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬

4.3 Electromyographic EMG Electrodes

1- To record activities from different muscles in the body.‫ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬
2- The shape and size of the recorded EMG signals depend on the electrical
property of these electrodes and the recording location.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬EMG‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
3- For noninvasive recordings, proper skin preparation: cleaning the skin with
alcohol or the application of a small amount of an electrolyte paste, helps to
minimize the impedance of the skin-electrode interface and improve the quality of
the recorded signal considerably.
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ووﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺠﻮن اﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
4- The most common EMG electrode is circular disc, 1 cm in diameter, and made
of silver or platinum. ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬- ‫هﺬﻩ اﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮودات داﺋﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬
The most common type of needle electrode are:‫اﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮودات إﻣﺎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ او أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
1- concentric bipolar electrode. This electrode is made from thin metallic wires
encased inside a larger canula or hypodermic needle‫اﺑﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬.
The two wires serve as the recording and reference electrodes.
2- Other type unipolar needle electrode: made of a thin wire that is mostly insulated
by a thin layer of Teflon, except about 300 mm near the distal tip. This electrode
requires a second unipolar reference electrode , placed adjacent to the recording
electrode or attached to the surface of the skin.

4.4 EEG Electrodes ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﺷﺎرات رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺦ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬

They are platinum cup electrodes"5–10 mm in diameter " and subdermal needle
electrodes, filled with conducting electrolyte gel and can be attached to the scalp
with an adhesive tape. ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮودات اﻟﻤﺰودة ﺑﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻼﺷﺎرة ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻻﺻﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﺔ وهﺬﻩ اﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮودات ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ"ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﺟﻴﺪة" اﻟﺒﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮم او اﻻﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﺲ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدى أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫دهﻮن ﻓﺮوة اﻟﺮأس‬
To avoid hair and oily skin impedance of good electrical contact. ,use fine platinum
or stainless-steel needle electrodes about 10 mm long by 0.5 mm wide, inserted
under the skin to provide better electrical contact.

50

-50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
4.5 Microelectrodes ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ‬
Microelectrodes electrodes with an ultrafine tapered tip ‫ اﺑﺮة دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬that can
be inserted into individual biological cells to record action potentials from single
cells and are commonly used in neurophysiological studies.
The tip must be small with respect to the dimensions of cell to avoid cell damage
and at the same time sufficiently strong to penetrate the cell wall.
Three typical types of microelectrodes: 1- glass micropipettes, 2- metal
microelectrodes, and 3- solid-state microprobes.
‫اﺑﺮة دﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد زﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أو ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ دون ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬