Examination Papers, 2003

[Delhi]
Maximum Marks : 70 Duration : 3 Hours
Note. All the questions are compulsory.
Programming Language : C++

1. (a) What is the difference between call by value and call by reference in a user defined function in
C++ ? Give an example to illustrate the same. 2
(b) Name the header file, to which the following built-in functions belong : 1
(i) strcpy () (ii) gets( )
(c) Rewrite the following program after removing all the syntax error(s), if any . 2
#include (iostream.h)
void main( )
{
int X[ ]={60, 50, 30, 40}, Y; Count=4;
cin>>Y;
for ( I = Count–1; I>=0; I––)
switch (I)
{
case 0 :
case 2 : cout<<Y*X[I]<endl; break;
case 1 :
case 3 : cout>>Y+X[I];
}
}
(d) Give the output of the following program : 3
#include <iostream.h>
struct Point
{
int X,Y;
};
void Show(Point P)
{
cout<<P.X<< ‘ : ’<<P.Y<<endl;
}
void main( )
{
Point U = {20, 10}, V, W;
V = U;
V.X +=20;
W = V;
U.Y+=10;
U.X+=5;
W.X – = 5;
Show(U);
Show(V);
Show(W);
}
(e) Write the output of the following program : 3
#include <iostream.h>
int Calc (int U)

Examination Paper 1
 {
if (U%2= =0)
return U+10;
else
return U*2;
}
void Pattern (char M, int B=2)
{
for(int CNT=0;CNT<B;CNT++)
cout<<Calc(CNT)<<M;
cout<<endl;
}
void main( )
{
Pattern(‘*’);
Pattern(‘#’,4);
Pattern(‘@’,3);
}
(f) Write a C++ function SUMFUN( ) having two parameters X (of type double) and n(of type integer)
with a result type as double to find the sum of the series given below : 4
x2 x3 xn
x+ + +... +
3! 5! (2n – 1)!
Ans. (a) In call by value method, the called function creates its own copy of argument values and uses them.
Any changes, that are made, occur on the called function’s copy of values and are not reflected back
to the calling function. For example, in the example given below the values of a and b remain the same
even after calling the function swap :
void swap(int x,int y)
{
int t;
t = x;
x = y;
y = z;
}
main()
{
int a=5;
int b = 7;
swap(a,b);
cout<<a<<","<<b;
}
In call by reference method, in place of passing a value to the function being called a reference to the
original value is passed. Any changes, that occur, take place on the original values and are reflected
to the data. For example, in the example given below the values of a and b get changed after calling
the function swap :
void swap(int &x,int &y)
{
int t;
t = x;
x = y;
y = z;
}
main()

2 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII

 {
int a=5;
int b = 7;
swap(a,b);
cout<<a<<","<<b;
}
(b) (i) string.h (ii) stdio.h>
(c) The correct program is as :
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int X[]={60,50,30,40};
int Y, Count=4;
cin>>Y;
for (int I = Count–1;I>–0;I––)
switch(I)
{
case 0:
case 2: cout<<Y*X[I]<endl; break;
case 1 :
case 3 : cout<<Y + X[I];
}
}
(d) The output is as :
Col25Row20
Col40Row10
Col35Row10
(e) The output is as :
10*2*
10#2#12#6#
10@2@12@
(f) The function is as :
double SUMFUN(double X, int n)
{
int i,k=1;
double sum=0;
double f,p;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
f = 1;
for(int j=1;j<=k;j++)
f = f * j;
p = pow(X,i);
sum = sum + p/f;
k = k + 2;
}
return sum;
}
2. (a) What do you understand by polymorphism ? Give an example illustrating its use in a C++ program.
2
(b) Define a class Serial in C++ with the following specifications : 4
private members of class Serial
— Serialcode integer

Examination Paper 3
 — Title 20 characters
— Duration float
— Noofepisodes integer
public member function of class Serial
— A constructor function to initialise Duration as 30 and Noofepisodes as 10.
— NewSerial( ) function to accept values for Serialcode and Title
— Otherentries( ) function to assign the values of Duration and Noofepisodes with the help of
corresponding values passed as parameters to this function.
— Dispdata( ) function to display all the data members on the screen.
(c) Consider the following and answer the questions given below : 4
class University
{
int NOC; // Number of Colleges
protected :
char Uname[25]; // University Name
public :
University( );
char State[25];
void EnterData( );
void DisplayData( );
};
class College : public University
{
int NOD; // Number of Departments
char Cname[25]; // College Name
protected:
void Affiliation( );
public :
College( );
void Enrol(int,int);
void Show( );
};
class Department : public College
{
char Dname[25]; // Department
int Nof; // No of faculty members
public :
Department();
void Display();
void Input();
};
(i) Which class’s constructor will be called first at the time of declaration of an object of class
Department ?
(ii) How many bytes does an object belonging to class Department require ?
(iii) Name the member function(s), which are accessed from the object(s) of class Department.
(iv) Name the data member(s), which are accessible from the object(s) of class College.
Ans. (a) The polymorphism contains three words as : poly means many or multiple; morph means to change
from one thing to another; and ism means the process of something. Function overloading implements
polymorphism.
// Program using function overloading to calculate the area of rectangle,
// area of triangle using Hero’s formula and area of circle.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

4 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII

#include <iomanip.h>
#include <math.h>
float area(float a, float b , float c);
float area(float l, float w);
float area(float r);
void main()
{
char ch;
float len, wid, n1, n2, n3, ar;
float radius;
int choice1;
clrscr();
cout << "\n1. For area of triangle ";
cout << "\n2. For area of rectangle ";
cout << "\n3. For area of circle ";
cin >> choice1;
if (choice1 == 1)
{
cout << "\nEnter the three sides of triangle : ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
ar = area(n1, n2, n3);
cout << "\nArea of triangle is: "< < ar;
}
if (choice1 == 2)
{
cout << "\nEnter the length : ";
cin >> len;
cout << "\nEnter the width : ";
cin >> wid;
cout<< "\nArea of rectangle is : " << area(len, wid);
}
if (choice1 == 3)
{
cout << "\nEnter the radius : ";
cin>>radius;
cout << "\n Area of circle : " << area(radius);
}
}
float area(float a, float b , float c)
{
float s;
float a1;
s = (a + b + c) / 2;
a1 = sqrt(s * (s–a) * (s–b) * (s–c));
return(a1);
}
float area(float l, float w)
{
return(l*w);
}
float area( float radius)
{
return(3.14 * radius * radius);
}

Examination Paper 5
 (b) The class is as :
class Serial
{
private:
int Serialcode
char Title[25];
float Duration;
int Noofepisodes;
public:
Serial(){ Duration = 30; Noofepisodes = 10;}
void Newserial () { cin>>Serialcode; cin>>Title;}
void Otherentries (int x, int y){ Duration =x; Noofepisodes = y; }
void Dispdata() { cout<<Serialcode<<Title<<Duration<<Noofepisodes; }
};
(c) (i) Constructor of University class
(ii) The Department require 106 bytes
(iii) void Display(), void Input(), void Enrol(int,int), void Show(), void EnterData(), void
DisplayData().
(iv) char state[25]
3. (a) Assume an array S containing elements of structure Student is required to be arranged in descending
order of Marks. Write a C++ function to arrange the same with the help of bubble sort. The array and
its size is required to be passed as parameters to the function. Definition of structure Student is as
follows : 4
struct Student
{
int Rollno;
char Name[25];
float Marks;
};
(b) An array V[15][30] is stored in the memory with each element requiring 8 bytes of storage. If the base
address of V is 5300, find out memory locations of X[8][12] and V[12][2], if the array is stored along
the row. 3
(c) Write the user-defined function in C++ to display those elements of a two dimensional array M[5][5]
which are divisible by 10. Assume the content of the array is already present and the function
prototype is as follows : 2
void Display10(int M[5][5]);
(d) Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack and show the contents of stack after execution
of each operation : 2
120, 45, 20,+, 25, 15, –, +, *
(e) Consider the following portion of a program, which implements passengers Queue for a bus. Write
the definition of function Insert (whose prototype is shown below); to insert a new node in the queue
with required information : 4
struct NODE
{
int Ticketno;
char PName[20]; //Passenger Name
NODE * NEXT;
};
class Queueofbus
{
NODE *Rear, *Front;

6 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII

 Public :
Queueofbus() { Rear = NULL, Front = NULL;}
void Insert();
void Delete();
~Queueofbus();
};
Ans. (a) // Function to arrange the structure with the help of bubble sort
void sort(Student stud[], int n)
{
Student temp;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(stud[j].Marks<stud[j+1].Marks)
{
temp = stud[j];
stud[j]=stud[j+1];
stud[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
}
(b) The memory location is as :
V[I][J] = B + W((I – L1) + M(J – L2))
V[8][12] = 5300 + 8(30(8 – 0) + (12 – 0)
= 5300 + 8(240 + 12)
= 5300 + 8 x 252
= 5300 + 2016
= 7316
V[12][2] = 5300 + 8(30(12 – 0) + (2 – 0)
= 5300 + 8(360 + 2)
= 5300 + 8 x 362
= 5300 + 2896
= 8196
(c) // Function to display the elements which are divisible by 10 of an array M[5][5]
void Display10(int M[5][5])
{
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<5;j++)
{
if (M[i][j]%10 == 0)
cout<<M[i][j];
}
}
}
(d) The postfix expression of 120, 45, 20,+, 25, 15, –, +, * is as :
Input 120
120

Examination Paper 7
 Input 45
120 45
Input 20
120 45 20
Input +
120 65 Pop(20) + Pop(45)
Push(65)
Input 25
120 65 25
Input 15
120 65 25 15
Input –
120 65 10 Pop(25) – Pop(15)
Push(10)
Input +
120 75 Pop(10) + Pop(65)
Push(75)
Input *
9000 Pop(75) * Pop(120)
Push(9000)
(e) // Function to insert passenger in a queue
void Queueofbus::insert()
{
NODE *temp;
cout<< "Enter the details ";
cin>>temp–>Ticketno;
gets(temp–>PName);
temp–>Next = NULL;
if (rear == NULL)
{
rear = temp;
front = rear;
}
else
{
rear –> Next =temp;
rear = temp;
}
}
4. (a) Write a user defined function in C++ to read the content from a text file STORY.TXT, count and
display the number of alphabets present in it. 2
(b) Assuming a binary file JOKES.DAT is containing objects belonging to a class JOKE(as defined
below). Write a user defined function in C++ to add more objects belonging to class JOKE at the
bottom of it. 3
class JOKE
{
int Jokeid; // Joke Identification number
char Type[5]; // Joke Type

8 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII

 char Jokedesc[255]; // Joke Description
public :
void Newjokeentry()
{cin>>Jokeid; gets(Type); gets(Jokedesc); }
void Showjoke()
{cout<<Jokeid<< ":"<<Type<<endl<<Jokedesc<<endl; }
};
Ans. (a) // Function to count and display the number of alphabets present in a text file
void display()
{
ifstream afile;
afile.open(“STORY.TXT”);
char ch;
int c=0;
while(afile)
{
afile.get(ch);
if (isalpha(ch))
c++;
}
cout << "The number of alphabets are "<<c;
}
(b) // Function to add more objects belonging to class JOKE at the bottom of JOKES.DAT
void append()
{
fstream afile;
afile.open("JOKES.DAT",ios::binary|ios::app);
JOKE LAUG;
int n;
int i;
cout << "How many objects you want to add";
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
LAUG.Newjokeentry();
afile.write((char *)&LAUG,sizeof(JOKE));
}
afile.close();
}
5. (a) What is the purpose of normalisation ? Define primary key. 2
NOTE : Write SQL commands for (b) to (g) and write the outputs for (h) on the basis of tables
FURNITURE andARRIVALS.
Table : FURNITURE
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
NO ITEMNAME TYPE DATEOFSTOCK PRICE DISCOUNT
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1 White lotus Double Bed 23/02/02 30000 25
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
2 Pink feather Baby cot 20/01/02 7000 20
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
3 Dolphin Baby cot 19/02/02 9500 20
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
4 Decent Office Table 01/01/02 25000 30
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
5 Comfort zone Double Bed 12/01/02 25000 25
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234

Examination Paper 9
 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
6 Donald Baby cot 24/02/02 6500 15
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
7 Royal Finish Office Table 20/02/02 18000 30
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
8 Royal tiger Sofa 22/02/02 31000 30
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
9 Econo sitting Sofa 13/12/01 9500 25
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
10 Eating Paradise Dining Table 19/02/02 11500 25
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
Table :ARRIVALS
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
NO ITEMNAME TYPE DATEOFSTOCK PRICE DISCOUNT
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
11 Wood Comfort Double Bed 23/03/03 25000 25
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12 Old Fox Sofa 20/02/03 17000 20
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
13 Micky Baby cot 21/02/03 7500 15
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
(b) To show all information about the Baby cots from the FURNITURE table. 1
(c) To list the ITEMNAME which are priced at more than 15000 from the FURNITURE table. 1
(d) To list ITEMNAME and TYPE of those items, in which DATEOFSTOCK is before 22/01/02 from the
FURNITURE table in descending order of ITEMNAME. 1
(e) To display ITEMNAME and DATEOFSTOCK of those items, in which the DISCOUNT percentage is
more than 25 from FURNITURE table. 1
(f) To count the number of items, whose TYPE is “Sofa” from FURNITURE table. 1
(g) To insert a new row in the ARRIVALS table with the following data : 1
14, “Velvet touch”, “Double bed”, {25/03/03},25000, 30
(h) Give the output of following SQL statement : 2
NOTE : Outputs of the below mentioned queries should be based on original data given in both the
tables, i.e., without considering the insertion done in (g) part of this question :
(i) Select COUNT(distinct TYPE) from FURNITURE;
(ii) Select MAX(DISCOUNT) from FURNITURE,ARRIVALS;
(iii) Select AVG(DISCOUNT) from FURNITURE where TYPE = “Baby cot”;
(iii) Select SUM(PRICE) from FURNITURE where DATEOFSTOCK<{12/02/02};
Ans. (a) Normalisation is a process of data analysis used for grouping data elements in a record. While
dealing with database there may be unnecessary repetition of data, which can pose problems in
storing, and retrieving the data. The unnecessary repetition of data is called redundancy. Normalisation
is the process of analysing data. So, the redundancy gets reduced.
Primary key : It is also called as key field and uniquely identifies a particular record in a file.
(b) SELECT * from FURNITURE where Type = “Baby cot”;
(c) SELECT ITEMNAME from FURNITURE where price>15000;
(d) SELECT ITEMNAME, TYPE from FURNITURE where DATEOFSTOCK<{22/01/02}
order by ITEMNAME DESC;
(e) SELECT ITEMNAME , DATEOFSTOCK from FURNITURE where discount>25;
(f) SELECT count(TYPE) from FURNITURE where TYPE = “Sofa”;
(g) INSERT INTO ARRIVALS values (14, “Velvet touch”, “Double Bed”,{25/03/03},25000,30);
(h) (i) 5 (ii) 30,25 (iii) 15 (iv) 66500
6. (a) State Absorption Laws. Verify one of the Absorption Laws using a truth table. 2
(b) Verify X.Y' + Y'.Z = X.Y'.Z + X.Y'Z' + X'Y'.Z algebraically. 1
(c) Write the dual of the Boolean expression A + B'.C. 1

10 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII

 (d) Obtain a simplified form for a Boolean expression
F(U, V, W, Z) = Σ(0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15) using Karnaugh Map. 2
(e) Draw the logic circuit for a half-adder. 1
(f) Represent the Boolean expression X.Y' +.Z with the help of NOR gates only. 2
(g) Write the Product of Sum form of the function H(U,V,W), truth table representation of H is as follows:
1
U V W H
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
6. (a) The Absorption laws are :
(i) X + X.Y = X (ii) X(X+Y) = X
and the truth table for first part is :
X Y X.Y X+X.Y
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
(b) X.Y'.Z + X.Y'.Z' +X'.Y'.Z = X.Y' + Y'Z
L.H.S = X.Y'.Z + X.Y'.Z' +X'.Y'.Z
= X.Y'[Z + Z'] + X'.Y'.Z
= X.Y' + X'.Y'.Z [ X + X' = 1]
= Y'[X + X'.Z]
= Y'[X + Z] [ X + X'.Y = X + Y]
= X.Y' + Y'.Z
(c) A.B'+C
(d) The simplified form for a Boolean expression F(U, V, W, Z) = Σ(0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15) using
Karnaugh Map is :
WZ
UV 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
11 1 1
10 1 1 1

Hence, F = Z + U'W' + U'V + UV'W

Examination Paper 11
 (e) The logic circuit for a Half Adder is :
x sum = x + y
y

carry = x . y

(f) Boolean expression (X+Y').Z with the help of NOR gate is :

XY' + Z
= (XY'+Z)''
= ((X.Y')' + Z')'
= ((X' + Y) + Z')'
= (X' + Y)' + Z
The NOR gate is :
X' y (X' + Y)'
Yy (X'+Y)' + Z)' (X '+Y)' + Z)
Z' Z
Zy
(g) (U+V'+W)(U'+V+W)(U'+V'+W)(U'+V'+W')
7. (a) What is the purpose of using a gateway in the context of networking ? 1
(b) Write an advantage and a disadvantage of using Optical fibre cable. 1
(c) Write one advantage and one disadvantage of the following topologies in network : 2
(i) BUS topology
(ii) STAR topology
(d) What is the difference between LAN and MAN ? 1
Ans. (a) The special machine, which allows different electronic networks to talk to Internet that uses TCP/IP,
is called gateway.
(b) The main disadvantage of the optical fibre cable is that it is very costly. But the advantage is that it
is free from any type of disturbances like noise distortion.
(c) (i) Advantage of BUS Topology : Short cable length - Because there is single common data path
connecting all nodes.
Disadvantage of BUS Topology : Fault diagnosis is difficult - Although, the bus topology is
very simple, but in this topology fault detection is very difficult.
(ii) Advantages of STAR Topology
1.One Device per connection
2.Easy to access.
Disadvantages of STAR Topology
1.Long cable length
2.Central node dependency
(d) LAN and MAN are different in their geographical area and the speed of transfer. LAN is restricted to
one building or nearby two or three buildings but MAN can cover one metropolitan i.e., from one
small city to one town.

12 Together with ® Computer Science (C++) – XII