Ch. 7 pg.

194-211

The Political Crisis of the 1790's

• Jefferson -- agricultural nation governed by local and state officials
• Hamilton -- strong national government and economy based on manufacturing
• Washington as President --chosen by members of the Electoral College; John
Adams became vice president; 57; asked Congress to adopt execute departments
(Foreign Affairs, State; Finance, Treasury; War); gave president authority to remove
major officials
• Washington's cabinet -- Thomas Jefferson: head of the Department of State;
Alexander Hamilton: secretary of the treasury; Henry Knox: Secretary of War
• Judiciary Act of 1789 -- established a federal district court in each state and 3
circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts; Supreme court has final say
• Bill of Rights -- James Madison submitted 19 amendments to the first congress; 10
were approved and ratified; safeguard personal rights -- freedom of speech and
religion

Hamilton's Financial Program

• Hamilton's "Report on Public Credit" -- asked Congress to redeem at face value
the money in securities issued by the Confederation that were held by foreign
investors and speculators; redemption would bring profits; national debt; Assistant
Secretary of Treasury William Duer bought war bonds at cheap rates; wanted to
charter the Bank of the US; Jefferson and Madison opposed

• "Report on Manufactures"-- urged nation to engage in manufacturing; advocated

revenue tariffs; develop American industry
• Bank of the United States charter -- jointly owned by private stockholders and the
national government; provide financial stability to the economy through loans to
merchants; 20-year charter
• Protective tariffs -- duty tax placed on imports, excluded foreign products; protect
domestic products from foreign competition
• Revenue tariffs -- a tax on imports levied to pay the expenses of the national
government
• Madison and Jefferson -- Democratic Republicans; Republicans
• Hamilton -- Federalists

The French Revolution Divides Americans

• Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality -- allowed citizens to trade with all
competitors; took over sugar trade between France and its West Indian islands;
declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
• Jacobins -- radical French group
• Americans condemned new French government for executing King Louis XVI
and 3000 aristocrats
• Whiskey Rebellion -- Pennsylvania farmers; angered by the state's conservative
Ch. 7 pg. 194-211

fiscal policies; protested Hamilton's tax on spirits; cut the demand for corn whiskey
• Jays Treaty -- John Jay dispatched to Britain; ignored the argument that free ships
make free goods and accepted Britain's right to remove French property from
neutral ships; required the US to compensate British merchants for pre-
Revolutionary War debts owed by American citizens; allowed American merchants
to submit claims for illegal seizures; required British to remove troops from
Northwest territory

The Rise of Political Parties

• First party system -- a new stage in American politics marked by the appearance of
Federalists and Republicans; voters and legislators act independently and for the
public interest; caused by Hamilton's fiscal policies
• Federalists -- merchants, creditors, urban artisans, wheat-exporting slave-holders
• Republicans -- southern tobacco and rice planters and in debt western farmers;
Germans and Scots-Irish
• Presidential election of 1796 -- first contested American presidential election and
the only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing ticket; John
Adams elected; Talleyrand solicited a load and bribe from American diplomats to
stop seizures
• XYZ Affair -- cut off trade with France  France and the US in maritime war; a
diplomatic event that strained relations between France and the United States

Constitutional Crisis, 1798-1800

• Naturalization Act -- lengthened the residency requirement for American
citizenship from 5-14 years
• Alien Act -- authorizes the deportation of foreigners;
• Sedition Act -- prohibited the publicans of insults or malicious attacks on the
president or members of Congress; violated the First Amendment
• Presidential Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800) -- Jefferson won over Adams;
Aaron Burr was the vice president; tie-vote; House of Representatives would choose
between the candidates; Hamilton persuaded Federalists to allow Jefferson's
election; transfer of power; republican experiment

The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance

• Treaty of Paris -- trans-Appalachian region given to the Americans; threatened
military action to force the pro-British Iroquois peoples - Mowhaks, Onanondagas,
Cayuags, and Senecas - to cede huge tracts in NY and PA in the Treaty of Fort
Stanwix (1784)
• Battle of Fallen Timbers -- (Toledo, Ohio_ final battle of the Northwest Indian
War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western
Confederacy and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area
bounded on the south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River, and
Ch. 7 pg. 194-211

on the northeast by the Great Lakes). The battle, which was a decisive victory for
the United States

• Treaty of Grenville (1795) -- American negotiators acknowledged Indian

ownership; signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on
August 2, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans known as
the Western Confederacy and the United States following the
Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers; sparked white
migration;
• Jay's Treaty (1795) -- Britain removed its military garrisons
• Prophet Handsome Lake encouraged traditional animistic ceremonies; Christian
elements
• Chief Red Jacket -- led a conservative group; condemned Indians who accepted
white ways and demanded a return to ancestral customs

Migration and the Changing Farm Economy

• Migrants -- went through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky and Tennessee;
fleeing from planter-controlled society; widespread landlessness, opposition to
slavery  migration across the Ohio River
• Other Migrants -- slave-owning planters and enslaved African Americans moved
toward the Gulf of Mexico; set up plantations
• Eli Whitney's cotton gin -- efficiently extracted seeds from strands of cotton;
slavery; cotton boom
• Robert Morris -- acquired 1.3 mil acres in the Genesee region of central NY
• Wasworth family -- manorial system of the Hudson River Valley; leased farms
rent-free
• POTATOS; replaced widow plows with cast-iron models

Jeffersonian Presidency
• Virginia Dynasty -- three Republicans from Virginia (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe)
served two terms as president; completed the Revolution of 1800
• Jefferson -- first to live in the White House in DC
• Barbary states -- North Africa; raided merchant ships in the Mediterranean; US
paid a bribe to protect its vessels, but Jefferson refused to pay; ordered U.S. Navy to
attack the pirates' home ports
• Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall -- Great Chief Justice; federalist
• Judiciary Act of 1801 -- created 16 new judgeships and 6 additional circuit orders
• Madison -- refused to deliver the commission of William Marbury; Marbury
petitioned the Supreme Court to compel delivery under terms of the Judiciary Act
• Marbury v. Madision -- Marshal asserted that Marbury had the right to that
appointment but that the court did not have the constitutional power to enforce it
• Albert Gallatin -- secretary of treasury
Ch. 7 pg. 194-211

Jefferson and the West

• Notes on the State of Virginia -- supported Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 with Spain,
allowed settlers to export crops via Mississippi River and New Orleans
• Homestead Act of 1862 -- gave farmsteads to settlers for free
• Napoleon Bonaparte -- seized power in France, reestablish French empire in
America; forced Spin to sign treaty that returned Louisiana to France, restricted
American access to New Orleans; restore French rule in Haiti
• Haitian Revolt -- slave revolt; black Haitians led by Toussaint L'Ouverture seized
control the country in 1798
• James Monroe -- sent to Britain to negotiate alliance in case of war with France
• Louisiana Purchase -- acquisition by the United States of America of the French
territory Louisiana in 1803; forced Jefferson to reconsider his strict interpretation of
the Constitution; Jefferson became a pragmatist
• Lewis and Clark's expedition -- personal secretary Meriwether Lewis with army
officer William Clark; aided by Indian guides; traveled up the Missouri River,
across the Rock Mountains, and beyond the Louisiana Purchase down the Columbia
River to the Pacific Ocean; returned with maps
 increased party conflict and secessionist schemes
• Hamilton killed -- illegal pistol duel between Burr and himself
• General Hanes Wilkinson -- military governor of the Louisiana Territory; arrested
Burr; trial presided over by Chief justice John Marshall; Burr acquitted of treason

P. 198 Federalist Gentry

• Oliver Ellsworth -- chief justice of the US
• Wife, Abigail Wolcott Ellsworth -- daughter of a CT governor
• Portraitist Ralph Earl -- depicted the couple as landed gentry and displayed their
mansion in the window
• Ellsworth dressed with restraint and manners, said Timothy Dwight

Voices from Abroad (Peter Porcupine Attacks Pro-French Americans)

• William Cobbett, British Journalist: pen name = Peter Porcupine rejected the
proposition of the Democratic Republicans; supporter of the Federalist Party; talks
about France

p. 2-4 Treaty Negotiations at Greenville, 1795

MAP Indian Cessions and State Formation

Ch. 7 pg. 194-211

Hop Picking, 1801