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Issue 1
January 2008
in this issue:
The Burial of
Hatshepsut
Dylan Bickerstaffe 2
By the Rivers of
‘Bab-il-On’: Egyptians
Present an Intimate
Portrait of their
Christian Heritage
Kelly L. Krause 10
British Museum
Flying East
Treasures of the
World’s Culture:
The British Museum
Conservation in Egypt after 250 years
The emptiness of Old a state of the nation at Hong Kong
Kingdom tombs report Museum of Art
Wolfram Grajetzki 13 Nigel J. Hetherington 16 Ada Cheng 25
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One of the most popular tourist sites on the were the mortal remains of famous kings and
west bank at Luxor in Upper Egypt is the queens from Egypt’s greatest period of power
mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut with and prestige: the New Kingdom. Amongst the
its impressive series of terraces rising against kings found there were both Thutmose II and
the cliffs that enclose the great bay of Deir el Thutmose III; earlier kings from the same
Bahari. When visiting the monument most (18t h) Dynasty such as Ahmose I and
tourists are told the tale of how Hatshepsut, Amenhotep I; and monarchs from t he
daughter of King Thutmose I, was married to following (19th and 20th) dynasties, most
the successor (her half-brother) Thutmose II, notably Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses III.
and following his death, became regent for the A number of queens from the 18th Dynasty
young heir, Menkheperre Thutmose III. The were also present, including Sitkamose,
new king was not, however, Hatshepsut’s son. Ahmose Inhapy, Ahmose Henettmehu, and
Her union with Thutmose II had produced Ahmose Nefertari, but none identified as
only a daughter, Neferure, and Thutmose III’s Hatshepsut. The only thing found in the tomb
mother was a lesser wife, Iset. relating to the female king was:
Only a little over six years into Thutmose III’s
reign Hatshepsut elevated herself to become
King Maatkare Khnemetamun-Hatshepsut 1
and take effective control as the senior partner
in a co-regency. In this she clearly had the
support of the priesthood of Amun since her
mortuary temple depicts her being conceived
by the union of her mother and the god Amun.
It was t hen some fif teen years before
Hatshepsut died and Thutmose III was able to
take charge as sole ruler. Clearly the young
king may have resented being held back for so
long but there is no evidence that he had her
murdered. It is true that Thutmose did erase
Hatshepsut’s name from many monuments,
destroy her statues, and wall-up her obelisks,
but this appears to have been done towards
the end of a long solo reign and so is unlikely
to have been revenge against a ‘wicked
stepmother’. These few, bare facts are by way
of introduction to the real subject of this article,
the clues to the burial of Hatshepsut and the
identification of her mummy.2
In 1881 Emile Brugsch, assistant curator of
the Bulaq Museum, entered a tomb containing
one of the most extraordinar y finds in
Egyptology. Within the rough-hewn passages
and bur ial chamber were a number of
elaborate coffins containing members of an
ecclesiastical dynasty which had ruled from
ancient Thebes (modern Luxor) in the 21st Statue of Hatshepsut “Karnak”
Dynasty; but also, to Brugsch’s great surprise,
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1816-17. Significantly, no intact royal burials mother Queen Ahmose; as well as fragments
were discovered. The few mummies found by of wooden ‘Ka’ statues. The walls in the lower
Belzoni within these tombs had either suffered part of the tomb were of soft shale and so
extensive robbery or were ‘intrusive’ burials, Hatshepsut’s funerary texts had been applied
inserted into the tomb in a later era. In 1898 instead to limestone slabs. T wo quar tz
Loret added the tombs of Thutmose III (KV34), sarcophagi lay within the burial chamber, the
and Amenhotep II (KV35) from the 18th largest being the final one made for King
Dynasty to the list of those known in the King’s Hatshepsut, and the other – made earlier in
Valley. Both of these had suffered extensive her reign – adapted to house her father,
robbery, and whilst KV35 had been used to Thutmose I.11
rebury its owner Amenhotep II along with a
Because he had discovered a foundation
cache of nine other New Kingdom rulers, KV34
deposit with items naming Hatshepsut outside
had remained open to receive the burial of two
the tomb – and KV20 actually lies directly
ladies in the Ptolemaic period.
behind her mortuary temple at Deir el Bahari
It became clear from examination of the – Carter believed the tomb had been cut by
coffins and wrappings of the royal mummies, Hatshepsut who had transferred the burial of
that their tombs had been extensively robbed Thutmose I from his own tomb (KV38) to join
during the disorder that accompanied the end her in KV20. However, John Romer suggested
of the New Kingdom, rather that KV20 was
and that in the the original tomb of
following 21st Dynasty Thutmose I to which
the priesthood of Amun Hatshepsut had added
h a d r e c ov e r e d t h e the large, rectangular
bodies from the burial chamber
wreckage of the tombs, intended to house both
rewrapped and t heir bur ials.12 In
recoffined them, before support of this is the
placing them in the two fact that the
caches within TT320 sarcophagus of
and KV35. Thutmose I found in
KV38 appears to have
It appears likely that
b e e n m a d e by h i s
Hatshepsut’s tomb
g randson, Thutmose
(KV20) was amongst
III. Both sarcophagus
those which had stood
and burial chamber are
open since antiquity –
of the cartouche-shape
its presence being
adopted by Thutmose
noted by Napoleon’s
Find from KV 60 III in his tomb (KV34),
savants in 1799, and by
and other finds from
B e l z o n i i n 1817 –
the tomb appear to be
though the passages were choked with rubble
9 of this date, supporting the suggestion that
not far from the entrance. The walls of the
KV38 was built for Thutmose I when Thutmose
tomb were undecorated and it attracted little
III removed his burial from KV20. 13 In this
attention until 1824 when James Bur ton
case, Thutmose III would have been removing
excavated through the flood-cemented debris,
his grandfather from the presence of his
reaching as far as the second staircase before
scheming stepmother! Neither KV20 nor KV38
abandoning the work owing to ‘mephitic air’,
contained any human remains and the
‘which extinguished the lights’. It was not until
mummy of Thutmose I is unknown, though it
the 1903-4 season that Howard Carter, working
has been suggested that he is an anonymous
for Theodore Davis, succeeded in tunnelling
mummy [CCG. 61065] from the TT320 royal
down to t he bur ial chamber. Here he
cache.
discovered fragments of stone vessels naming
Hatshepsut, her grandmother Queen Ahmose Further clues to the burial of Hatshepsut
Nefertari, 10 her father Thutmose I, and her emerged in October 1916 when Howard Carter
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was alerted by elders from the west bank and sundry items dating to when the tomb
village of Qurna to a dispute that had broken had been home to Coptic hermits, he found
out between two groups of local plunderers ‘broken pieces of burial equipment of several
who were engaged in digging out a tomb in New Kingdom pharaohs.’ A number of wooden
the remote wadis of the Theban mountain. statue fragments clearly originated in the tomb
The tomb was located half-way up a cliff at the of Thutmose III (KV34); a large jar perhaps
head of the Wadi Sikket Taqa el Zeide and derived from the burial of Thutmose I; and
when Carter managed to dismiss the robbers fragments of a female pharaonic coffin
and gain access he found that they had presumably came from Hatshepsut’s burial in
tunnelled through compacted flood deposits KV20.15
to reach the burial chamber. All that was
In Spring 1903 (prior to the clearance of
discovered within was an unused sarcophagus
Hatshepsut’s KV 20 tomb) Carter discovered a
made for Hatshepsut when she was acting as
small tomb in the approach to the tomb of
regent to Thutmose III. This remote tomb had
M o n t u h e rk h o p s h e f ( K V 19 ) w h i ch wa s
presumably been abandoned when Hatshepsut
numbered KV60. Apart from some mummified
became king and opted to be buried in the
geese, the only contents of the tomb noted by
Valley of the Kings (in KV20).14
Carter were the mummies of two women laid
Amongst the tombs that had stood open since side-by-side in the centre of the burial chamber.
antiquity was KV4, left incomplete by its
‘One of the mummies was lying in the lower
intended occupant, Ramesses XI. The most
portion of its coffin (lid missing), the other on
unusual feature of the tomb was a deep shaft
the floor beside it. Their heads were fairly well
descending from the centre of the burial
preserved and had long hair of a golden
chamber. In 1979 this was cleared by John
colour…The portion of the coffin containing
Romer for the Brooklyn Museum, and beneath
the mummy had been stripped of its outer
the remains of a burnt 22nd dynasty burial,
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moulding, possibly on account of its being Thutmose III inter Hatshepsut intrusively in
gilded, and the only inscription of value that this simple tomb below her own?’20
could be made out was the following
The short answer to Thomas’ question is
name and titles: ‘Great Royal Nurse, In. True
almost certainly ‘No’. Since Thutmose III
of voice.’ Mr. Newberry was present at the
seems to have taken the trouble to remove
opening, and he thinks that possibly these
Thutmose I from Hatshepsut’s presence in
were the mummies of the nurses of Thouthmes
KV20, it seems unlikely that he would have
IV. I reclosed the tomb only removing the
also taken out and reburied Hatshepsut. The
mummies of geese.’16
wrecked funerary objects discovered by Carter
Percy Newberry’s suggestion that the two in KV20 are entirely in accord with the remains
women were wet-nurses of Thutmose IV was found in other tombs robbed at the end of the
a reasonable one given KV60s location only New Kingdom and it is probably the case that,
50m before the entrance of his tomb (KV43). like the other royal mummies, Hatshepsut was
However, KV60 is also a similar distance in removed and restored in the following early
front of Hatshepsut’s tomb (KV20), and it has 21st Dynasty.21
been suggested that the nurse ‘In’ mentioned
The presence of remnants of the burials of
on the coffin, is the same wet-nurse of
Hatshepsut, Thutmose III and possibly
Hatshepsut, In-Sitre, known from a sandstone
Thutmose I in KV4 may perhaps give some
statue discovered at Deir el Bahari. The
indication of the progress of Hatshepsut’s
mummy in the coffin base was removed to the
mummy after the robbery of her burial in
Egyptian Museum, Cairo in 1906 by Edward
KV20. Interestingly this tomb, which began to
Ayrton, who was then clearing KV19. 17 The
be decorated for Ramesses XI, had, at a later
other mummy continued to lie, largely
point, inscriptions including the cartouche of
unwrapped, in the centre of the burial chamber
Pinudjem I superimposed on part of the texts.
of KV60 until 1989 when it was examined by
In the latter part of the reign of Ramesses XI
Mark Papworth as part of Donald Ryan’s Valley
effective control of Upper Egypt had passed
of the Kings Project for the Pacific Lutheran
into the hands of the High Priest of Amun,
University.18 At that time the mummy’s long
Herihor. Following this the High Priest and
hair noted by Carter was found lying on the
General, Pinudjem took full kingship and
floor beneath her bald head.
became Khakheperre Pinudjem I. The mummy
‘Mark Papworth…concluded that she had been of King Pinudjem was found in the TT320 royal
quite fat in life, as indicated by dramatic folds cache but in the large outer coffin of Ahhtope.
of skin found tucked under her backside. The His own coffin set was also in the cache but
mummy’s teeth are well-worn, suggesting an found to be occupied by the anonymous
older individual. Interestingly, the body had mummy [61065] sometimes thought to be
been eviscerated through the pelvic floor Thutmose I. This is ironic inasmuch as the
rather than the side, as was the standard outer coffin of Pinudjem’s set was in fact
procedure in mummification. Papwor th reworked from a coffin originally belonging
suggested that this deviation from the norm to Thutmose I! By occupying this coffin,
may have been due to the lady’s obesity at the Pinudjem I intended, in effect, to assume
time of death.’19 something of the identity of Thutmose I in
death; and lest this idea be thought far-fetched
The evidence thus far thus appears completely
it should be recalled that he had, in life, named
in accord with the idea that KV60 was the tomb
his son and heir Menkheperre (the throne
of two senior members of the royal household,
name of Thutmose III), and his daughter
perhaps both wet-nurses, either of Thutmose
Maatkare (the throne name of Hatshepsut).
IV or Hatshepsut. The idea that the mummy
Conceivably, therefore, Pinudjem I had
Ayrton left behind in the tomb might be
inscriptions in his favour inscribed in KV4
Hatshepsut herself appears to have first been
prior to his burial there, and – along with his
advanced by Elizabeth Thomas:
mother Nodjmet, and his wife Henttawy – took
‘Of the…mummy nothing can be said the mummies (and a few surviving funerary
without examination. It is merely possible to items) of Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, and maybe
ask a question with utmost temerity: did Thutmose I, to be buried there with him as
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nominal ancestors. The tomb was almost the pose of the KV60 mummies – with the right
certainly later robbed, after which the burials arm laid straight down by the side and the left
were removed to the royal cache in tomb TT320, arm raised to place the clenched fist (with
leaving some fragments behind including part thumb extended) on the chest – denotes female
of one of Hatshepsut’s coffins.22 Presumably royalty, is dubious.25 Interestingly, two other
the small chest named for her containing a female mummies in the same pose were found
liver was transferred to TT320 at that time, in KV21, also in front of Hatshepsut’s tomb;
and the mummy of King Hatshepsut should but these have received much less attention
thus be amongst the mummies found in that owing to their much more damaged condition.
tomb in 1881. Although no mummy in the Should these mummies also be considered as
TT320 royal cache tomb was identified as candidates for Hatshepsut, or were the burials
Hatshepsut, it seems curious that no attempt in both of these tombs simply the original
was made to connect any of the unidentified interments of royal relatives and senior
female mummies in the tomb with the chest courtiers?
and thus Hatshepsut.23
KV60 did, however, reveal some more
Although it would be natural to expect the suggestive pieces of evidence. Ryan found
mummy of Hatshepsut to have ended up in further coffin fragments in the tomb including
the royal cache, it is not of course impossible a large, curved section, and a face-piece:
that it could have been placed in KV60. It is
‘Intriguingly, the wooden face-piece found
certainly true, for instance, that Ramesses I
in the niche by the doorway suggests that it
and Ramesses II were placed to reside with
once belonged to a very expensive coffin. The
Seti I in his tomb (KV17) for a period, before
piece was adzed to remove its original surface,
this group was added to the TT320 cache; and
suggesting that it was gilded; and the eyes have
it is suspected that other royal mummies were
been extracted, presumably to remove inlaid
similarly housed in small groups before the
precious metal and stone. The back side of the
decision was taken to secure them in the large
piece bears a small notch in the chin, which
TT320 and KV35 caches. No pottery earlier than
conceivably could have served to hold a false
t he 20t h Dynasty was found in KV60,
beard.’26
supporting the idea that this was a small, lost
or forgotten cache, rather than an original 18th In case the significance was lost on his readers
Dynasty interment.24 However, the idea that Ryan continues:
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‘Not that chin beards are peculiar to royal may have been diabetic. A tumour found in
coffins; but the only known occupants of KV60 the left iliac bone of the pelvis may have been
were female, and only one Egyptian queen is a secondary, metastatic deposit. She perhaps
known to have affected the royal false beard.’27 also suffered from osteoarthritis, but what
maybe killed her was a burst dental abscess
He means, of course, Hatshepsut! However, it
and the subsequent spread of infection.
might be that the notch on the back of the
coffin face-piece simply helped in pegging it Many have eagerly awaited the DNA testing of
to the lower coffin lid; and it is always possible mummies in the belief that it would solve
that there were at some point, other, male, many questions over the identity of royal
occupants of KV60.28 mummies; and the creation of a new laboratory
at the Cairo Museum, specially capable of
Following examination by Mark Papworth the
handling degraded DNA, now brings this
mummy was placed in a specially constructed
prospect into sight. DNA tests should be able
wooden box for protection, and the tomb sealed
to show if a relationship exists between
with a metal door. In 2007, the mummy was
mummies, and here samples from the potential
inspected in the tomb by Zahi Hawass,29 and
Hatshepsut mummies were compared to
removed to the Egyptian Museum, Cairo to
Queen Ahmose Nefertari [61055]. 32 Ahmose
take part in a series of tests intended to discover
Nefer tar i may have been t he mater nal
the presence of Hatshepsut.
grandmother of Hatshepsut, and was perhaps
At the Museum a number of tests were the aunt of Hatshepsut’s father, Thutmose I,
conducted to see if this mummy (designated but the relationship is not certain in either
KV60A), or the one found in the coffin of In case. Some family relationship is to be
(KV60B), was likely to be Hatshepsut.30 It was expected, therefore, but not necessarily a close
planned to also include two of the unidentified one.33 The results of these tests are awaited.
female mummies from the TT320 royal cache
In the course of these investigations it was
in the test since this tomb was where the chest
thought to re-examine the chest bearing the
bearing the names of Hatshepsut had been
names of Hatshepsut. The original report on
found in 1881. The two mummies selected were
this was made by the then Director of the
not actually unknown, and ‘Unknown Woman
Service des Antiquities, Gaston Maspero:
A’ [61052] was in fact named as Queen
Meritamun on her shroud,31 whilst Unknown ‘A small box in varnished sycamore and ebony
Woman B [61018] has long borne the tentative about 18cm high and containing a human liver
identification of Queen Tetisheri. In the event or kidneys. The organ, once placed inside, had
a mix-up meant that the second of these two been covered with hot bitumen which had
‘controls’ was actually Unknown Woman D spilled over onto the outside walls. One of
[61082], who came from the second royal cache these sides carries, engraved under the sky
in KV35, and is plausibly identified as Twosret, sign, the names of Queen Hatshepsut. The
who declared herself King at the end of the name of the God, Amun, has been scratched
19th Dynasty. out which shows the coffret was still in use at
the time the heretic Kings proscribed the cult
One of the tests was intended to see if a
of the God. I do not think, however, that the
family likeness could be found between any of
human remains which survive pertain to the
the female mummies and members of the
XVIIIth Dynasty Queen. The body of
Thutmoside dynasty, and t he sk ulls of
Hatshepsut was not in the cache. I believe
Thutmose II, Thutmose III, and the mummy
s o m e o n e h a s t a ke n a d va n t a ge o f t h e
sometimes called Thutmose I (who though
resemblance of the name of this Queen to that
actually unidentified, does bear a resemblance
of Makeri [Maatkare] of the XXIst Dynasty and
to Thutmose II) were CAT scanned to allow a
given to the latter a coffret which came from
composite, ‘generic’ Thutmoside shape to be
the tomb of the former. This will then be
digitally generated. The female mummy most
usurpation to be ascribed to the high priests
closely matching this Thutmoside profile was
of Amun and their contemporaries.’34
found to be KV60A; and this mummy was also
noted as having high quality mummification, For the name of the god Amun to have been
an appropriate age of death of about 50, and erased, the chest must have been in circulation
a number of medical problems. She was, as at the end of the 18th Dynasty, when the
previously noted by Papworth, overweight and followers of Akhenaten were carrying out such
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defacements. If the chest had been part of tooth is firmly embedded in the solidified resin
Hatshepsut’s burial in KV20, then the only at the bottom of the chest and the CAT scans
plausible occasion for its removal during the revealing it are not sharp, so it is important
18th Dynasty would have been when Thutmose that the join with the root in the mouth of the
III entered the tomb to remove Thutmose I for mummy is physically corroborated. DNA tests
reburial in KV38. However, as Aidan Dodson should then also be able to confirm that the
pointed out to me, the chest was certainly tooth and KV60A are one and the same
never intended to act as a canopic jar,35 and person.40
since it probably never formed par t of
This article has attempted to place the recent
Hatshepsut’s original burial it would most
attempts to identify the mummy of Hatshepsut
likely have been readily accessible to
into the context of her burial. As has been seen,
Akhenaten’s men. As Maspero suggested, the
potential evidence has come from a number
presence of the chest in the TT320 cache might
of tombs: KV20, TT320, KV60, KV21, KV4 and
be explained by its having been acquired for
the Wadi Sikket Taqa el Zeide. However, there
the burial of Maatkare [61088],36 but in that
are other important pieces of evidence of less
case one might rather expect any erasures on
certain provenance. Prior to 1848 the Dutch
the chest to have been made with the intention
collector, Baron Willem van Westreenen
of converting the cartouche of (Khnumetamun)
acquired fragments of a shabti figure of
Hatshepsut to ‘God’s Wife of Amun’: the title
Hatshepsut, which perhaps came from the
of Maatkare.37
upper fill of KV20.41 In 1886 there was also the
The recent CAT scans confirmed that the purchase of a parts of a funerary bed with a
chest did indeed contain a liver, but whose? wooden car touche of Hatshepsut and
Although it became the custom in the 21st associated lion-headed senet pieces. These were
Dynasty to re-wrap and return viscera to the said to have come either from KV6, the tomb
body cavity, when Elliot Smith examined the of Ramesses IX, or from spoil heaps at Deir el
body of Maatkare, he found none present.38 Bahari, but such explanations are extremely
As he suggested, it might be that they had been hard to credit.42
lost during robbery, but if not so, it seems
An interesting final twist is that the recent
unlikely that she would have employed
tests on the so-called Thutmose I mummy
Hatshepsut’s chest as an improvised canopic
[61065] failed to produce any DNA, but the CAT
container. Probably a better explanation for
scans showed a broken rib and a piece of metal
the liver being found in the chest is that during
on his right thoracic region, the suggestion
the robbery of Hatshepsut’s tomb her original
being that it was perhaps an arrow-head. Since
canopic jars had been removed from their
this mummy died at under 30 years of age, he
quartz chest and broken. 39 The restorers of
is too young to have been Thutmose I. 43
her burial might then have managed to salvage
However, there is some question in the naming
her liver and employed the chest bearing her
of the Thutmose II mummy [61066] suggesting
names as a substitute jar. This circumstance
that he may, in fact, be Thutmose I.44 Thutmose
might account for CAT scans of the chest also
II had only a very short reign (perhaps just 3
revealing a tooth within: if this had been
years) and died quite young,45 so might he not
broken from the mummy during robbery, the
be the so-called Thutmose I mummy [61065]?
restorers might have recovered it and placed
In this case, the arrow-head might turn out to
it along with the liver in the chest.
be the broken end of the dagger by which
The tooth was identified as a molar with one Hatshepsut had her husband dispatched into
root intact and the other broken off. When the hereafter…
compared to the two mummies from KV60 it
Dylan Bickerstaffe July 2007.
was found to be the correct size to match a gap
in the teeth of KV60A where just one root of a About the author
molar remained. Apparently there is also a Dylan Bickerstaffe is a popular lecturer to
match between the bone density of the loose Egyptian societies around the UK, and has led
tooth and that of the surviving root; so if the many study tours to Egypt. He is the author of
tooth is Hatshepsut’s there is a strong chance numerous articles addressing Ancient Egyptian
that KV60A is the missing Queen/King. The historical problems, in KMT and Ancient Egypt
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III, and the fact that she clearly enjoyed the support 33. See Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, The
of the priesthood of Amun suggests that she would Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (London
have been included in the restoration programme 2004), 126-133. Hatshepsut’s mother, Queen Ahmose
that led to the creation of the two caches. So the B, bears the title of ‘King’s Sister’ which may refer
probability is that Hatshepsut’s mummy survives to her husband Thutmose I, or to his predecessor,
somewhere. Amenhotep I, who was the son of Ahmose Nefertari.
22. Pieces of gilded gesso found by Romer’s 34. Gaston Maspero, Les Momies Royales de Deir
expedition in the burial chamber of KV4 may thus el Bahari, (Cairo 1889), 584, Item 6. Translation by
relate to the stripping of the coffins of Pinudjem I, Norman Nail.
Nodjmet, and Henttawy, rather than that of
35. Personal Communication 24/7/07.
Thutmose III as proposed by Reeves, Valley, 123.
Inconsistent with this theory, however, is the fact 36. The 21st Dynasty Maatkare [61088] was, of
that peg shabtis of Ramesses IV were also found in course, found in the TT320 cache.
the tomb.
37. Reeves, Valley, 28, Note 25; saw no evidence
23. There were, for instance, the remnants of of erasure. However, although no such defacement
the female mummy [CCG 61076] found in the coffin is apparent from photographs, it is hard to rule out
of Baqt; and items listed by G. Maspero, Les Momies (on such evidence), the possibility that Maspero
Royales de Deir el Bahari, 582: ‘A woman’s coffin saw evidence of the Amun signs having been recut.
painted blue in the style of the XVIIIth Dynasty, A short piece by D. Forbes, ‘A Hatshepsut Memento’
containing a mummy without a name’, and ‘A KMT 1.1 (Spring 1990), 13, notes the presence of a
smooth surfaced oblong box, painted black with a stone jar inscribed for Hatshepsut in a section of
mummy.’ the Egyptian Museum, Cairo devoted to finds from
the tomb of Thutmose III, perhaps suggesting a
24. Reeves and Wilkinson, Complete Valley, 186-
lack of animosity between the two. However, this
187.
jar is an interesting case of erasure of the Amun
25. The mummy in the coffin actually has the name from a cartouche of Hatshepsut, suggesting
left arm crossed in a lower, more lateral position, that it was available to the Atenists at the end of
though Mark Rose, ‘Hatshepsut Found; Thutmose the 18th Dynasty. A replica of this jar is in the
I Lost’, as of July 26th 2007, notes that CAT scans upstairs room of the Egypt Exploration Society
show this arm to be disarticulated and probably library in Doughty Mews, London.
originally in a more raised position. Dr. Barbara
38. Smith, Royal Mummies, 100.
Mertz, Readers’ Forum KMT 14.4 (Winter 2003-04),
4; quite rightly questions the assumption that this 39. Salima Ikram and Aidan Dodson, The
pose indicates a queen, stressing that we have far Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for
too few examples to go on, and noting that non- Eternity (London 1998), 282-3. The canopic chest
royal females are also depicted in this pose. of Hatshepsut, which was found in KV20, see
illustrations 413B and 414.
26. Ryan, KMT 1.1, 58.
40. Another useful test would be a DNA
27. Ryan, KMT 1.1, 58.
comparison of the liver with both KV60A and
28. Ryan,KMT 21. (Spring 1991), 28; indeed, Maatkare.
having identified further fragments of the coffin
41. Reeves & Wilkinson, Complete Valley, 93.
– which clearly had not carried a uraeus – changed
This is the only shabti known of Hatshepsut, but it
his view and believed the coffin belonged to a male.
was probably the case that Kings had only one in
29. This was his second inspection of the this era.
mummy. I witnessed the door being opened by
42. For an investigation into this interesting case
National Geographic in advance of a visit by Zahi
see my article: Dylan Bickerstaffe, ‘The Discovery
Hawass on October 6th 2004.
of Hatshepsut’s ‘Throne’’, KMT 13.1 (Spring 2002),
30. I am indebted for details of the tests carried 71-77; and letter in KMT 13.2 (Summer 2002), 6-7.
out to the web-article of Mark Rose (see Note 25
43. Thanks again to Mark Rose for these details
above) which draws on documentation additional
(see Note 25).
to the Discovery TV programme.
44. The coffin provided for the reburial of
31. G. Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies (London
Thutmose II [61066] was redecorated with bands
1912), 6; described her as ‘61052 Mummy of an
of hieroglyphics naming Aakheperenre, but these
u n k n ow n w o m a n , p e r h a p s t h e p r i n c e s s
had been altered from (or to?) Aakheperkare, i.e.
Meritamon’; thereby displaying an uncertainty he
Thutmose I. See G. Daressy, Cercueils des cachettes
did not himself feel, owing to Maspero’s belief that
royales (Cairo 1990), 18.
the style of mummification suggested that the
mummy dated to the Middle Kingdom. 45. For evidence of Thutmose II’s reign and life-
span see Luc Gabolde, SAK 14, 61-81, Tafel 2 & 3.
32. This mummy was only identified by the
name on the coffin she shared with Ramesses III
(when discovered in the royal cache). Her identity
is not normally doubted, however.
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Kelly 02 english.fh10 1/17/08 1:24 PM Page 1
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Kelly L. Krause
photos by the author
Many people are familiar with the story of the site of Babylon, or Bab-il-On (‘the Gate of
Saint Mark who journeyed into Egypt around On’), perhaps identified with the Ancient
62 AD to preach the Gospel at the House of Egyptian pr hap m On (Figure 1). The historian
Anianos, the site that is now recognised as the al-Maqrizi (d. 1442) suggested that the Arabic
Church of Alexandria. Later martyred when name for the fortress, Qasr al Shama‘ (Fort of
reportedly dragged through the streets of Candles), referred to the Persians use of many
Alexandria, Saint Mark is credited as the first candles to illuminate its towers. Today the
leader of the Egyptian Orthodox or Coptic remains of the structure still survive as one of
Church. the best-preserved military fortresses from the
Roman Period in what is now known as Misr
Two-hundred years later around 298 AD at al-Qadima, or Old Cairo, the city’s most
the southwest of present-day Cairo the Roman significant Christian quarter. According to a
Emperor Diocletian constructed his fortress at Biblical narration, the holy family rested in
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References
Bagnall, R.S., 1993. Egypt in late antiquity,
Princeton.
Butler, A.J., 1884. Ancient churches of Egypt,
2 vols., London.
Gabra, G. and M. Eaton-Krauss, 2007. The
illustrated guide to the Coptic Museum and
churches of Old Cairo, American University in
Cairo Press, Cairo.
Habib, R., 1967. The ancient churches of Cairo:
a short account, Cairo.
Immerzeel, M. and J. van der Vliet (eds.), 2004.
Coptic studies on the threshold of a new Figure 4: Coptic heritage through the ages- a young boy
millennium. Proceedings of the 7th stands with his grandfather in the courtyard of the
International Congress of Coptic Studies, Church of the Holy Virgin just before services (© 2007
Kelly L. Krause).
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Nigel J. Hetherington
Egypt; ‘Home to 2/3 thirds of the world’s
antiquities’, ‘The largest open-air museum in The main problem that confronts
the world’, ‘Cairo-mother of all cities’. Just conservators working in Egypt is where to
some of the labels attached to Egypt’s rich begin? , and then they must decide what to
cultural and natural heritage. The breadth and preserve first? And try to decide what is most
range of the heritage resource is staggering important? And what is at the greatest risk of
and from a conservation and management destruction? These questions do not have any
point of view somewhat overwhelming. From easy answers. The pressures and threats facing
the last remaining Seven Wonders of the world: the cultural and natural heritage of Egypt are
the pyramids of Giza, to the architectural huge; the demands of a growing population:
treasures of Islamic Cairo, to the tombs and increasing urbanization and the resulting land
temples of the New Kingdom Pharaohs at use pressures, the growth of agriculture and
Luxor, to magnificent dinosaur fossils, to industry, and the needs and demands of the
stunning coral reefs in the Red Sea and not tourism industry are just a few of the many
least the 20th century Art Deco buildings in problems that have to be resolved.
downtown area of Cairo, Egypt it would appear
has it all. So how do you go about attempting But, it is not all doom and gloom, the richness
to preserve and protect this treasure chest of of Egypt’s cultural and natural heritage has
history for future generations? made the country and its history world famous
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conditions under which foreign missions temples, and thousands of other structures
carryout archaeological work in Egypt. lie here. Together, they constitute one of the
richest sources of information about ancient
Internally within Egypt there are many
Egypt to be found anywhere. The TMP’s long-
other bodies which have a role to play in
term goal is to establish a historical and
protection of Egypt’s heritage, this include The
contemporary record of all of the monuments
Egyptian Antiquities Information System
in the 10-square-kilometer World Heritage Site,
(EAIS), The Centre for Documentation of
including detailed topog raphical maps,
Cultural and Natural Heritage (CultNat) and
architectural plans, sur veys of t he
many consultants and advisors employed by
archaeological impor tance of t he site,
these agencies.
excavation history, and condition reports on
External bodies with a role in antiquities its monuments..
protection include The Getty Conservation
The Theban Mapping Project's work at
Institute (GCI), The American Research Center
Thebes has grown from the belief that, if these
in Egypt (ARCE), The World Monuments Fund
ancient remains are to be preserved, the first
(WMF), The Centre National des Recherche
and most essential step is to make a detailed
Scientific (CNRS), The Oriental Institute of
archaeological map and database that records
Chicago in Luxor, , and The Theban Mapping
e a c h a r c h a e o l o g i c a l , ge o l o g i c a l , a n d
Project (TMP) to name but a few.
ethnographic feature at Thebes and regularly
I intend to illustrate the type of work being monitors its condition. Only when such data
undertaken in Egypt by these agencies by using is available can sensible plans for tourism,
the example of the Theban Mapping Project of conservation, and further archaeological study
which I am a team member. They main role in be made.
conjunction with the SCA is to record and
During the past decade, the TMP has
protect Egypt’s heritage in the Luxor area. I
concentrated on the Valley of the Kings (KV).
work as a consultant for the project advising
This small par t of t he g reater Theban
on heritage protection and management.
Necropolis contains the burials of some of
The Theban Mapping Project was Egypt's greatest rulers, the pharaohs of the
established in 1979 by Dr. Kent Weeks to New Kingdom (dynasties XVIII, XIX, and XX,
prepare a detailed archeologically map and from about 1550 to 1069 BCE). There are 64
database of the Theban Necropolis on the West tombs in KV, perhaps 24 of them kings' tombs.
bank of the Nile in Luxor. Ancient Thebes is The others belong to important members of
considered one of the world's most important royal families and cour ts. The TMP has
archaeological zones. The Valley of the Kings, prepared detailed plans of each tomb,
the Valley of the Queens, the Tombs of the including some large and complex enough that
Nobles, a large number of colossal mortuary they required thousands of measurements to
ensure a plan accurately.
From this architectural data, and the
detailed maps we have made of the
overlying topography, we have been able
to generate three-dimensional computer
drawings of individual tombs and entire
hillsides. On these three-dimensional
drawings, we have super imposed
photographs that record the walls and
pillars of each chamber. In addition, by
re-photographing the tombs on a regular
basis (every 3 to 5 years), a regular check
can be maintained on a tomb's condition
and identify problems of conservation
b e fo r e t h o s e p r o b l e m s b e c o m e
impossible to solve. To date, ever y
accessible tomb in KV has been mapped.
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Nigel J. Hetherington is a
graduate from the Institute of
Archaeology at University College
London, and has spent the past
three years living and working
in Cairo, Egypt. He runs his own
Within the last two years, the TMP’s main consultancy company; Past
focus and aim has been to produce a site Preservers providing historical
management plan for KV that will ensure its and archaeological consultancy
protection and safety even as predicted the and professional support to the
number of tourists increases dramatically. The media industry. Nigel is also in
valley currently receives in excess of 1.8 million the process of researching and
visitors a year (2004 data). This has meant writing a book on the history of
working with specialists to develop new tourism in Luxor. Nigel has a M.A.
systems for lighting, and to maintain constant in Cultural Heritage Studies and
temperature and humidity, and reducing levels is a member of the International
of dust in the tombs, yet ensuring tourists a Association of Egyptologists.
pleasant and rewarding experience. We have Contact him by email:
laid out plans for new roads and pathway nigel@pastpreservers.com
surfaces, new toilet facilities, flood protection
schemes, and visitor management strategies.
We have designed exhibits for a new Visitors
Center, which has just been constructed outside
the entrance to the Valley of the Kings, by the
Japanese International Cooperation Agency
(JICA), and we have been working with the
Supreme Council of Antiquities' Engineering
Department to create a larger, more efficient,
but less obtrusive parking area, vendor’s area,
and site offices.
T h e T M P h ave a l s o b e e n d i g i t a l ly
photographing all open KV tombs to create an
existing-condition record of KV decoration and
our conservators have been preparing detailed
conservation surveys on every wall and ceiling
within these accessible tombs. This is the first
time such a comprehensive record has been
made in KV and, together with the historical
information we are collecting, it will provide
a sound foundation upon which all-future
conservation and management work can be
based. Indeed, it is hoped that the resulting
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Since 1753, the British Museum is renowned between the National Palace Museum and the
t hroughout t he world for its extensive British Museum, the exhibition Treasures of
collection of more than seven million objects the World's Cultures: The British Museum after
that covers the legacy of humanity from almost 250 Years has been two years in the making,
every region and every period over two million and it is intended to offer the audiences in Asia
years of history. Marking the first collaboration a rare opportunity to appreciate cultural
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* For more information and details, please see “Treasures of the World’s Culture from the British
Museum”, the Official Guide to Exhibition.
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Ezzat Kados 03 arabic.fh10 1/17/08 1:50 PM Page 1
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WIDML∞« Ác≥ w≠ ÎULzUÆ ÊUØ lDI∞« Ác≥ iF°Ë .)26 …dß_«( Y∞U∏∞« q•Uº∞« wK´ wG© bÆ d∫∂∞« Ê√ `C¢√ YO• wÆdA∞« ¡UMOLK∞ r¥bI∞«
WIDM± s± WL∞UD∂∞« „uK± iF° tKI≤ UL°¸ dîü« iF∂∞«Ë ,qFH∞U° l°«d∞« sO≤dI∞« w≠ wÆdA∞« ¡UMOL∞« s± wÆdA∞« V≤UπK∞ r¥bI∞«
.…¸UML∞« ‰u• lÆuL∞« sO¥e∑∞ fO∞u°uOK≥ q•Uº∞« »uM§ lI¥ w∞U∫∞« gO≤¸uJ∞« Ê√Ë ÍœöOL∞« f±Uª∞«Ë
vL∑M¢ UN≤√ `§d¥ v∑∞«…dO∂J∞« W¥¸ULFL∞« lDI∞« w∞≈ W≠U{ùU° «c≥ ‹U≠UA∑Øô« Ác≥ Ê√ dØc∞U° d¥b§Ë «c≥ d∑± 120 w∞«u∫° r¥bI∞«
dO¨Ë …¸uºJL∞« …bL´_« s± b¥bF∞« p∞cØË ,UNºH≤ …¸UML∞« v∞≈ WL¥bI∞« ‹U°U∑J∞«Ë ’uBM∞« w≠ ¡U§ U± l± U±UL¢ o≠«u∑¢ W∏¥b∫∞«
w≠ W¥¸bMJßù« rØU• "U§«dÆ s¥b∞« bß√" Ê√ `§d¥ w∑∞« WK±UJ∞« w≤U≤uO∞« s¥dBF∞« w≠ W¥¸bMJßù« WM¥b± «Ë¸«“ sL± iF° UN∂∑Ø w∑∞«
͸«uº∞« œu±U´ WIDM± s± UN∂K§ bÆ w°u¥_« s¥b∞« ÕöÅ bN´ WHŸ_«Ë w≤«uL∞« pK¢ nÅu¥ ÂUÆ Íc∞« Êu°«d∑ß WÅUî w≤U±Ëd∞«Ë
.w∂OKB∞« ËeGK∞ W∞ËU∫± Í√ lML∞ Ábº∞ ¡UMOL∞« qîb± w≠ UN° wI∞√Ë .UNOK´ W±UIL∞« w≤U∂L∞«Ë
qC≠√ s± d∂∑F∑≠ WFDÆ 35 w∞«u• U≥œb´Ë WKA∑ML∞« lDI∞« pK¢ U±√ s± UNM± %90 W¥d£√ WFDÆ 2500 w≠ W∏¥b∫∞« ‹U≠UA∑Øù« q∏L∑¢Ë
UN∑π∞UF± sJ±√ w∑∞«Ë UN∑∞U• YO• s± UNOK´ d∏´ w∑∞« lDI∞« 26 w∞«u•Ë …bL´√ s± ¡«e§√Ë …bL´√ s´ …¸U∂´ w≥Ë XO≤«dπ∞«
.WØb∞« ÂuJ° v≤U±Ëd∞« ÕdºL∞« WIDML° rO±d∑∞« qLF± w≠ UNLO±d¢Ë ¡«e§√ w∞≈ W≠U{ùU° ‹öº± s± ¡«e§√Ë ‰uN∞« u°_ nK∑ª± ‰U∏L¢
s± lDI∞« Ác≥ Ê_ «dEM≠ ,lDI∞« pK¢ wK´ d∫∂∞« ÁUO± d£√ s´Ë 70 s± d∏Ø√ UNCF° Ê“Ë mK∂¥ )WFDÆ 12 w∞«u•( WLª{ W¥¸ULF±
X∫¢ U≥œu§Ë XKL∫¢ bIK≠ X¥e¢¸«uJ∞«Ë XO≤«dπ∞« q∏± W∂KÅ œ«u± X∫¢ ¸U∑±√ 10-8 sO° U± ÕË«d∑¥ oL´ wK´ bÆd¢ UNFOL§Ë s©
W∂ºM∞U° Áu§u∞« r∞UF± ¡UH∑î« k•ö≤ sJ∞Ë …d∑H∞« Ác≥ qJ∞ ÁUOL∞« iF° U¥UI°Ë W¥¸bMJßù« ¸UM≠ U¥UI° iF° w≥ lDI∞« Ác≥Ë .¡UL∞«
,‹öºL∞« s± ·¸Uîe∞«Ë ‘uIM∞« iF° ¡UH∑î« p∞cØË Sphinx ‡K∞ a¥¸«u¢ ‹ËUH∑¢Ë .WIDML∞« pK¢ w≠ WLzUÆ X≤UØ w∑∞« Èdî_« w≤U∂L∞«
¡U∑A∞« qB≠ w≠ WÅUîË ‰U±d∞«Ë ëu±_« WØd•Ë d∫∂∞« Ê_ p∞–Ë rªC∞« ‰U∏L∑∞« q∏± l°UD∞« WOLKD° WO≤U≤u¥ lDÆ sO° U± lDI∞« pK¢
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.r¥bI∞« ¡UOML∞« s± WƸU¨ WHŸ√ …b´ nA∑Ø«Ë W¥¸bMJßû∞ w°dG∞« "WƸUG∞« ¸U£ü«" `KDB± Íd£ü« jßu∞« w≠ …dOî_« W≤Ëü« w≠ dN™
ZOKî w≠ U≥b§Ë w∑∞« lDI∞« iF° Êußu© dL´ dO±_« dA≤ p∞cØË …b´ w∞≈ ¸U£ü« Ác≥ ‚d¨ w≠ V∂º∞« l§d¥Ë "…¸uLGL∞« ¸U£ü«" Ë√
s± d∂Ø_« ¸bMJßû∞ dONA∞« ”√d∞« UNM±Ë 1933 ÂU´ w≠ dOÆ w°√ s± …b¥b´ ¡«e§√ ◊uIß w≠ V∂º∑¢ w∑∞« ‰“ôe∞« UNL≥√ q±«u´
w≥Ë W¥¸bMJßù« w≤U±Ëd∞« w≤U≤uO∞« n∫∑L∞« w≠ ÿuH∫L∞«Ë ÂUîd∞« ͸«d∫∞« ”U∂∑•_« …d≥U™ p∞cØË d∫∂∞« w∞≈ WOK•Uº∞« w≤U∂L∞«
.b¥d≠ wM≠ “«d© s± ÁUOL∞« »uºM± …œU¥“ w∞≈ ‰U∂π∞« rLÆ ‚u≠ bOKπ∞« ÊU°Ë– V∂º∑¥ YO•
ÈU∂∑¥UÆ WFKÆ WIDM± w≠ WƸU¨ ¸U£¬ œu§Ë s´ Àb∫¢ s± ‰Ë√ ÊUØ s´ QAM¥Ë q•«uº∞« wK´ ÁUOL∞« ÊUOG© w∞≈ ÍœR¥ UL± ¸U∫∂∞« w≠
u°√ q±UØ q•«d∞« ÍdBL∞« ’«uG∞« W¥¸bMJßû∞ wÆdA∞« ¡UMOL∞U° "ÊuOKØ«dO≥" w∑O≤b± w≠ Àb• ULK∏± UNKLØQ° Êb± ‚d¨ p∞–
n∫∑LK∞ t±bÆ t∞ d¥dI¢ w≠ dØ– YO•1961 ÂU´ w≠ ‹«œUFº∞« .dOÆ w°√ ZOKî s± »dI∞U° "f¢uOM±"Ë
WIDML∞« Ác≥ w≠ ’uG∞U° t±UOÆ ¡UM£√ b≥U® t≤√ w≤U±Ëd∞« w≤U≤uO∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w∞≈ W¥¸bMJßù« w≠ WƸUG∞« ¸U£ü« WBÆ œuF¢Ë
b¥b∫¢Ë rßd° ÂUÆ t≤√Ë WƸUG∞« W¥dπ∫∞« q∑J∞«Ë qO£UL∑∞« s± b¥bF∞« ¡UMOL∞« tFßu∑° t¥b≤u§ wº≤dH∞« ÂUÆ ULMO• 1910 ÂU´ w≠ s¥dAF∞«
bI≠ ”Uß_« «c≥ wK´Ë .lDI∞« pK¢ iF° lÆ«u±
W¥dBL∞« W¥d∫∂∞« ‹«uI∞« s± sOÅ«uG∞« iF° ÂUÆ
s± rª{ ‰U∏L¢ ‰UA∑≤U° 1963 ÂU´ w≠
u≥Ë ,s© 25 Ê“ËË d∑± 8 ‰uD° …bOº∞ XO≤«dπ∞«
UMØ Íc∞«Ë Íd∫∂∞« n∫∑L∞U° UO∞U• œu§uL∞«
t≤√ ô≈ f¥e¥≈ W¥dBL∞« WN∞û∞ ‰U∏L¢ t≤√ bI∑F≤
WL∞UD∂∞« b•√ W§Ëe∞ ‰U∏L¢ t≤√ `§¸_« Êü«
WN∞ù« WμO≥ wK´ …¸uB± )w≤U∏∞« ”uOLKD° U∂∞U¨(
WJKL∞« ‰U∏L∑∞« W∂•UÅ ÊuJ¢ p∞– wK´Ë ,f¥e¥≈
.WO≤U∏∞« ÍuMO߸≈
q∂Æ s± WKOKÆ ‹ôËU∫± XL¢ a¥¸U∑∞« p∞– cM±Ë
lÆuL∞« «c≥ ‰u• b¥eL∞« ·UA∑Øô sO¥d£_« iF°
WL∞UF∞« X±UÆ sO• 1968 ÂU´ w≠ Àb• ULK∏±
u°√ q±UØ W∂•UBL° XßËd≠ d≤Ë√ W¥eOKπ≤ù«
17 qOπº¢Ë WIDML∞« w≠ ’uG∞U° ‹«œUFº∞«
‰uN∞« v°√ qO£UL¢ sO° U± XO≤«dπ∞« s± WFDÆ
bF∑¥ r∞ d±_« sJ∞Ë b´«uI∞«Ë …bL´_« iF°Ë
.jº∂L∞« nÅu∞«Ë qOπº∑∞« œdπ±
WF°U∑∞« WOº≤dH∞« W∏F∂∞« ‹√b° 1994 ÂU´ w≠Ë
WßUzd° W¥¸bMJßù« ‹Uß«¸b∞ wº≤dH∞« eØdLK∞
oOÆœ Íd£√ `º± ‰Ë√ qLF° d¥d∂±√ n¥≈ ÊU§
…uI∞« ”UOÆ …eN§√ «bª∑ßU° WIDMLK∞
‹U§¸œ ‹«– Magnometers WOºO©UMGL∞«
wK´ WI¥dD∞« Ác≥ wK´ bL∑F¢Ë ,WO∞U´ WOßUº•
¸œU‡‡B∞« w{¸_« wºO©UMGL∞« ‰UπL∞« ”UOÆ
ÂUE≤ «b‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ª∑ß« r¢ p∞cØ ,d∫∂∞« ŸUÆ s±
rßU° ·Ëd‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡FL∞« w•Uº‡‡‡‡‡‡L∞« lO‡‡‡‡Æu∑∞«
)GPS( Global Positioning System
WHŸ_«Ë lDI∞« lOL§ lÆ«u± b¥b∫¢ w≠
X∫¢ UNM´ nAJ∞« r¢ w∑∞« W¥d£_« o©UML∞«Ë
.W¥¸bMJßû∞ wÆdA∞« ¡UMOL∞« ÁUO±
Ÿu≤Ë lÆu± b¥b∫¢ s´ Íd£_« `ºL∞« dHß√ bÆË
‹«¸uH±√ sO° U± WHK∑ª± W¥d£√ WFDÆ 2500
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W∏∞U∏∞« WK•dL∞«
, l±Uπ∞U° tÆUB∑∞« t∂®Ë w≤«dLF∞« ZOºM∞« …œU¥“ WK•d± v≥Ë
iF° t° ‹b§«u¢ Ÿ¸U® v∞≈ UNK¥u∫¢Ë WO∞ULA∞« W•Uº∞« ¡UH∑î«Ë
UN∞u• XFLπ¢ l±Uπ∞« W∂•¸ WN§ Èdî√ W•Uß s¥uJ¢Ë , ‚«uß_«
WO•UM∞« s± l±Uπ∞U° jO∫¢ w∑∞« WIDML∞« U±√ , W∑ÆRL∞« ‚«uß_«
q¥œUMI∞« ‚uß Ë√ ‚UÆ“ ÎUÅUîË UN° ‚«uß_« W≠U∏Ø ‹œ«œ“U≠ WOÆdA∞«
.t° WBBª∑L∞« ‚«uß_« œu§u° eOL¢ Íc∞«
WF°«d∞« WK•dL∞«
s± tDO∫¢ X∫∂Å√Ë ◊UDºH∞« ‚«uß√ ¸U≥œ“« WK•d± v≥Ë
. tM± WOÆdA∞«Ë W¥d∫∂∞« WNπ∞« ÎUÅUî WF°¸_« t∂≤«u§
◊UDºH∞« ‚«uß√ ‹UO´u≤
‚«uß_« s± b¥bF∞« t° ȸUπ¢ Ÿ¸U® WO°dG∞« WNπ∞« w≠ ÊuJ¢ >
sOOKIM∞«Ë s¥“«“d∞«Ë sOß«uF∞« ‚uß q∏± WF°U∑∑L∞« WBBª∑L∞«
WIDM± w≠ lI¢Ë s¥“«“d∞« W¥¸UºOÆ Ÿ¸UA∞« «cN° qB∑¥Ë , sOØULº∞«Ë
. s¥“«“d∞« ‚ußË l±Uπ∞« sO° WDßu∑±
WBBª∑± ‚«uß√ t° ȸUπ¢ Ÿ¸U® WO∞ULA∞« WNπ∞« w≠ ÊuJ¢ >
‚uß l± tK°UI¢ l±Ë oOÆd∞«Ë sO®UAI∞«Ë d°d∂∞« ‚uß q∏± ÎUC¥√
v°√" W¥¸UºOÆË d¥d∫∞« …¸Uπ∑∞ "…d± v°√" W¥¸UºOÆ bπ≤ q¥œUMI∞«
. "U¥d£
¸«œË ◊UL≤_« ¸Ëœ q∏± ¸Ëb∞« iF° WOK∂I∞« WNπ∞« w≠ X≤uJ¢ >
.œuNO∞« ‚ußË sOßU∫M∞« ‚uß q∏± WBBª∑± ‚«uß√Ë sOßU∫M∞«
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WOº∞b≤_« ÊbL∞« jODª∑° d≥u§ bzUI∞«Ë eFL∞« WHOKª∞« d£Q¢Ë wºOzd∞« Ÿ¸UA∞« …QA≤ .1
vK´ Èu∑∫¢ WDî qØË jDî v∞≈ ÊbL∞« XLºÆ YO• , WL¥bI∞« ‹UM¥uJ∑∞U° WO∂≤U§ s± œb∫L∞«Ë dL∑ºL∞« eO∫∞« u≥ Ÿ¸UA∞«
,Ê«d≠«Ë s•UD±Ë W±UF∞« ‚dD∞« vK´ ‚«uß√ s± WÅUª∞« UNI≠«d± Z∞UF¥ ’Uî jLM° WL¥bI∞« …d≥UI∞« Ÿ¸«u® ‹dN™ bI∞Ë , WO≤«dLF∞«
»Ë¸œË WÆ“√Ë ‹«¸U•Ë ‚d© s´ …¸U∂´ ÊbL∞« Ác≥ jODª¢ ÊUØË bO∞UI¢Ë ‹«œU´ fJF¥Ë WOFO∂D∞«Ë WOîUML∞« q±«uF∞« l± q±UF∑¥Ë
d∑± s± UN{Ëd´ ÕË«d∑¥Ë sOF± ÂUE≤ dO¨ vK´ UNCF° s± ŸdH∑¢ l°U∑∑∞« W¥uO• `O∑¥ UL± ‹«¸UºJ≤ô«Ë ‹«¡UM∫≤ôU° ‹eOL¢Ë , lL∑πL∞«
. ) 1 qJ® ( ¸U∑±√ WF°¸√ v∞≈ WJ∂® s± …d≥UI∞« WM¥bL∞ w≤«dLF∞« jODª∑∞« qJA¢ bÆË , ÍdB∂∞«
ÊbL∞« ÁcN∞ WO≤«dLF∞« WJ∂A∞« WLß X≤UØ …dºJML∞« ◊uDª∞«Ë ‚d© WJ∂®Ë " tK∞« s¥b∞ eFL∞« Ÿ¸U® " wºOzd∞« ¸u∫L∞« UN±«uÆ ‚d©
`∑H¢ WOKî«œ ‘«u•√ vK´ UNFOL§ vM∂¢ ‰“UML∞« X≤UØË , W£ö∏∞« WJ∂A∞« VB¢Ë , jDî v∞≈ …d≥UI∞« rºI¢ tOK´ …b±UF∑± Èdî√
W§¸œ …b® v≠ö¢ sJ±√ p∞c°Ë , ‰eML∞« dÅUM´ WO∂K¨√ UNOK´ . WM¥bL∞« ¸uß qî«œ Ídz«œ o¥d© w≠ WO´dH∞«
WπO∑≤ qî«b∞« v∞≈ UN≥Uπ¢«Ë ‰“UML∞« WOÅuBî ‹¡U§Ë , …¸«d∫∞« …¸U•Ë Ÿ¸U® s± UN∑HO™ËË UN∑OL≥_ UI∂© Ÿ¸«uA∞« ÷Ëd´ XHK∑î«Ë
lOLπ∞« UN±d∑∫¥Ë XÆu∞« p∞– w≠ …bzUß X≤UØ w∑∞« bO∞UI∑∞«Ë ‹«œUFK∞ pK¢ v≥Ë s¥œUOL∞«Ë »U•d∞« s¥uJ¢ V≤U§ v∞≈ , WHD´Ë ‚UÆ“Ë
.UNIO∂D¢ v´«d¥ w∞«u∞« ÊUØË v´UL∑§≈ ¡«uß wHO™Ë ÷d¨ W¥œQ∑∞ ‹b§Ë w∑∞« W•u∑HL∞« o©UML∞«
‚«uß_« s¥uJ¢ q•«d± vK´ bπºL∞« jODª¢ dO£Q¢ .2 . wM¥œ Ë√ ÍœUB∑Æ« Ë√
◊UDºH∞« WM¥bL° rÅ«u´ uLM∞ wFO∂D∞« œ«b∑±ô« v∞≈ wºOzd∞« Ÿ¸UA∞« …QA≤ l§d¥
ÊËdI∞« w≠ WO±ößù« ÊbL∞« jODª∑∞ ÎôU∏± ◊UDºH∞« d∂∑F¢ ) lzUDI∞« - dJºF∞« - ◊UDºH∞« ( …d≥UI∞« q∂Æ WO±ößù« dB±
qB¢Ë WM¥bL∞« VKÆ q∑∫¥ ’UF∞« s° ËdL´ bπº± ÊUØË , vDßu∞«
‚«uß_« t∞u• dA∑M¢Ë , WIOC∞« W§dF∑L∞« UN°Ë¸œË UNÆd© tO∞≈
◊UDºH∞« WM¥b± ‹U≤uJ±Ë dÅUM´ Wß«¸b°Ë , sO¢Uº∂∞«Ë ‹U±UL∫∞«Ë
‹d± UN≤√ bπ≤ ’UF∞« s° ËdL´ l±U§ vK´ ‹√d© w∑∞« ‹U≠U{ù«Ë
. ) 2 qJ® ( , q•«d± WF°¸Q°
v∞Ë_« WK•dL∞«
WM¥bL∞« uL≤ ¡U§Ë qOM∞« vK´ ËdL´ l±U§ lÆu± ¸UO∑îU° ‹√b°
iF° UN° X≤uJ¢Ë , WOK∂I∞«Ë WOÆdA∞«Ë W¥d∫∂∞« ‹UN§ Àö£ s±
XKE≠ qOM∞« vK´ WKDL∞« WO°dG∞« WNπ∞« U±√ , WDOº∂∞« ‚«uß_«
s¥ …¸uB∫L∞« W•UºL∞« oOC∞ Ë√ l±Uπ∞« W∂•¸ UN≤uJ∞ U±≈ ÎU¨«d≠
lLπ∞« ÂU¥√ WÅUî W∑ÆRL∞« ‚«uß_« UN° X≤uJ¢Ë ,qOM∞«Ë l±Uπ∞«
. œUO´_«Ë
WO≤U∏∞« WK•dL∞«
s° ËdL´ UND∑î« w∑∞«-WOMJº∞« jDª∞« -o©UML∞« Wß«¸œ s±
WNπ∞«Ë WOÆdA∞« WO∞ULA∞« WNπ∞« w≠ ‹eØd¢ UN≤√ bπ≤ ’UF∞«
qBH¢ W•Uß X≤uJ¢Ë , lLA∞« dBÆ wK∂Æ v∑• WOÆdA∞« WO°uMπ∞«
ÁcN° ‹b§«u¢Ë , WOÆdA∞« WO∞ULA∞« WIDML∞«Ë ËdL´ l±U§ sO°
jO∫¢ w∑∞« W∑ÆRL∞« ‚«uß_« s± W≠U∏Ø d∏Ø√ W∑ÆR± UÆ«uß√ W•Uº∞«
l±Uπ∞« ‰u• ‚«uß_« XH∑∞« ULØ , WO°dG∞« WNπ∞« s± bπºL∞« W∂•d°
WNπ∞« s± WOMJº∞« jDª∞« sO°Ë tMO° …¸uB∫L∞« WIDML∞« w≠
WNπ∞« w≠ WBBª∑L∞« ‚«uß_« iF° ‹eØd¢Ë WOK∂I∞« v∑• WOÆdA∞«
.q¥œUMI∞« ‚UÆ“ UN° w∑∞«Ë jI≠ l±Uπ∞« s± WOÆdA∞«
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”¸«b∞«Ë .w≤U±Ëd∞« dBF∞«Ë dBF∞« «c≥ ‰«u©Ë œöOL∞« q∂Æ l°«d∞« .WO≤U≤u¥ ·Ëd∫° V∑Ø Íc∞« wD∂I∞« jª∞« u≥Ë l°«d∞«
WK•d± q∏L¥ jª∞« «c≥ Ê√ WK≥Ë ‰Ë_ ¸uB∑¥ bÆ wIO©uL¥b∞« jªK∞ W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ◊uDª∞ ¸uD¢ ÀËb• q±«u´ …b´ X{d≠ bI∞Ë
q∏L¥ t≤√ p∞cØ ¸uB∑¥ bÆË ,wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« bF° WO≤U∏∞« ¸uD∑∞« œbF¢Ë Ÿu{uL∞«Ë W°U∑J∞« …«œ√Ë W°U∑J∞« …œU± WFO∂© UNMO° s± WL¥bI∞«
WDA≤_« ŸuM¢ l± VßUM∑¥ wIO©«dON∞« jªK∞ jOº∂∑∞« s± Ϋb¥e± W°U∑J∞U≠ .UNM± W¥¸«œù«Ë W¥œUB∑Æô« ÎUÅuBîË W¥dA∂∞« WDA≤_«
.WI°Uº∞« ¸uBF∞U° UßUOÆ U≥œU¥œ“«Ë WOM¥b∞«Ë W¥uO≤b∞« ‹U±öF∞« V∑J¢ Ê√ VKD∑¢ ÂU´ t§u° W¥dπ∫∞« ‹PAML∞«Ë dπ∫∞« vK´
WO≤Q∑L∞« Wß«¸b∞« sJ∞Ë dO∂Ø b• v∞≈ wIDM± d±_« «c≥ Ëb∂¥ bÆË W°U∑J∞« s´ U±√ .Ϋ“¸U° Ë√ «dzU¨ UAI≤ gIM¢ Ê√Ë WK±UJ∞« UN¢¸uB°
s± W´uLπL° Ãdª≤ bÆË ,oKD± qJA° ¸uB∑∞« «c≥ bØR¢ r∞ t§u° W¥dªB∞« ¸U£ü«Ë …¸Uπ∫∞«Ë ¸UªH∞« ‹«dºØË Íœd∂∞« ‚¸Ë vK´
:w≥Ë ‹ôƒUº∑∞« v∞≈ bF° ULO≠ ¸uD¢ ÎUDº∂± UÎÒOHOK¨ËdO≥ UÎÒDî VKD∑¢ UN≤S≠ .ÂU´
jª∞« s´ tDOº∂¢ Èd§ jª∞ ÎUDOº∂¢ q∏L¥ wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« q≥ ÍdBL∞« dD{« bÆË wIO©«dON∞« jª∞U° ·dF¥ ÎUDOº∂¢ d∏Ø√ jî
t≤√ Â√ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« u≥Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« s± jº∂L∞« ‚¸Ë( W°U∑J∞« …œU± WFO∂© l± ÎUOAL¢ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« jOº∂¢ v∞≈
jª∞« s´ …d®U∂± ULNDOº∂¢ Èd§ bÆ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞«Ë ô Ÿdß√ UÎÒDî X∂KD¢ w∑∞« WO±uO∞« WDA≤_« b¥«e¢ l±Ë )Íœd∂∞«
q∏L¥ t≤√ Â√ ,wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« s´ Èdî√ ‹ôU• w≠Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞« .UÎFH¢d± UÎÒ¥œU± öΰUI± ôË «ÎdO∂Ø «ÎbN§ ôË …dO∂Ø W•Uº± VKD∑¥
sOI°Uº∞« sODª∞« hzUBî s´ UN° nK∑ª¥ w∑∞« tBzUBî t∞ UÎÒDî dB∑ªL∞« wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« s± v∞Ë_« t¢U¥«b° w≠ t°dI∞ ΫdE≤Ë
wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« ÊS≠ qJA∞« YO• s±Ë .wIO©«dON∞«Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞« v´«¸ bÆË )ÍbOKI∑∞« dO¨ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞«( rßU° wLß bI≠
‰«e∑îô« W§¸œ v∞≈ qÅËË wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« s´ ÎUDOº∂¢ d∏Ø√ Ëb∂¥ qª¥ ô√ ÎôËU∫± jOº∂∑∞« bM´ WMOF± j°«u{Ë b´«uÆ ÍdBL∞«
W±öF∞« ‹U≤uJ± s± b¥eL∞« s´ wKª∑∞« ÎUOM∂∑± ÊUO•_« iF° w≠ u≥ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« Ê_Ë W±öFK∞ W≤uJL∞« WOßUß_« dÅUMF∞U°
W°uFÅ s± b¥e¥ Íc∞« d±_« ,wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« UN° kH∑•« w∑∞« WGK∞« w≠ WFÆd∞«Ë aºM∞« sODª∞« sO° ‚¸UH∞UØ j°«u{ ö° jî
‹«œdHL∞«Ë ‹U±öF∞« p°UA¢ v∞≈ W≠U{ùU° ,wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« …¡«dÆ Ê√ b°ô UM≤S≠ )UNM± uKª¥ w≤U∏∞«Ë j°«uC° V∑J¥ ‰Ë_«( WO°dF∞«
…œU± rπ• dGÅ s´ Z¢UM∞« d±_« UN∑°U∑Ø w≠ W∫{«u∞« W´dº∞«Ë …b•«u∞« W±öF∞« qJ® w≠ `{«u∞« ·ö∑îô« ¸U∂∑´ô« w≠ lC≤
.‹U´u{uL∞« rπ• dGÅ s´Ë )Îö∏± ¸UªH∞« ‹«dºØ( W°U∑J∞« «c≥ ¡wπ¥Ë ,WHK∑ª± ¸uB° WOIO©«dON∞U° X∂∑Ø )W±u∂∞«( W±öF≠
q•«dL∞U° UN∑≤¸UI± VKD∑¥ WOIO©uL¥b∞« ‹U±öF∞« ¸uD¢ Wß«¸œË …¸UN±Ë W°U∑J∞« …«œ√Ë …œU± UNM± …dO∏Ø q±«u´ s´ ÎUπ¢U≤ ·ö∑îô«
jOº∂∑∞« w≠ ÍdBL∞« WHºK≠ rNH∑∞ W∞ËU∫± w≠ WI°Uº∞« WODª∞« ,ÎU≤UO•√ Ÿu{uL∞« WFO∂©Ë ÊUJL∞«Ë ÊU±e∞« q±«u´Ë t±b´ s± V¢UJ∞«
.Ê«bOL∞« «c≥ w≠ tF∂¢« Íc∞« ZNML∞«Ë jOº∂∑∞« Ë√ ¸uD∑∞« l∂∑¢ w≠ ‹ôU∫∞« iF° w≠ W°uFÅ bπ≤ bÆË
wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« v∞≈ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« s± W±öFK∞ Èd§ Íc∞«
W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ◊uDî ‰Uπ± w≠ WODª∞« ‹Uß«¸b∞« XFDÆ bI∞ ö° XKÆ ULØ „d∫∑¢ w∑∞«Ë UN¢dØ– w∑∞« »U∂ßú∞ p∞– l§d±Ë
bNπ∞« s± b¥eL∞« VKD∑¥ ‰«e¥ ô d±_« sJ∞ ,ÎU∂O©Î U©u® WL¥bI∞« .j°«u{
w≠ W°U∑J∞« ¸uD¢ WK•¸ hzUBî s± dO∏J∞« vK´ ·dF∑K∞ qOK∫∑∞«Ë
.WOIO©uL¥b∞« v∞≈ WOHOK¨ËdON∞« s± dB± bM´ ÍdBL∞« Qπ∞ «–UL∞ ÊUO•_« iF° w≠ rNH∑≤ Ê√ lOD∑º≤ ô bÆË
eOL± ¡e§ w≥Ë ”√d∞« s´ w{UG∑∞« v∞≈ ¸uOD∞« iF° jOº∂¢
jOº∂∑∞« bM´ k≠U∫¥ r∞ «–UL∞ ÊUO•_« iF° w≠ rNH≤ ô ULØ ,dzUDK∞
‹U≤uJ± sO° W∂ºM∞« Í√ WOHOK¨ËdON∞« w≠ w≥ ULØ W±öF∞« Vº≤ vK´
jOº∂∑∞« Ë√ ¸uD∑∞« l∂∑¢ lOD∑º≤ ô bÆ ‹ôU∫∞« iF° w≠Ë .rºπ∞«
WOHOK¨ËdON∞« W±öF∞U° WKÅ dO¨ vK´ WOIO©«dON∞« W±öF∞« Ëb∂∑∞
rEF± Ê√ ÂU´ t§u° ‰uI∞« sJL¥Ë .UNM´ XDº° UN≤√ ÷d∑H¥ w∑∞«
Ê√Ë WOHOK¨ËdON∞« s± U≥¸uD¢ l∂∑¢ sJL¥ WOIO©«dON∞« ‹U±öF∞«
…¸UNL° bI∑F≤ ULO≠ WD∂¢d± »U∂ß_ p∞– w≠ W°uFÅ bπ≤ bÆ UNKÆ√
t±UL∑≥« Èb±Ë hM∞« W°U∑Ø bM´ WOºHM∞«Ë W¥bºπ∞« t∑∞U•Ë V¢UJ∞«
d∏´ wIO©«dO≥ h≤ ÂbÆ√ ÊUØ «–≈Ë .W°U∑J∞« …œU±Ë ÁU®d≠ Ë√ tLKI°
)Â.‚ 2471-2597( WF°«d∞« …dß_« dBF∞ l§d¥ dB± w≠ tOK´
Áb∂F± w≠ d∏´ YO• "Ÿ¸u•Uß" pKL∞« bN´ s± h≤ vK´ …Ëö´
WOIO©«dO≥ t°U∑Ø UNOK´ Íœd∂∞« lDÆ s± W´uLπ± vK´ ÍezUMπ∞«
p∞– Ê√ ô≈ .WO∂M§_« n•U∑L∞« iF°Ë …d≥UI∞« n∫∑± vK´ W´“u±
cM± wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« “ö¥ r∞ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« Ê√ wMF¥ ô
…dß_« W¥UN≤ l±Ë .Êü« v∑• p∞– vK´ qO∞b∞« pKL≤ r∞ UMMJ∞ ,t¢QA≤
dî¬ jî dN™ 26 …dß_« W¥«b°Ë )Â.‚656( s¥dAF∞«Ë Wº±Uª∞«
wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« u≥Ë wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« s± UDOº∂¢ d∏Ø√ «b°
w≠ jî u≥Ë w≤U±Ëd∞« dBF∞« W¥UN≤ v∑• dB± w≠ Âbª∑º¥ q™Ë
tK•«d± w≠ wLß «cN∞Ë wIO©«dON∞« jª∞U° t∂A∞« V¥dÆ t∑¥«b°
tKJ® cª∑¥Ë ¸uK∂∑¥ cî√ r£ ÍbOKI∑∞« dO¨ wIO©«dON∞U° …dJ∂L∞«
ÊdI∞« w≠ wLKD∂∞« dBF∞« W¥«b° l± wIO©uL¥œ jªØ qI∑ºL∞«
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Demotic :wIO©uL¥b∞« WK•d± .4 W¥dBL∞« WGK∞U° oKF∑¥ ULO≠ „UM≥ ,WOª¥¸U∑∞« ¸uBF∞« V≤U§ v∞≈Ë
‹dL∑ß«Ë œöOL∞« q∂Æ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« cM± ‹√b° WK•d± w≥Ë wM±e∞« œ«b∑±ô« «c≥ ZzU∑≤ s± ÊUØ bI≠ ,W¥uG∞ ¸uB´ WL¥bI∞«
jª° X∂∑Ø Ê≈Ë W¥uG∞ WK•d± w≥Ë ,ÍœöOL∞« f±Uª∞« ÊdI∞« v∑• ·dB∞«Ë u∫M∞« w≠ ‹«dOOG¢ ÀËb• WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞ q¥uD∞«
.wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« u≥Ë nK∑ª± ‰öî s±Ë ,WO¢uB∞« rOI∞« w≠Ë ‹UBBªL∞« w≠Ë ¡UπN∞« b´«uÆË
WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« w≠ ÊuBBª∑L∞« UN° ÂUÆ w∑∞« ‹Uß«¸b∞«
Coptic :WOD∂I∞« WK•d± .5 W¥uG∞ hzUBª° UNM± dB´ qØ eOL∑¥ ¸uB´ v∞≈ WGK∞« rOºI¢ sJ±√
ÎU∂¥dI¢ ÍœöOL∞« Y∞U∏∞« ÊdI∞« cM± ‹√b° W¥uG∞ WK•d± w≥Ë :w≥ ¸uBF∞« Ác≥Ë WMOF±
YO• Â641 ÂU´ dB± Âößù« ‰uîb° ÎÒUOKF≠ fO∞Ë UÎÒOL߸ XN∑≤«Ë Old Egyptian :r¥bI∞« dBF∞« w≠ WGK∞« .1
…d∑H∞ ÎUF± «dL∑ß« Ê≈Ë WO°dF∞« WGK∞« Z¥¸b∑∞U° UNK∫± q∫¢ ‹√b°
.WK¥u© ‹√b°Ë W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ¡UM° w≠ v∞Ë_« ‹UM∂K∞« l{Ë WK•d± w≥Ë
q°UI¢Ë ,WM±U∏∞« …dß_« nB∑M± v∑• ‹dL∑ß«Ë v∞Ë_« …dß_« cM±
W°U∑J∞« ÁU㛮 v∞Ë_« sO¢dß_«( oO∑F∞« dBF∞« WOª¥¸U∑∞« WO•UM∞« s± WK•dL∞« Ác≥
UÎÒOI≠√ wHOK¨ËdON∞« UNDî w≠ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« X∂∑Ø s± WM±U∏∞«Ë WF°Uº∞« sO¢dß_«Ë WL¥bI∞« W∞Ëb∞« dB´Ë )WO≤U∏∞«Ë
dOOG¢ r∑∫¢ w∑∞« ‹ôU∫∞« «b´ ULO≠ ¸UºO∞« v∞≈ sOLO∞« s± UÎÒOß√¸Ë W∫{«Ë W¥uGK∞« …d∑H∞« Ác≥ ’uB≤ Ëb∂¢Ë .‰Ë_« ‰UI∑≤ô« dB´
dBM´ vK´ sOF± h≤ Ë√ sOF± dEM± ÁU㛮 l± ¡«u∑∑∞ W°U∑J∞« ÁU㛮 .«d≥_« ’uB≤ w≠Ë WL¥bI∞« W∞Ëb∞« ¸U£¬ w≠
VKD¢ w∞ULπ∞« qJA∞«Ë oOºM∑∞« Ê√ ULØ ,WÅUî WFO∂© Í– ͸ULF± Middle Egyptian :jOßu∞« dBF∞« w≠ WGK∞« .2
.sOLO∞« v∞≈ ¸UºO∞« s± ’uBM∞« iF° V∑J¢ Ê√ ÊUO•_« iF° w≠
v∞≈ sOLO∞« s± ULz«œ V∑J¢ X≤UJ≠ WOIO©uL¥b∞«Ë WOIO©«dON∞« U±√Ë nB∑M± s± …d∑H∞« w≠ W¥uGK∞« WK•dL∞« Ác≥ hzUBî ‹dN™
WOHOK¨ËdON∞« W°U∑JK∞ W∂ºM∞U° hM∞« ÁU㛮 b¥b∫¢ sJL¥Ë .¸UºO∞« q∏L¢Ë ,…dA´ WM±U∏∞« …dß_« nB∑M± v∑• ‹dL∑ß«Ë WM±U∏∞« …dß_«
‹U≤«uO∫∞«Ë ÊUº≤ù« q∏± dNE∞«Ë t§u∞« ‹«– ‹U±öF∞« ÁU㛮 Vº• .WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞ W∂ºM∞U° q±UJ∞« ZCM∞« WK•d± WK•dL∞« Ác≥
«cJ≥ ¸UºO∞« u∫≤ WNπ∑± W±öF∞« X≤UØ «–S≠ .n•«Ëe∞«Ë ¸uOD∞«Ë dB´Ë ‰Ë_« ‰UI∑≤ô« dB´ s± ‹«dß_« iF° UOª¥¸U¢ XD¨ bÆË
‰öî s± `C∑¥ Íc∞« ¸uD∑∞« u≥Ë dB± w≠ W°U∑J∞« ¸uD¢ s´ U±√Ë .W∏¥b∫∞« W∞Ëb∞« W¥«b°Ë w≤U∏∞« ‰UI∑≤ô« dB´Ë vDßu∞« W∞Ëb∞«
t≤S≠ q∂Æ s± ‹dØ– WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞ WF°¸√ ◊uDî ¸uN™ :)Y¥b∫∞«( dîQ∑L∞« dBF∞« w≠ WGK∞« .3
◊uDî sO° WÆöF∞« w∞U∑∞U°Ë dî¬ v∞≈ jî s± ¸uD∑∞« dB• sJL¥ New Egyptian, Late Egyptian
WOHOK¨ËdON∞« w≥ W£ö£ ◊uDî ¸U©≈ w≠ ÁdB• sJL¥ ,WGK∞« Ác≥
W∫{«Ë WODî WÆö´ œu§u∞ ΫdE≤ .WOIO©uL¥b∞«Ë WOIO©«dON∞«Ë cM± ‹«dß_« ’uB≤ w≠ W∫{«Ë W¥uGK∞« WK•dL∞« Ác≥ Ëb∂¢
jªK∞ W∂ºM∞U° UN∞ œu§Ë ô w∑∞« WÆöF∞« w≥Ë ‹ôU∫∞« rEF± w≠ Wº±Uª∞« …dß_« v∑•Ë …dA´ WM±U∏∞« …dß_« s± w≤U∏∞« nBM∞«
.dîQ∑L∞« dBF∞«Ë W∏¥b∫∞« W∞Ëb∞« UÎÒOª¥¸U¢ qLA¢ Í√ s¥dAF∞«Ë
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wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« w≠ XK∏L¢ W∏∞U£ WODî WK•d± )Â.‚ 525-664( dB± ÷¸√ vK´ ÊUJ± qØ v∞≈ jOº∂∑∞« «c≥ qOÅu¢ WOHOØ bBÆ√Ë
dO∏J∞« s´ vKª¢Ë wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« s± Ϋ¸UB∑î« d∏Ø√ u≥ Íc∞« qJ® ŸuO® d±√ ÂbF≤«Ë UN∑I¥dD° dA∂∞« s± W´uLπ± qØ X∂∑J∞ ô≈Ë
jª∞« s± ÎUJ°UA¢ d∏Ø√Ë ÎU•u{Ë qÆ√ `∂Å√Ë WODª∞« j°«uC∞« s± .Îö¥u© ÎU∑ÆË ‚dG∑ß« bÆ d±_« «c≥ Ê√ b°ôË ,jª∞«
w∞U∑∞U°Ë WOIO©uL¥b∞« W°U∑J∞« W°uFÅ Ëb∂¢ UM≥ s±Ë wIO©«dON∞« bÆ dB± ÷¸√ vK´ ÊUJ± qØ w≠ ¡U±bI∞« sO¥dBL∞« Ê√ r¨¸Ë
s¥dBF∞« w≠ jª∞« «c≥ d≥œ“« bÆË .UNO≠ sOBBª∑L∞« œb´ WKÆ X{d≠ w∑∞« q±«uF∞« iF° „UM≥ Ê√ ô≈ jOº∂∑∞« ‹UOßUßQ° «u±e∑∞«
.UØ«d∑ßË_«Ë Íœd∂∞« vK´ V∑Ø U± d∏Ø√ V∑ØË w≤U±Ëd∞«Ë wLKD∂∞« ÊUº≤ù« b¥Ë ÊUJL∞«Ë ÊU±e∞« w≥Ë ‹UOßUß_« Ác≥ vK´ UN¢ULB°
,UNLEF± w≠ WOM¥œ ’uB≤ w≥ WOIO©«dON∞« ’uBM∞« X≤UØ «–≈Ë nM± w≠ X∂∑Ø WIO£Ë Ê√ ¸uB∑≤ Ê√ UM∞Ë .W°U∑J∞« …œU±Ë W°U∑J∞« …«œ√Ë
…UO∫K∞ Ϋ“«d°≈ ’uBM∞« d∏Ø√ w≥ WOIO©uL¥b∞« ’uBM∞« ÊS≠ hzUBª∞« iF° w≠ UNDî nK∑ª¥ Ê√ b°ô Îö∏± .Â.‚20 ÊdI∞« w≠
.ÍdBL∞« VFAK∞ W¥œUB∑Æô«Ë WO´UL∑§ô« pO≥U≤ .Â.‚15 ÊdI∞« w≠ W∂O© w≠ X∂∑Ø WIO£Ë s´ WOßUß_« dO¨
·Ëd∫° X∂∑Ø UN≤_Ë dB± w≠ WL∞UD∂∞« œu§Ë l± WOD∂I∞« dNE¢ r£ .W°U∑J∞« …œU±Ë …«œ√ Ÿu≤Ë t±b´ s± V¢UJ∞« …¸UN± s´
WI°Uº∞« ◊uDª∞« sO°Ë UNMO° WODî WÆö´ s± „UM≥ fOK≠ WO≤U≤u¥ jOº∂¢ WK•d± ÍdBL∞« √b° v∑± u≥ tºH≤ ÕdD¥ Íc∞« ‰«Rº∞«Ë
bÆË ,UÎÒO¢uÅË UÎÒ¥u∫≤Ë UÎÒ¥uG∞ Ϋ¸«dL∑ß« ‰U• W¥√ vK´ q∏L¢ UNMJ∞Ë Ê√ b°ô ?wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« v∞≈ qÅu¢ v∑± dî¬ vMFL° Ë√ ?jª∞«
vK´ ¡uC∞« XI∞√ w∑∞« ’uBM∞« s± dO∏J∞« UN° Êu¥dBL∞« qπß WK•dL∞« w≠ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« ¸«dI∑ß« bF° Àb• bÆ d±_« «c≥
.UNª¥¸U¢ s± …dîQ∑L∞« WK•dL∞« w≠ WL¥bI∞« dB± …¸UC• qÅ_« u≥ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« Ê_ »u∑JL∞« dB± a¥¸U¢ s± …dJ∂L∞«
WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ¸uB´ > ‹U±öF∞« ¸uN™ v∞≈ WODª∞« ‹Uß«¸b∞« dOA¢Ë .tDOº∂¢ r¢ Íc∞«
rOºI¢ u≥Ë …dß√ sO£ö£ v∞≈ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« a¥¸U∑∞« rºIM¥ wIO©«dO≥ h≤ vK´ d∏F≤ r∞ Ê≈Ë ,v∞Ë_« …dß_« cM± WDº∂L∞«
dB± a¥¸U¢ V∑Ø Íc∞« "Êu∑O≤U±" r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« Œ¸RL∞« tF{Ë lDÆ vK´ d∏´ YO• WF°«d∞« …dß_« q∂Æ Íœd∂∞« ‚¸Ë vK´ »u∑J±
w∞«u• "w≤U∏∞« ”uLOKD°" wLKD∂∞« pKL∞« s± nOKJ∑° WO≤U≤uO∞U° w≠ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞U° h≤ UNOK´ qπº± Íœd∂∞« s± …dOGÅ
¸U©≈ w≠ ‹«dß_« Ác≥ Êu£b∫L∞« Êuî¸RL∞« l{ËË ,Â.‚280 ÂU´ pKLK∞ ÍezUMπ∞« b∂FL∞« w≠ tOK´ d∏´ U± vK´ …Ëö´ sOK∂π∞«
.a∞≈...W∏¥b∫∞«Ë vDßu∞«Ë WL¥bI∞« W∞Ëb∞« ¸uBFØ WOª¥¸U¢ ¸uB´ W™uH∫± lDI∞« Ác≥ iF°( …eOπ∞« »uM§ dOÅ w°√ w≠ "Ÿ¸u•Uß"
Èdî_«Ë ÍdBL∞« n∫∑L∞« w≠
.)WO∂M§√ n•U∑± w≠
qÅu¢ Ê√ dB± k• sº• s±Ë
v∞≈ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ù«
‹ULB° „d¢ qzU≥ Ÿ«d∑î«
…¸UC∫∞« vK´ jI≠ fO∞ W∫{«Ë
iF° vK´ UC¥√ sJ∞Ë W¥dBL∞«
u≥Ë ,r¥bI∞« r∞UF∞« ‹«¸UC•
W∂ºM∞U° WOßUß√ …œULØ Íœd∂∞«
s± ÁdO¨Ë wIO©«dON∞« jªK∞
bÆ ÍdBL∞« Ê√ b°ôË ,◊uDª∞«
cM± Ÿ«d∑îô« «c≥ v∞≈ qÅu¢
qÆ√ vK´ v∞Ë_« …dß_« dB´
lDÆ iF° vK´ d∏´ YO• ,d¥bI¢
s± WO∞Uî Íœd∂∞« ‚¸Ë s± …dOGÅ
w≠ "UØ r•" …d∂I± w≠ W°U∑J∞«
pKL∞« bN´ w≠ ‘U´( …¸UIß
)v∞Ë_« …dß_« „uK± b•√ "Êœ"
n∫∑L∞« w≠ W™uH∫± w≥Ë
«c≥ ‹UOM∑I± sL{ ÍdBL∞«
ÍdBL∞« `π≤ «cJ≥Ë .hªA∞«
UL≥ sO±U≥ s¥“Uπ≤≈ oOI∫¢ w≠
…œU± Ÿ«d∑î«Ë W°U∑J∞« jOº∂¢
,WDº∂L∞« W°U∑J∞« ÁcN∞ W∫∞UÅ
,Ê“u∞« WHOHîË ,‰ULF∑ßô« WKNß
Íœd∂∞« w≥Ë XÆu∞«Ë bNπ∞« d≠u¢
w∑∞« »U∂ßú∞Ë XÆu∞« ¸ËdL°Ë
W¥«b° l± ‹dN™ UH≤¬ U≥U≤dØ–
s¥dAF∞«Ë WßœUº∞« …dß_«
Composite
Abd elhalem 01 arabic.fh10 1/17/08 1:46 PM Page 4
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
◊uDî œbF¢ w≥Ë WO≤U≤uO∞« WGK∞« w≠ WO¢uB∞« WO•UM∞« s± UNK°UI¥ UØ«d∑ßË_«Ë Íœd∂∞« q∏± l¥dº∞« jª∞« ô≈ UNF± `KB¥ ô W°U∑Ø œ«u±
¸uB¢√ œUØ√ Èdî√ WDI≤ v∞≈ qI∑M≤ Ê√ q∂ÆË ,WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« qOÅUH∑∞« jî - wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« fJ´ vK´ p∞–Ë )W≠UIA∞«(
Ác≥ qØ «–UL∞ ‰¡Uº∑¥ ·uß WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« w≠ Δ¸UI∞« Ê√ gIM¥ ÊUØ YO• WLªC∞« ‹PAML∞« l± d∏Ø√ VßUM∑¥ Íc∞« -
?dîü jî s± ‰UI∑≤ô« WOKL´ r∑¢ X≤UØ nOØË …b•«Ë WGK∞ ◊uDª∞« .d∂∫∞«Ë ’u∂∞« rKI° V∑J¥ ÊUJ≠ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« U±√Ë ,qO±«“_U°
w∑∞« WK¥uD∞« WOM±e∞« …d∑H∞« ÊQ° - œbB∞« «c≥ w≠ - ‰uI∞« sJL¥
·uß W¥uG∞ q•«d± ¸uN™ v∞≈ ‹œ√ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« UN∑®U´ Demotic :wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« >
WODî q•«d± ¸uN™ v∞≈ ÎUC¥√ ‹œ√ ULØ ,bF° ULO≠ UNM´ Àb∫∑≤
iF° w≠ W¥uGK∞« q•«dL∞« ‹U∂KD∑± l±Ë dBF∞« ·Ëd™ l± VßUM∑¢ Demos "”uL¥œ" WO≤U≤uO∞« WLKJ∞« s± jª∞« «c≥ vLº± o∑®«
u≥Ë W±öFK∞ WK±UJ∞« …¸uB∞« u≥ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞U≠ .ÊUO•_« vLºL∞« «c≥ wMF¥ ôË ,"w∂F®" Í√ "”uJO¢uL¥œ" UNM± W∂ºM∞«Ë
.WODî b´«uÆ tLJ∫¢ ¸U©≈ w≠ Ãdª¥ Íc∞«Ë ÎU•u{Ë d∏Ø_« jª∞« u≥ UL≤≈Ë ,dB± w≠ WO∂FA∞« ‹UI∂D∞« sO°Ë jª∞« «c≥ sO° j°d∞«
w∑∞« ¸Uπ•_« vK´ Âbª∑º¥ U± d∏Ø√ Âbª∑º¥ ÊUØ Íc∞« jª∞« «c≥ WGK∞ W∂ºM∞U° WFÆd∞« jª° ʸUI¥ Ê√ sJL¥Ë WO±uO∞« ‹ö±UFL∞« jî
…œU∫∞« ‹ôü« «bª∑ß« w≠Ë ‘uIML∞« jª∞« w≠ ¡«d∂î X∂KD¢ .WO°dF∞«
ÀËb• W∞U• w≠ Àb∫¥ Ê√ sJL¥ «–U± ¸uB∑≤ Ê√ UM∞Ë ,qO±«“_UØ œöOL∞« q∂Æ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« cM± dN™ Íc∞« wIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« q∏L¥Ë
dî¬ dπ∫° ‰b∂∑º¥ dπ∫∞« ÊUØ ‰«u•_« VK¨√ w≠ t≤√ b°ôË QDî W∏∞U∏∞« WODª∞« WK•dL∞« -ÍœöOL∞« f±Uª∞« ÊdI∞« v∑• dL∑ß«Ë
qØ w≠Ë ,‰UL∞«Ë bNπ∞«Ë XÆu∞« lOC¥Ë b¥b§ s± V¢UJ∞« √b∂O∞ œbF∑∞ WπO∑≤ jª∞« «c≥ ¸uN™ ¡U§Ë ,wIO©«dON∞«Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞« bF°
r£ WOB§ WI∂D° t∑ODG∑° UL°¸ QDª∞« ÕöÅ≈ sJL¥ ÊUØ ‰«u•_« ÃU∑∫¢ w∑∞«Ë UNM± W¥¸«œù« ÎUÅuBîË ‹ö±UFL∞« …d∏ØË WDA≤_«
.s±e∞« s± …d∑≠ bF° WI∂D∞« Ác≥ jIº¢ bÆË ,b¥b§ s± UNÆu≠ V∑J¥ sO∑OºOz¸ sO¢œU± vK´ jª∞« «c≥ V∑Ø bÆË .“Uπ≤ù« w≠ W´dº∞
UNOK´ W≤ËbL∞« ¸Uπ•_« qI≤ W°uFÅ ¸uB∑≤ Ê√ UMK≠ p∞– V≤U§ v∞≈ .)W≠UIA∞«( UØ«d∑ßË_«Ë Íœd∂∞« UL≥Ë
Ϋœb´ ô≈ qL∫¢ Ê√ sJL¥ ô Îö∏± W°«b∞U≠ ,dîü ÊUJ± s± ’uBM∞«
.UNOK´ ‘uIML∞« ¸Uπ∫∞« s± ÎÒ«b§ ΫœËb∫± Coptic :wD∂I∞« jª∞« >
d∏Ø√ Èdî√ …œU± s´ Y∫∂∞« s± b°ô t≤√ ÍdBL∞« „¸œ√ UM≥ s±Ë "wD∂Æ" WLKØË ,WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« s± …dOî_« WK•dL∞« u≥
«c∞Ë ,wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« s± jº°√ jî s´Ë UNOK´ W°U∑JK∞ W∞uNß s©«uL∞« v∞≈ …¸U®≈ "ÍdB±" wMF¢Ë w∑°uπ¥√ WO≤U≤uO∞« s± WI∑AL∞«
WK¥u© ‘UI≤ ‹UºK§ ZzU∑≤ s± ÊUØ Íc∞« wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« dN™ w≠ t∑G∞ s´ ‹d∂´ w∑∞« W°U∑J∞« v∞≈Ë dB± ÷¸√ vK´ ‘U´ Íc∞«
d±√ ,d±_« «cN∞ «ËbB¢ s¥c∞«Ë dB± ¡UM°√ s± sOLKF∑L∞« sO° W¥dBL∞« WGK∞ dOî_« ÈbB∞« w≥ WOD∂I∞« Ê_Ë .WK•dL∞« Ác≥
,jOº∂∑K∞ j°«u{ vK´ «uIH¢« rN≤√ b°ôË ,WOHOK¨ËdON∞« ‹U±öF∞« ·Ëd• «bª∑ß« YO• s± WÅUî W¥uG∞ WOL≥√ q∏L¢ wN≠ WL¥bI∞«
W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« w≠ wKJA∞« UN∞u∞b± )n( W±öF∞« bIH¢ ô v∑• Îö∏L≠ Íc∞« d±_« ,W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ◊uDî s± jî w≠ …d± ‰Ë_ WØd∫∞«
œb´ iOHª∑° oKF∑¢ …dO∏Ø ‹ôËU∫± „UM≥ X≤UØ t≤√ b°ô WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞ `O∫Å oD≤ »dÆ√ v∞≈ qÅu∑∞« w≠ dO∂Ø b• v∞≈ b´Uß
Ë√ ÎU£ö£ ÊuJ∑∞ ÁUO± W§u± q∏L¢ w∑∞« )n( W±öFK∞ W≤uJL∞« ‹«b•u∞« .WL¥bI∞«
W§uL∞« v∞≈ dOA¥ UL° wN∑M¢ Ë√ W±öF∞« √b∂¢ Ë√ ,Xß s± Îôb° ÎUF°¸√ WK•dL∞« Ác≥ ÍdBL∞« V∑J¥ Ê√ v∞≈ ‹œ√ w∑∞« »U∂ß_« s´ ÎU∏∫°Ë
Ê√ vK´ W¥UNM∞« w≠ «ËdI∑ß« rNKF∞Ë .vDßu∞« ‹«b•u∞« ¡UG∞≈ l± sJL¥ t≤S≠ ,WO≤U≤u¥ ·Ëd∫° W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« q•«d± s± …dOî_«
s±Ë W±öF∞« WØd• s± qKI¥ `Dº± b•«Ë jî w≠ W§uL∞« w¢Q¢ œu§Ë w≠ q∏L∑¢ WOKL´ »U∂ß_ dD{« bÆ ÊUØ ÍdBL∞« ÊQ° ‰uI∞«
…U´«d± l± «cJ≥ V∑J¢ W±öF∞« X∫∂Å√ «cJ≥Ë ,XÆu∞«Ë bNπ∞« ,rNF± r≥UH∑∞« WKOßË t∞ qNº¥ jî s´ Y∫∂¥ Ê_ …«eG∞« sOO≤U≤uO∞«
‚UH¢ô« w≠ tKØ bNπ∞« sJ¥ r∞Ë .W±öF∞« W¥UN≤ w≠ d∂∫∞« U¥UI° œu§Ë W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ‹«uÅ√ s´ d∂F¢ wJ∞ WO≤U≤uO∞« W¥bπ°_« ¸U∑îU≠
,WOL≥√ qI¥ ô dî¬ bN§ „UM≥ ÊUØ UL≤≈Ë ,W±öF∞« jOº∂¢ vK´ U± UN∞ fO∞Ë WOIO©uL¥b∞« s± …–uîQ± ‹U±ö´ l∂ß UNO∞≈ ·U{√Ë
Composite
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jª∞« Ê_Ë oßUM¢ ,W°U∑J∞« w≥Ë ,WGK∞« s´ …d∂FL∞« …«œ_« sO°Ë UNMO° ?wMF¢ «–U± - ‘u©dª∞« rßU° bF°
W¥dBL∞« ◊uDª∞« ÂbÆ√ u≥ - WK±UJ∞« ‹U±öF∞« jî - wHOK¨ËdON∞« pKL∞« rß« √dÆË t≤uLC± rN≠Ë w≤U≤uO∞« hM∞« ÊuOK∂±U® √dÆ bI∞
w≠ ÍdBL∞« Qπ∞ bI≠ ,ÎôUL§Ë ÎU•u{Ë U≥d∏Ø√Ë Î«dL´ UN∞u©√Ë Âö´_« ¡ULß√ vK´ œUL∑´ô« ZNM± pKß t≤√ `{«u∞«Ë ,”uLOKD°
jª∞« w≠ p∞– q∏L¢Ë tDOº∂¢ v∞≈ WOM±e∞« q•«dL∞« iF° Íc∞« ÂußdL∞« «c≥ Ê√ WO{d≠ s± „d∫¢Ë ,dOG∑K∞ «dO∏Ø WK°UI∞« dO¨
p∞– q∏L¢Ë ,WO∞U¢ WK•d± w≠ dî¬ jOº∂¢ v∞≈ Qπ∞ r£ ,wIO©«dON∞« t≤√Ë b°ô .Â.‚196 ÂU´ f±Uª∞« ”uLOKD° pKL∞« bN´ w≠ ¸bÅ
WODî WÆö´ „UM≥ Ê√ wMF¥ Íc∞« d±_« ,vIO©uL¥b∞« jª∞« w≠ ,WOM©u∞« WGK∞« ◊uDî s± sODª° WO≤U≤uO∞« V≤U§ v∞≈ V∑Ø bÆ
WGK∞« ◊uDî s± l°«d∞« jª∞« U±√ .W£ö∏∞« ◊uDª∞« sO° W∫{«Ë sODª∞« w≠ q°UI¥ ·uß WO≤U≤uO∞U° ”uLOKD° rß« Ê√ b°ôË
WO≤U≤uO∞« W¥bπ°_U° V∑Ø bI≠ wD∂I∞« jª∞« u≥Ë WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« ◊uDª∞« w≠ ÊuOK∂±U® …d∂î ¡u{ w≠Ë ,wIO©uL¥b∞«Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞«
UNKJ® w≠ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« W°U∑J∞« s± ‹U±ö´ l∂ß UNO∞≈ ÎU≠UC± - bF° ULO≠ t∞ `C¢« U± - ¸U∂∑´« vK´ WOD∂IK∞ t∑ß«¸œË WL¥bI∞«
œdOß w∑∞«Ë WO≤U≤uO∞« ‹U±öF∞« w≠ UNID≤ d≠u∑¥ r∞ wOIO©uL¥b∞« q™ w≠Ë ,WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« q•«d± s± …dOî_« WK•dL∞« UN≤√
.bF° ULO≠ U≥dØ– ‹œbF¢ ULN± dOG∑¢ ô Âö´_« ¡ULß_ WMØUº∞« ·Ëd∫∞« ÊQ° tØ«¸œ≈
WGK∞« vLºL° oKF∑¥ ULO≠ ÎUFzU® ÎUμDî `∫B≤ Ê√ VßUML∞« s± tKF∞Ë ô Íbπ± q∏± ÎULß« Ê√ bπ≤ WO°dF∞« wH≠ ,UN° X∂∑Ø w∑∞« ‹UGK∞«
,WOHOK¨ËdON∞« WGK∞U° UNO∞≈ ¸UA¥ Ê√ lzUA∞U≠ ,WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« XHHî Ê≈Ë ,sº• p∞cØË ,jIº¢ Ê√ v∞Ë_« W£ö∏∞« ·Ëd∫K∞ sJL¥
,WO°dF∞« WGK∞U° p∞– W≤¸UI± sJL¥Ë ,WG∞ XºO∞Ë jî WOHOK¨ËdON∞U≠ q∏L∑¢ ·uß W°uFB∞« Ê√ ô≈ ,X∞b°√ Ë√ X∂KI≤« Ë√ ·Ëd∫∞« iF°
YK∏∞«Ë WFÆd∞«Ë aºM∞« UNM± ,…b´ ◊uDî …bF° X∂∑Ø …b•«Ë WG∞ wN≠ Ë√ WLC∞U° Ë√ W∫∑H∞U° sØ«uº∞« oD≤ œb∫¢ w∑∞« WØd∫∞« ·Ëd• w≠
WGK∞« Ë√ aºM∞« WGK∞« ‰uI≤ Ê√ sJL¥ ô t≤_Ë .a∞≈..w≤«u¥b∞«Ë w≠uJ∞«Ë ¡wπ¥ WØd∫∞« ·Ëd• s± WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« uKª∞Ë .…dºJ∞U°
WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ◊uDî v∞≈ dOA≤ Ê√ sJL¥ ô t≤S≠ tOK´Ë ,w≠uJ∞« ·Ëd• UNO≠ ‹dN™ w∑∞« WOD∂I∞« Ê√ ô≈ ,sØ«uº∞« oD≤ w≠ ·ö∑îô«
◊uDª° W°U∑Ø ÍdBL∞« UNM´ d∂´ …b•«Ë W¥dB± WG∞ wN≠ ,‹UG∞ UN≤√ vK´ .dO∂Ø b• v∞≈ d±_« XLº• WØd∫∞«
.WF°¸√ rß« r{ ‹«d± Xß ¸dJ¢ Ϋb•«Ë "ÎU®u©dî" bO®¸ dπ• sLC¢
Hieroglyphic :wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« > W≠U{ùU° "WKO≠" WKº± vK´ œ¸Ë Íc∞« rßô« u≥Ë ”uLOKD° pKL∞«
"”ËdO≥" sO∑O≤U≤uO∞« sO∑LKJ∞« s± "wHOK¨ËdO≥" WLKØ XI∑®« ‘u©dî w≠ …œ¸«u∞« ‹U±öF∞« ÊuOK∂±U® qπß ,«d¢U°uOKØ rß« v∞≈
…¸U®≈ "WßbIL∞« W°U∑J∞«" ÊUOMF¢Ë Glophos "”u≠uK§"Ë Hieros «d¢U°uOKØ ‘u©dª∞ W∂ºM∞U° ¡wA∞« fH≤ qF≠Ë UNLÆ¸Ë ”uLOKD°
d°UIL∞«Ë b°UFL∞UØ WßbIL∞« sØU±_« Ê«¸b§ vK´ V∑J¢ X≤UØ UN≤√ v∞≈ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« w≠ sOLßô« „«d∑®ô ΫdE≤ WKO≠ WKº± vK´ œ¸«u∞«
dzUG∞« Ë√ “¸U∂∞« gIM∞« »uKßQ° cHM¢ X≤UØ UN≤_ "W®uIML∞« W°U∑J∞«"Ë .Âö∞«Ë ¡U∑∞«Ë ¡U∂∞UØ ‹U±öF∞« iF∂∞
qO£UL∑∞«( W∞uIML∞« ¸U£ü« vK´Ë )w≤U∂L∞«( W∑°U∏∞« ¸U£ü« Ê«¸b§ vK´ q°UÆË ,ULNM± ·d• qØ rÆ¸Ë WO≤U≤uO∞U° sOLßô« fH≤ qπßË
.)a∞≈..‹U•uK∞«Ë w≠ UNK°UI¥ U±Ë WOHOK¨ËdON∞U° ”uLOKD° rß« s± v∞Ë_« W±öF∞«
Hieratic :wIO©«dON∞« jª∞« > Íc∞«Ë ,q∂Æ s± tO∞≈ ‹d®√ Íc∞« ZNML∞« ¸U©≈ w≠ WO≤U≤uO∞U° tLß«
·dF∑¥ Ê√ t∞ sJ±√Ë ,dOG∑¢ ô Âö´_« ¡ULß√ w≠ X°«u∏∞« Ê√ Á«œR±
WO≤U≤uO∞« WLKJ∞« s± "wIO©«dO≥" WLKØ XI∑®« vK´ ΫœUL∑´« WOHOK¨ËdON∞« ‹U±öF∞« iF∂∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« vK´
WMNJ∞« Ê√ v∞≈ …¸U®≈ w¢uMNØ wMF¢Ë Hieratikos"”uJO¢«dO≥" sJ±√ W≤¸UIL∞« ‹Uß«¸b∞« s± b¥eL°Ë .WO≤U≤uO∞« w≠ WO¢uB∞« UN∑LOÆ
s± …dO∂Ø W∂º≤ Ê≈ YO• jª∞« «cN∞ U±«bª∑ß« ”UM∞« d∏Ø√ «u≤UØ ,‹U±öF∞« s± dO∏J∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« vK´ ·dF∑¥ Ê√ "ÊuOK∂±U®"
’uB≤ w≥ …dîQ∑L∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ WÅUîË WOIO©«dON∞« ’uBM∞« “u±¸ p≠ s± sJL¢ t≤√ r∞UF∞« vK´ ÊuOK∂±U® sK´√ 1822 ÂU´ w≠Ë
u≥ wIO©«dON∞« jª∞«Ë .WMNJ∞« WDß«u° UNLEF± V∑ØË ,WOM¥œ ÂuI¢ ô W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« w≠ WLKJ∞« WOM° Ê√Ë ,WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞«
ÍdBL∞« qF∞Ë ,t∞ ¸UB∑î« dî¬ vMFL° Ë√ wHOK¨ËdON∞« jªK∞ jOº∂¢ ·d∫∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« wDF¢ ‹U±ö´ vK´ ÂuI¢ UL≤≈Ë W¥bπ°√ vK´
jª∞« s≠ ‰Uπ± w≠ W±UN∞« ◊uDª∞« Ác≥ v∞≈ qÅu¢ bÆ r¥bI∞« w≠ ‹UBBªL∞« «bª∑ß« bØ√Ë ,W£ö∏∞ W∏∞U£Ë sOM£ô Èdî√Ë b•«Ë
‹U±öF∞« jî u≥Ë wHOK¨ËdON∞« jª∞« Ê√ UNM± …dO∏Ø »U∂ß_ .WLKJ∞« vMF± b¥b∫∑∞ ‹«œdHL∞« W¥UN≤
w∑∞« WOM¥b∞«Ë W¥uO≤b∞« ’uBM∞« WFO∂© l± VßUM∑¥ ô WK±UJ∞«
X∂KD¢ ULØ ,ÎUF¥dß UÎÒDî X∂KD¢ w∑∞«Ë …UO∫∞« WØd• œU¥œ“U° ‹œ«œ“« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ÕdÅ w≠ v∞Ë_« ‹UM∂K∞« "ÊuOK∂±U®" l{Ë «cJ≥Ë
¡UM° ‰ULJ∑ß« w≠ «uLNß√ s¥c∞« sO∏•U∂∞« s± ‹UμL∞« ÁbF° s± ¡U§Ë
÷uLG∞« √b° WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« W≠dFL°Ë .a±UA∞« ÕdB∞« «c≥
tI¥d© oA¥ ‹U¥dBL∞« rK´ cî√Ë W¥dBL∞« …¸UC∫∞« s´ wKπM¥
.Èdî_« ÂuKF∞« sO° …uI°
:WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ◊uDî
,WOHOK¨ËdON∞« :w≥ WF°¸√ ◊uDª° WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« X∂∑Ø
dNE¢ r∞ ◊uDî w≥Ë ,WOD∂I∞«Ë ,WOIO©uL¥b∞«Ë ,WOIO©«dON∞«Ë
s´ d∂F¥ wM±“ l°U∑¢ ¸U©≈ w≠ ‹¡U§ UL≤≈Ë b•«Ë XÆË w≠ UNKØ
d∂F¥Ë WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« t∑®U´ Íc∞« q¥uD∞« wM±e∞« œ«b∑±ô«
Íc∞«Ë r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤û∞ ÍdJH∞« ZCM∞« s´ XÆu∞« fH≤ w≠
ÊuJ¢ Ê√ dîü«Ë sO∫∞« sO° VKD∑¢ bÆ …UO∫∞« ‹U∂KD∑± Ê√ „¸œ√
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Composite
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ÍuKF∞« sOL∞UFK∞ t¢«¸uB¢Ë t¢U©UA≤Ë Á¸UJ≠√ s´ dO∂F∑K∞ WO≠UØ dO¨ Ác≥ qØ w≠Ë .ÊUº≤ù« rº§ s± ¡«e§QØ ULNM´ dO∂F∑K∞ WOz«uN∞«
ÍdBL∞« cî√ bI≠ tOK´Ë ,)v¢uL∞« r∞U´Ë ¡UO•_« r∞U´( wKHº∞«Ë qHß√ WOß√¸ W©d® «bª∑ß« s± b°ô ÊUØ W¥d¥uB∑∞« ‹U±öF∞«
Z¥¸b∑∞U° Íd¥uB∑∞« U≥¸Ëœ hKI∑O∞ W±öF∞« «bª∑ß« s± ¸uD¥ dOA¢Ë UNºH≤ s´ d∂F¢ W±öF∞« Ê√ bØR∑∞ ÊUO•_« rEF± w≠ W±öF∞«
Ë√ sO¢uÅ Ë√ Ϋb•«Ë ÎU¢uÅ W±ö´ qØ wDF∑∞ w¢uB∞« U≥¸Ëœ √b∂¥Ë .WO¢uÅ WLOÆ UN∞ ÊuJ¢ Ê√ ÊËœ UNºH≤ ¸uB¢ Í√ ,UN≤uLC± v∞≈
.WF°¸√ WKOKÆ ‹ôU• w≠Ë W£ö£ ‹√b° bÆ W±öFK∞ Íd¥uB∑∞« «bª∑ßô« vK´ ‚UH¢ô« …dz«œ Ê√ b°ôË
‹U±öFK∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« > ‰¡Uº∑¥ Δ¸UI∞« qF∞Ë ,dB± ÷¸√ s± ÊUJ± s± d∏Ø√ qLA∑∞ lº∑¢
ÊUJ± w≠ W∞ËU∫L∞« ‹√b° q≥ ?V∑J¥ ÍdBL∞« √b° ÊUJ± Í√ s±
WO¢uÅ WLOÆ l{Ë v∞≈ ÍdBL∞« qÅu¢ U± bF° XIKD≤« UN≤√ Â√ ?Èdî√ sØU±√ v∞≈ Z¥¸b∑∞U° qI∑M¢ ‹cî√ r£ tMOF°
v∞≈ ‹U±öF∞« nMB¥ Ê√ tOK´ ÊUØ W±ö´ qJ∞ Transliteration ?b•«Ë XÆË w≠ ÊUJ± s± d∏Ø√ s±
Ϋ“ËUπ¢ X≠d´ w∑∞«Ë b•«Ë ·d∫∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« wDF¢ ‹U±ö´
W∏∞U£Ë ,sO≠d∫∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« wDF¢ Èdî√Ë "W¥bπ°_«" rßU° bF°Ë ,tMOF° ÊUJ± w≠ ‹d§ bÆ W¥«b∂∞« ÊuJ¢ Ê√ wIDML∞«Ë `§¸_«
WF°¸_ …dO∏J∞U° XºO∞ ‹ôU•Ë ·Ëd• W£ö∏∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« wDF¢ Èdî√ ‹UN§ v∞≈ qI∑M¢ …dJH∞« ‹cî√ ‹UOßUß_« iF° v∞≈ qÅu∑∞«
.·Ëd• UNO≠ XKL´√ Ë√ W°U∑J∞« UNO≠ ‹√b° w∑∞« WIDML∞« …œU¥¸ XK∂Æ UNKF∞
.U≥dJ≠
œ«Ëd∞« s± W´uLπ± XN§«Ë w∑∞« »UFB∞« Èb± ¸uB∑≤ Ê√ lOD∑º≤Ë
YO• s± lz«d∞« qLF∞« «c≥ “Uπ≤ù «ËbB¢ s¥c∞« ¡U±bI∞« sO¥dBL∞« s± sJL¥ qN≠ ,U± ÊUJ± w≠ X£b• bÆ ‚öD≤ô« WDI≤ X≤UØ «–≈Ë
«c≥ dA≤ WO≤UJ±≈ YO• s±Ë ,WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« b¥b∫¢Ë nOMB∑∞« ¸«Ëœ_« s´Ë UN¢¸UC•Ë WL¥bI∞« dB± a¥¸U¢ s´ t≠dF≤ U± ‰öî
r≥UH∑∞« WKOßË bO•u∑∞ UNKØ W¥dBL∞« w{«¸_« œ«b∑±« vK´ “Uπ≤ù« q≥ ,UÎÒ¥dJ≠ Ë√ UÎÒOM¥œ ÎöI£ q∏L¢ w∑∞«Ë o©UML∞« iF° UN∑∂F∞ w∑∞«
WOKL´ XÆdG∑ß« w∑∞« ‹U±öF∞« œb´ YO• s± r£ ,ÎW°U∑ØË ÎUID≤ iF° v∞≈ dOA≤ Ê√ lOD∑º≤ UL°¸ !?W°U∑J∞« ‹√b° s¥√ œb∫≤ Ê√ sJL¥
s± ÍdBL∞« sJL∑¥ v∑• ΫdO∂Ø Î «bN§ VKD¢Ë Îö¥u© ÎU∑ÆË U≥¸UO∑î« vK´ ÍdJH∞« qI∏∞« ‹«– UN°uM§Ë UNDßËË œö∂∞« ‰UL® w≠ o©UML∞«
Ê√ sLCO∞Ë w°U∑J∞«Ë ÍuGK∞« q±UJ∑K∞ WMJL± …¸uÅ qC≠√ oOI∫¢ „UMN≠ ,tM± …œb∫± …d∑≠ w≠Ë√ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« a¥¸U∑∞« œ«b∑±«
t¢UO• w≠ t¢U∂KD∑± qJ° wH¥ ·uß ‹U±ö´ s± Á¸UO∑î« r¢ U± fL® sO´ - "fO∞u°uOK≥" wM¥b∞« dJH∞«Ë W≠UI∏∞«Ë rKF∞« WM¥b±
WLOI∞« œbF¢ Ê√ w≠ p® s± fO∞Ë .W¥Ëdî_« t¢UO• Ë W¥uO≤b∞« l∂M±Ë fLA∞« …œU∂´ eØd± "ÊË√" rßU° ·dF¢ X≤UØ w∑∞«Ë W¥dDL∞«
‹U±öF∞« Ác≥ WKOB• ÊuJ¢ Ê√ v∞≈ Èœ√ bÆ ‹U±öFK∞ WO¢uB∞« ÊuJ∞« oKî s´ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ¸uB¢ ‹U¥dE≤ s± W±U≥ W¥dE≤
W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« rKF¢ w≠ sO∂¨«dK∞ WG∞U° W°uFÅ q∏L¥ d±√ u≥Ë ‹UμL∞U° œö° s± rKF∞« ‰U§¸Ë WHßöH∞« ¸UE≤√ j∫±Ë "ŸußU∑∞« W¥dE≤"
UN∑°U∑Ø ¡UM° w≠ bL∑F¢ W∏¥b•Ë WL¥bÆ ‹UGK° X≤¸uÆ U± «–≈ WL¥bI∞« ÎUO∞U•( W¥dBL∞« rÅ«uF∞« ÂbÆ√ WLOEF∞« nM± WM¥b± „UM≥Ë .ÊU≤uO∞«
.W¥bπ°_U° ·dF¢ w∑∞« ·d•_« s± …œb∫± W´uLπ± vK´ t∞ù« …œU∂´ eØd± )…eOπ∞« WE≠U∫± - sO®¸b∂∞« eØd± - WMO≥¸ XO±
.ÊuJ∞« oKî ‹U¥dE≤ Èb•≈ ¸bB±Ë W¥dBL∞« WN∞ü« r≥√ b•√ ,ÕU∑°
,"»UIF∞« dzU©" ‰U∏L∞« qO∂ß vK´ b•«u∞« ·d∫∞« ‹«– ‹U±öF∞« s±Ë W¥dÆ b¥b∫∑∞U°Ë UOML∞« WE≠U∫± w≠ vDßu∞« dB± w≠ „UM≥ r£
sO≠d∫∞ WO¢uB∞« WLOI∞« ‹«– ‹U±öF∞« s±Ë ,n∞_« ·d• q°UI¥ Íc∞« w¢u∫§ t∞ù« …œU∂F∞ ΫeØd± X≤UØ sO≤uL®_« .ÍuK± eØd± sO≤uL®_«
‹«uÅ_« ‹«– ‹U±öF∞« s±Ë ,)pr( XO∂∞« v∞≈ e±d¢ w∑∞« W±öF∞« pK¢ oKª∞« ‹U¥dE≤ Èb•≈ UC¥√ X§dî UNM±Ë ,W≠dFL∞«Ë WLJ∫∞« t∞≈
. )nfr(WOz«uN∞« W∂BI∞«Ë VKI∞« ¸uB¢ w∑∞« W±öF∞« pK¢ W£ö∏∞« ”ËbO°√ WIDM± w≠Ë dB± bOFÅ w≠ „UM≥ r£ "Êu±U∏∞« W¥dE≤"
◊uDª∞« Ÿ«u≤√ YO• s± WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« s´ Àb∫∑≤ Ê√ q∂ÆË eØdL∞« YO• )ÃU≥uß WE≠U∫± - UMOK∂∞« eØd± - W≤u≠bL∞« W°«dF∞«(
W°U∑J∞« ‹U≥Uπ¢«Ë UN° ‹d± w∑∞« W¥uGK∞« q•«dL∞«Ë UN° X∂∑Ø w∑∞« w≠Ë ,"f¥ d¥“Ë√" dîü« r∞UF∞« »¸Ë dOª∞« t∞≈ …œU∂F∞ wºOzd∞«
W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« “u±¸ p≠ WBÆ vK´ ¡uC∞« wIK≤ Ê√ œu≤ U≥dO¨Ë eØd±( U°d∂∞« W¥dÆ UN≤√ sE¥ w∑∞« )WMO©( wM£ WIDM± UC¥√ ÃU≥uß
.WL¥bI∞« t¢dß√Ë "dLF≤" pKL∞« UNM± Ãdî w∑∞«Ë )ÃU≥uß WE≠U∫± - U§d§
w≠ bπ≤ u≠œ≈ ‰UL® rØ20 w∞«u• bF° vK´Ë .dB± ÍdDÆ bO•u∑∞
q∂Æ »uMπ∞« w∑LÅU´ "sª≤"Ë "Vª≤" w∑M¥b± qOM∞« »d¨Ë ‚d®
w≠ dO∂J∞« ÊQA∞« ‹«– WN∞ù« …œU∂´ eØd±Ë ,dB± ÍdDÆ bO•u¢
W¥dÆ v∞≈ œö∂∞« ‰UL® v∞≈ …œu´Ë ."X∂ª≤" WN∞ù« ,W¥dBL∞« bzUIF∞«
)aOA∞« dHØ WE≠U∫± - ‚ußœ eØd± - sO´«dH∞« q¢ -uD°≈( u¢u°
‹UN∞ù« Èb•≈ …œU∂´ eØd±Ë s¥dDI∞« bO•u¢ q∂Æ dB± WLÅU´
."XO§«Ë" WN∞ù« w≥Ë WL¥bI∞« dB± w≠ ‹«“¸U∂∞«
a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ U± ‹«¸UC• ‹bN® w∑∞« lÆ«uL∞« s± dO∏J∞« „UM≥ r£
ÍœUFL∞«Ë Ê«uK•Ë ÂuOH∞« q∏± »u∑JL∞« dB± a¥¸U∑∞ ‹bN± w∑∞«Ë
.U≥dO¨Ë …œUI≤Ë Í¸«b∂∞«Ë UßU¢ d¥œ …“d§Ë
?W¥dBL∞« W°U∑J∞« ‹√b° U≥dO¨ w≠ UL°¸ Ë√ sØU±_« Ác≥ s± Í√ w≠
dO∏J∞« dB± ÷¸√ UM∞ Ãdª¢ Ê√ v∞≈ …œb∫± W°U§≈ ö° qEOß ‰«Rß
.UNM©U° w≠ ‰«e¥ ô Íc∞«
UN≤√ XÆu∞« ¸ËdL° ÍdBL∞« „¸œ√ w∑∞« W¥d¥uB∑∞« ‹U±öFK∞ œuF≤Ë
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UN¢U°U∑Ø ÂbÆQØ WOHOK¨ËdON∞« W°U∑J∞« UNF± dØc¢ Ê√ b°ô dØc¢ U±bM´ ,U≥U≤œ√ v∞≈ U≥UBÆ√ s± œö∂∞« j°¸ Íc∞« …UO∫∞« ÊU¥d® qOM∞«Ë
‹U±öF∞« W°U∑Ø wN≠ ,ΫœuKîË ÎU•u{ËË U≥d∏Ø√Ë Î«dL´ UN∞u©√Ë XF≠œ U≥dO¨Ë q±«uF∞« Ác≥ qØ .¡Uîd∞«Ë dOª∞« qØ UN∞ oI•Ë
Y¥b∫∞« √b∂Mß «c∞Ë ,d°UIL∞«Ë b°UFL∞UØ WLªC∞« ‹PAML∞«Ë WK±UJ∞« ÷uNMK∞ ‹U±uIL∞« qØ ¸UL∏∑ß« v∞≈ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ùU°
.W°U∑J∞« ÁcN° ÁbK∂° ÷uNMK∞ ‹U±uIL∞« qØ ¸UL∏∑ß« v∞≈ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ùU°
:WOHOK¨ËdON∞« W°U∑J∞« > .U≥bAM¥ w∑∞« ·«b≥_« oOI∫¢Ë
dJ≠ U±bM´Ë ,…dJH∞« s´ dO∂F∑K∞ W∑°U∏∞« WKOßu∞« w≥ W°U∑J∞« r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ù« oI• v∑± b¥b∫∑∞« t§Ë vK´ ·dF≤ UMº∞Ë
¸bB± t∞u• s± WFO∂D∞« X≤UØ t£«b•√ q㧝 Ê√ w≠ ÍdBL∞« v∞Ë_« …dß_« Ê√ ·dF≤ UMØ Ê≈Ë "W°U∑J∞«" Ÿ«d∑î« Í√ “Uπ≤ù« «c≥
Á«bN≠ ,WO• ‹UMzUØË WOFO∂© d≥«u™ s± UNO≠ UL° t∞ W∂ºM∞U° ÂUN∞ù« Ác≥ Ê√Ë ,œöOL∞« q∂Æ sO£ö∏∞«Ë ÍœU∫∞« ÊdI∞« w∞«u• w≠ ‹√b°
t° WDO∫L∞« WμO∂∞«Ë WFO∂D∞« w≠ UL± ÎUCF° qIM¥ Ê√ v∞≈ ÁdOJH¢ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« …¸UC∫∞« ¡UM° w≠ v∞Ë_« ‹UM∂K∞« q∏L¢ …dß_«
‹U±öF∞« ‹¡U§Ë ,UNM´ dO∂F∑∞« b¥d¥ w∑∞« w≤UFL∞« s´ …¸uB∞U° d∂FO∞ Ê√ b°ö≠ .WOHOK¨ËdON∞« W°U∑JK∞ …œU§ ‹ôËU∫± ‹bN® UN≤√Ë
ÎU≤Uº≤≈ r߸ U± «–S≠ ,UN¢¸uÅ s´ …d∂F± Í√ Íd¥uB¢ «bª∑ß« ‹«– v∞Ë_« …dß_« q∂Æ ‹√b° bÆ W°U∑JK∞ ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ù« ‹ôËU∫±
¡UC´_ W∂ºM∞U° ‰U∫∞« p∞cØË ,ÊUº≤ù« s´ dO∂F∑∞« bBI¥ t≤S≠ …d∑H∞« b≥«u® iF° p∞– v∞≈ dOA¥ ,ÊU±e∞« s± sO≤dÆ w∞«u∫°
n•«Ëe∞«Ë ¸uOD∞« p∞cØË ,tzUC´√Ë Ê«uO∫∞« Ë√ ,ÊUº≤ù« rº§ qO∂Æ U±Ë ‹«dß_« q∂Æ U± ÍdB´Ë Ídπ∫∞« dBF∞« s± …dîQ∑L∞«
.¸UN≤_«Ë ¸U∫∂∞«Ë ‰U∂π∞«Ë ‹U¢U∂M∞«Ë ¸Uπ®_« „UM≥ r£ ,‹«dA∫∞«Ë q㧝 Ê√ - WFO∂D∞« s± ÎULNK∑º± - ÍdBL∞« ‰ËU• sO• ,‹«dß_«
.WDOº∂∞« ‹«œdHL∞« iF°Ë W¥d¥uB∑∞« ‹U±öF∞« iF°
w≠ ÊU±e∞« rN° œuπ¥ s¥c∞«Ë ‹«¸œU∂L∞« »U∫Å√ iF° Ê√ lÆu∑L∞«Ë W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ‹U°U∑Ø ÂbÆ√ s´ Àb∫∑≤ Ê√ q∂ÆË Àb∫∑≤ Ê√ q∂ÆË
b°ôË ,¸uD∑∞«Ë ‘UIMK∞ Îö°UÆ Î«¸uB¢ «uF{ËË «uI∑∞« bÆ ÊUJ± qØ wIDML∞« s± tKFK≠ ,WOHOK¨ËdON∞U° W≠ËdFL∞« W°U∑J∞« w≥Ë WL¥bI∞«
,sOF± ÊuLC± s´ d∂F∑∞ WMOF± ‹U±ö´ «bª∑ß« vK´ «uIH¢« rN≤√ s± U≥dO¨Ë W°U∑J∞« Ác≥ XMC∑•« w∑∞« WGK∞« vLº± v∞≈ dOA≤ Ê√
ÁUOL∞« s´ dO∂F∑K∞ ÁUOL∞« W§u±Ë ,UNºH≤ W±u∂∞« s´ dO∂F∑K∞ W±u∂∞U≠ .bF° ULO≠ U≥dØ– œdOß w∑∞« dî_« ‹U°U∑J∞«
öJ® «Ë¸U∑î«Ë ,«bª∑ßô« Ë√ ¸bBL∞« YO• s± ¡«uß ÂU´ t§u° UNMO° s± …dO∏Ø ‹UOLºL° rN∑G∞ v∞≈ rNÅuB≤ w≠ Êu¥dBL∞« ¸U®√
sO´¸UA° UÎÒ¥dz«œ dî¬ ÎöJ®Ë XO∂∞« s´ dO∂F∑K∞ ÎUMOF± UÎÒOßbM≥ X≠d´ ULØ ."dB± q≥√ ÂöØ ,dB± ÂöØ ,dB± r≠ ,dB± ÊUº∞"
W∂BI∞«Ë VKI∞« q∏L¢ w∑∞« W±öF∞«Ë ,WM¥bL∞« s´ dO∂F∑K∞ sOF©UI∑± ."t∞ù« ÂöØ" rßU° UC¥√
w≥ WF°¸√ ◊uDª° WGK∞« Ác≥ X∂∑Ø bÆË
WOIO©uL¥b∞«Ë WOIO©«dON∞«Ë WOHOK¨ËdON∞«
.bF° ULO≠ UNM´ Àb∫∑Mß w∑∞«Ë WOD∂I∞«Ë
w≥ - …eOL± WOBªA° WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞«
«c≥ q∏L¢ -ÎU∂F®Ë ÎU{¸√ dB± eOL¢ ¸«dL∑ß«
·dÅË u∫≤ ΔœU∂L° UN™UH∑•« w≠ ÍuGK∞« eOL∑∞«
.r¥bI∞« r∞UF∞« ‹UG∞ s± U≥dO¨ s´ UN° XHK∑î«
UÎ Ò¥¸UC• X≤UØ dB± Ê_Ë eOL∑∞« «c≥ r¨¸Ë
,r¥bI∞« v≤œ_« ‚dA∞« bº§ w≠ ΫuC´ UÎÒO≠«dG§Ë
jßu∑L∞« d∫∂∞« ¸e§ l± W¢ËUH∑± ‹öÅ ‹«–Ë
Z¢UM∞« ͸UC∫∞« ÕU∑H≤ô« rJ∫°Ë ,UOI¥d≠√ ‰UL®Ë
UN≤«dO§ l± dBL∞ W¥dJº´ Ë√ W¥¸Uπ¢ ‹UÆö´ s´
w≠ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« qîb¢ Ê√ s± b°ô ÊUØ
XMLC¢ bI≠ r£ s±Ë ,‰œU∂∑L∞« dO£Q∑∞« …dz«œ
l± W¥uÆ ‹UÆö´ ÂUOÆ v∞≈ dOA¢ ‹«œdH±Ë b´«uÆ
w≠ WO±Uº∞« W´uLπL∞« »U∫Å√ s± dB± Ê«dO§
WO±U∫∞« W´uLπL∞« »U∫Å√Ë wÆdA∞« ‰ULA∞«
.wÆdA∞« »uMπ∞«Ë »dG∞« w≠
«–≈ UL´ WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« ‰uÅ√ w≠ Y∫∂∞«
W¥dBL∞« WGK∞U≠ ,qÅ_« WO±Uß Ë√ WO±U• X≤UØ
WF°UM∞« …eOL∑L∞« UN∑OBª® UN∞ UMHKß√ ULØ WL¥bI∞«
,t{¸√ »«d¢Ë ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ù« WOBª® s±
UNMO° »¸UI∑∞« Àb∫¥ Ê√ b°ôË ÊUØ WG∞ qJØ UNMJ∞Ë
Ác≥ VOF¥ ôË …¸ËUπL∞« »uFAK∞ Èdî√ ‹UG∞ sO°Ë
Ê√ sJL¥ U± U≥dO¨ s± cîQ¢ Ê√ pK¢ Ë√ WGK∞«
XEH∑•« UL∞U© q±UJ∑∞« UN∞ oI∫¥Ë UN¥d∏¥
WL¥bI∞« W¥dBL∞« WGK∞« Ê_Ë .WOKÅ_« UNBzUBª°
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Abd elhalem 01 arabic.fh10 1/17/08 1:46 PM Page 9
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√b°Ë ,tO´¸Ë ÁbOÅË t∑´«¸“ w≠ WO±uO∞« t¢UO• w≠ tKGA¢ WFO∂D∞« sO∑OßUß√ sO∑K•dL° a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ U± ¸uB´ w≠ ÊUº≤ù« d±
WHK∑ªL∞« t∑DA≤√ q∏L¢ w∑∞« d™UML∞« iF° ¸uªB∞« vK´ q㧝 lL§ WK•d± w≥Ë ,v∞Ë_« WK•dL∞« U±√ .t§U∑≤≈Ë ‹uI∞« lL§ :UL≥
ÊUº≤û∞ WO∫¥dA∑∞« dÅUMF∞« rNH∞ …dL∑ºL∞« t¢ôËU∫± s´ d∂F¢Ë ‹uÆ s´ ÎU∏•U° UNO≠ vFº¥ ÊUº≤ù« ÊUØ w∑∞« WK•dL∞« wN≠ ,‹uI∞«
q∏± WFO∂D∞« w≠ ‹«œu§uL∞« iF∂∞Ë ,n•«Ëe∞«Ë dOD∞«Ë Ê«uO∫∞«Ë `πM¥ tKF∞ Íd∫∂∞« Ë√ ÍdNM∞« Ë√ Íd∂∞« bOBK∞ Ãdª¥ ÊUJ≠ ,t±u¥
t≠dF≤ U± ¸U©≈ w≠ p∞–Ë ,a∞≈...‰U∂π∞«Ë ,¡«d∫B∞«Ë ,ÁUOL∞« ‹U¢U∂M∞« ¸Ëc§ Ÿö∑ÆU° ÂuI¥ ÊUØ ULØ ,dO© Ë√ Ê«uO• œUODÅ« w≠
ÊUº≤ù« ‰ËU• ,rßd∞«Ë gIM∞« sO° jßË WK•d± w≥Ë ‹UA°dªL∞U° Ác≥ ‰öîË .tI±¸ UN° bºO∞ ¸Uπ®_« ‚«¸Ë√ iF° p∞cØË W¥d∂∞«
t∞u• s± Èdπ¥ UL´ - Vº≤ ö° ‰UJ®√ w≠ - d∂F¥ Ê√ UN∞öî s± öIM∑± t¢UO• gOF¥ Ê√ ÊUº≤ù« vK´ ÊUØ WK¥uD∞« WOM±e∞« …d∑H∞«
.ÊuJ∞« w≠ s± t∞ sJ¥ r∞ XÆË w≠ „UM≥Ë UM≥ ÈËQ± s´ Y∫∂¥ dîü ÊUJ± s±
ÊUØ WO≤UJº∞« ‹UFLπ∑∞« ‹œ«œ“«Ë WO±uO∞« t∑DA≤√ ‹œbF¢ U±bM´Ë .¡U∑A∞« …œËd°Ë nOB∞« …¸«d• tºH≤ wI¥Ë t¢¸u´ t° d∑ºO∞ f∂K±
qOπº∑∞Ë Á¸UJ≠√ s´ dO∂F∑K∞ W∑°U£ WKOßË vM∂∑¥ Ê√ ÊUº≤ù« vK´ t≤S≠ ‹uI∞« lL§ WK•d± ‹√b° v∑± œb∫≤ Ê√ lOD∑º≤ ô UMØ «–≈Ë
ÊUº≤ù« Ê√ w≠ p® s± fO∞Ë .WO±uO∞« t¢UO• À«b•√ √b∂O∞ WK•dL∞« Ác≥ XN∑≤« v∑± W≠dF± sJLL∞« s±
s´ dO∂F∑K∞ W∑ÆR± qzUßu° q±UF∑¥ WK¥u© …d∑H∞ q™ WK•d± w≥Ë t¢UO• w≠ W±U≥ …b¥b§ WK•d± ÊUº≤ù«
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¡UC´√ «bª∑ßU° …¸U®ù«Ë ,œ«d≠_« sO° r≥UH∑∞« oOI∫∑∞ w≠ q∏L∑¢ w∑∞«Ë t¢UO• w≠ ÊUº≤ù« UNII• w∑∞« WKzUN∞«
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p∞cØË ΔœU∂L∞«Ë rOI∞«Ë WO∞ULπ∞« w≤UFL∞« s± dO∏J∞U≠ v∞≈ sO© s± tO≤«Ë√ ‰u∫¥ tKF§ Íc∞« ·UA∑Øô« «c≥
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bzUIF∞« ‰Uπ± w≠ WFß«Ë ‹«uDî UDî U±bM´ wKFH∞« ¸«dI∑ßô« W°U∏L° W´«¸e∞« ·UA∑Ø« ÊUØË
b°ô t≤√ „¸œ√ W¥dJºF∞«Ë WO≤bL∞« WDA≤_«Ë WOM¥b∞« WO´«¸“ …¸Ëb°Ë qOM∞« ÊUCOH° j∂¢¸« Íc∞« ÊUº≤û∞
t≤UL¥≈ Ê√ UNDº°√ qF∞Ë UNMOF° À«b•√ qO㧛 s± »dI∞U° Î UMJº± tºHM∞ ÂUÆ√Ë ,œUB∫∞U°Ë ¸Ëc∂∞« ¸c∂°Ë
bºπ∞« vK´ ÿUH∫K∞ vFº¥ tKF§ ‹uL∞« bF° U± …UO∫° ÊuØË ,ÊU∑J∞« s± f°ö± tºHM∞ lMÅË t∑´«¸“ s±
qzUßË sO° s±Ë ,tO≠ »b¢Ë ÕËd∞« tOK´ ·dF∑¢ wJ∞ ‹UFLπ∑∞« l± `∞UBL∞« ‰œU∂∑¥ √b°Ë …dß√ tºHM∞
tLß« ÊUº≤ù« œuKî ÊUL{Ë bºπ∞« vK´ ÿUH∫∞« qIMO∞ ÎUO≠UØ ¸«dI∑ßô« «c≥ ÊUØË ,…¸ËUπL∞« WO≤UJº∞«
Ê«¸b§ vK´ tKO㧛 s± b°ô ÊUØ Íc∞« wBªA∞« ŸU∂®ù« WK•d± w≥Ë( ‹uI∞« lL§ WK•d± s± ÊUº≤ù«
.ÁdO¨Ë ÍezUMπ∞« t£U£√ vK´Ë t∞U∏L¢ vK´Ë t¢d∂I± wMH∞«Ë wM≥c∞«Ë ÍdJH∞« ŸU∂®ù« WK•d± v∞≈ )ÍœUL∞«
oI∫¥ Ê√ w≠ bON§ bN§ bF° ÍdBL∞« `π≤ bÆË ,t∞u• s± Ídπ¥ ULO≠Ë ÊuJ∞« oKî w≠ dOJH∑∞« v∞≈Ë
s´ dO∂F∑K∞ W∑°U∏∞« WKOßu∞« - qzUN∞« Àb∫∞« «c≥ k•ôË ,t° WDO∫L∞« WO≤uJ∞« ÈuI∞« w≠ dJH¥ √b°Ë
a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ U± ¸uB´ WK•d± s± t∑KI≤ w∑∞« W°U∑J∞« Í√ - …dJH∞« lDº¥ dLI∞« Ê√Ë ,b¥b§ s± ‚dA¢ r£ »dG¢ r£ ‚dA¢ fLA∞« Ê√
¸uB´ sO° qÅUH∞« b∫∞« w≥ W°U∑J∞« Ê√ Í√ .WOª¥¸U∑∞« ¸uBF∞« v∞≈ uLM¥ r£ bB∫¥ r£ uLM¥ ‹U∂M∞« Ê√Ë ,b¥b§ s± ¡wC¥ r£ wH∑ª¥ r£
v∞Ë_« …dß_U° dB± UN¢√b° w∑∞« WOª¥¸U∑∞« ¸uBF∞«Ë a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ U± Ác≥ .b¥b§ s± iOH¥ r£ iOG¥ r£ iOH¥ qOM∞« Ê√Ë ,b¥b§ s±
ÊUº≤ù« …¸UC•Ë a¥¸U¢ qO㧛 …œU± w≥ W°U∑J∞« Ê√ ¸U∂∑´« vK´ lDI∞U° t∞ X•Ë√ w∑∞« w≥ qOM∞«Ë ‹U∂M∞«Ë dLI∞«Ë fLAK∞ …¸Ëb∞«
.r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« …d∑H∞ ‹uL¥Ë ,W∑ÆR± …d∑H∞ UO∫¥ t≤√ vMFL° ,‹uL∞« bF° U± …UO∫°
ÊUº≤û∞ oI∫¢ Íc∞« ¸«dI∑ßô« s´ ΫdO∂F¢ W°U∑J∞« Ÿ«d∑î« ¡U§Ë d≥uπ° ÍdBL∞« s±¬ «cJ≥ .s¥b°ü« b°_ b¥b§ s± YF∂¥ r£ ,W∑ÆR±
ÊUº≤ù« «c≥ Ê√ s´ ΫdO∂F¢Ë ,ÍuMFL∞«Ë ÍœUL∞« ¸«dI∑ßô« ,ÍdBL∞« s± ÊUØË œuKª∞«Ë YF∂∞« Í√ W¥dBL∞« …¸UC∫∞« w≠ qI∏∞« eØd±Ë
o¥d© vK´ …“¸U∂∞« …uDª∞« Ác≥ ¡VF° ÷uNMK∞ ÁdO¨ q∂Æ ÎUμON± ÊUØ l± q±UF∑¥ wJ∞ ÎUμON± ÍdBL∞« ÊUº≤ù« ÊUØ Ê√ dB± k• sº•
ÊUº≤ù« ‘U´ w∑∞« WμO∂∞« Ê√ s´ dO∂F¢ w≥ r£ .…bz«d∞« t¢¸UC• WFz«d∞« …¸UC∫∞« Ác≥ ÎUF± UM∞ «eπM¥ wJ∞ UNF± q´UH∑¥Ë WFO∂D∞«
,t∞ ¸«dI∑ßô« oOI∫¢ vK´ ‹b´Uß UN°U•¸ w≠ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞« .dB± ÷¸√ vK´ ÊUJ± qØ w≠ U≥b≥«u® Èd≤ w∑∞«Ë
VßUML∞« ŒUML∞U≠ ,‹U´«b°ù« s± dO∏J∞« “d≠√ Íc∞« ¸«dI∑ßô« p∞– Œuß¸Ë WI∏° v∞Ë_« t¢«uDî uDª¥ ÊUº≤ù« «b° ¸«dI∑ßô« q™ w≠Ë
,œö∂∞« ¡U§¸√ rEF± w≠ W¥u∑ºL∞« ÷¸_«Ë ,dO∂Ø b• v∞≈ dI∑ºL∞« w≠ ‹UMzUJ∞ qO£UL¢ sOD∞UØ WMO∞ œ«u± s± qJA¥ √b∂≠ ,sH∞« u∫≤
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First Arabic.fh10 1/17/08 1:44 PM Page 1
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