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0.

7Business Management Formatted: Left


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0.5"
Siddak’s Notes on This Topic:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BxwlARKYdqEmfnF2RndEWUJZUG8zdzhFVUpBS3BzZlpDQ0pMc
E5SM0E1M2hJcUI1VDFLQkE?usp=sharing

Mr. Bracken's IB Business Website


https://sites.google.com/site/brackensibbusiness/

sharingpYUpaczl2dVUviewsharingSL notes found on /r/IBO, forgot original source though


https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cF3g7Br9QeNnFpYUpaczl2dVU/view?usp=sharingpYUpaczl2dVU/view?u
sp=sharing

In-depth Case Study Analysis (Crowdsourced):


https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F0sjXcbFNVyKOzmkNihknt_AvLj4PIvOYNwjsv0T6nk/edit?usp=sharin
g

CUEGIS RESOURCES:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10PCGn7cpHUEVdmCXv0-
JwVMH18eFJKvvRbhCDP36jNg/edit?usp=shhttpsaring

Starbucks CUEGIS mindmap: http://imgur.com/a/KoG1I (N.B.: Formatted: Font: Bold


Pink=disadvantage/negative, green=advantage/positive, also based on the CUEGIS resource above) Formatted: Font: Bold
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Business and Management Unit Summary (not completed help greatly appreciated)
Formatted: Font: Bold
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1w7GuEN85qSCS_q4uRTwZ8YLpi51y4eT2tKt_F9Lyu7Y/edit?usp
=sharing Formatted: Font: Bold
Formatted: Font: Bold

Notes for business management (It’s completely finished now) Formatted: Font: Bold
https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B9-CPpGUCcKYLXh3UXBkdWZsLU0 Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Bold
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt
I made this last year for CUEGIS (Starbucks, McDonald’s, and Apple) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QRgXL-0fwFT0Ez4OWRkXFtDovjodk3u-
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt
IAEsPCmel3c/edit?usp=sharingFeel free to contribute to this!
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/u/bunnysanni HSBC CUEGIS (PDF): Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Italic
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4QhfQDAOmZab1ZlRUg2UUk1M1U/view Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt
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This thread has some really good stuff for the Utopia case study
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https://www.reddit.com/r/IBO/comments/65ieq1/group_3_business_exam/
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https://www.reddit.com/r/IBO/comments/65ieq1/group_3_business_exam/
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color: Custom Color(RGB(17,85,204))
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Economics Formatted: Left

https://ibstueconomics-notesdy.wixsite.com/ibeconomics/ Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial


Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1btIPMmSMYIRbA9YstHJNDA6aHQ3K-e1RhC-8Cu7XjNk/edit
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

> Notes Submitted By /u/AyySam Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial


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Key Terms – Economics
Chapter 2 : Competitive Markets - Demand and Supply

Market: A set of arrangements where buyers and sellers of goods and services come in contact in with each
other to carry out exchange. A market can be as small as a local shop and can be as large as a global stock
exchange.

Competitive Markets: They are composed of largely large number of buyers and sellers which act
independently.

Demand: The ability and willingness of a consumer to buy a commodity, good or a service at a particular price
and point of time, ceteris paribus.

Individual Demand: Amount of commodity an individual is ready to buy at a particular price level and point of
time, ceteris paribus.

Market Demand Curve: A locus of combination of points where a single point shows the amount all buyers are
willing to buy at alternative prices and point of time, ceteris paribus.

The Law of Demand : The law of demand states that there is a negative relationship between price of a good
and its quantity demanded, ceteris paribus.

Market Demand: Amount of commodity all buyers are ready to buy at a particular price level and point of time,
ceteris paribus.

Market Supply: Amount of commodity all producers are ready to supply at a particular price level and point of
time, ceteris paribus.

Supply: Amount or quantity an individual or a firm is ready to supply at various quantities of a good at various
price levels, ceteris paribus.

Law of Supply: The supply of an individual or a firm indicates a direct positive relationship between the price
and quantity supplied. As price increases, the quantity supplied of a product also increases.

Joint Supply: Joint supply of two or more goods refers to the production of goods that are derived from a single
product. Therefore, it is not possible to produce more without producing both. Example: Butter and Skimmed
Milk; Petrol and Diesel Oil.
Allocative Efficiency (Core Definition): When a society is producing a combination of goods where it isn’t
possible to make anybody better off without anyone worse off. A situation where resources are efficiently
allocated in a market. The Marginal Benefit = Marginal Cost.
Formatted: Widow/Orphan control
Productive Efficiency (Core Definition): When the economy is using least amount of scarce resources to
produce a commodity. Here, The Average Cost = Total Cost or Total Output.

Producer Surplus: The price received
 by firms for selling their good minus the lowest price that they are Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
willing to accept to produce the good.
Social Surplus: The sum of consumer and producer surplus is known as Social Surplus (Community Surplus)
Basic Economic Problem and Choice: The condition of scarcity forces societies to make choices about the
what to produce economic question, which is a resource allocation question. Choices involve an opportunity
cost because of foregone (or sacrificed) alternatives that could have been chosen instead.
Equilibrium: State of balance between different forces, such that there is no tendency to change.
Consumer Surplus: The price received by consumers for buying their good minus the maximum price that they
are willing to accept to buy the good.
Market Failure and Government Intervention
Market Failure : Refers to failure of the market to allocate resources efficiently in the market. MF results in
allocative inefficiency where too much or too little of a good is being produced.
Negative Externality in Production : Takes place by the creation of external costs by producers.
Example : Environmental Pollution

Chapter 6 : Theory of Firms #Part One


Formatted: Left, Widow/Orphan control
Short Run : A time periodring which at during which at least one input is fixed and cannot be changed by the Formatted: Widow/Orphan control
firm

Long Run : A time period where all inputs can be changed.

Total Product : The total quantity of output produced by a firm is termed as the total product.

Marginal Product : The extra or additional output resulting from one additional unit of variable input, labour, it
tells us by how much the output increases when one more unit of output is employed

Average Product : The average product is the total quantity of output per unit of variable input or labour.

Law of Diminishing Returns : As more and more units of a variable input are added to one or more fixed inputs
(labour and land respectively); the marginal product of the variable at first increases, but there comes a point
where it starts to decrease.

Chapter 7: Theory of Firms #PartTwo

KEY TERMS

Market : A market is a place where buyers and sellers come in contact with each other for the purchase and Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
the sale of a commodity at a particular price level and point of time.
Profit : The excess of total revenue over the total costs is defined as profits.
Normal Profit : Normal profit is defined as the minimum profit which a firm should make to remain in business.
It is the amount of revenue which covers all implicit and explicit costs.
Allocative Efficiency: When a firm produces a particular combination of goods and services which consumers
mostly prefer. The condition exists when AR = MC or P = MC Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
FOR ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY : P = MC
+ Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
Productive Efficiency: It means when the firm is producing at the optimum
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level which is being produced at minimum AC.
PE = PRODUCTION AT MINIMUM AC Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

Market One : A Perfectly Competitive Market Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial


A. CHARACTERISTICS Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
1) Infinitely large numbers of buyers and sellers Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Number of buyers and sellers are extremely large
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- Selling an “insignificant proportion” of the total output Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- Even if some of them stop buying or selling, the demand would not be adversely affected + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- Implies that the industry is the price maker and no single firm can influence the price of a commodity Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
2) Homogeneous products
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Perfect substitutes : Completely identical to each other
- Same implication as stated above Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control

3) Freedom of entry and exit Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- In the short run the industry makes abnormal profits (Profit = TR - TC) Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
+ Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- More and more firms join the market. Hence, the share of each significant firm decreases and the
perfectly competitive market starts earning normal profits in the long run. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- If the industry bears a loss, firm starts leaving the market and the PCM earns normal nprofits in the long Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
run Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Same implication Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
4) Perfect mobility of goods
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Goods and services are perfectly mobile from the area of surplus to area of shortage.
- There will be no variation in prices of a commodity and income of factors of production Formatted ...
5) Perfect knowledge among buyers and sellers Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Each buyer is completely aware of the product sold and the price charged by the seller. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Completely aware of all technologies and production methods. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
B. PROPERTIES - EFFICIENCY and OTHER
Formatted ...
- AE in ALL cases, PE in long run when making normal profits
- Industry is the price maker and firm is the price taker Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

- Proportion of each individual firm is “INSIGNIFICANT” Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial


- P = AR = MR and MC intersects AC from its minimum Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
Formatted ...
C. EVALUATION
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

Advantages Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

- A PCM is productively efficient in the long run and only productively efficient in the short run provided it Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
earns normal profits. However, it is allocatively efficient both in the long and the short run which means Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
that there is optimum allocation of resources without any wastage since production takes place at Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
minimum AC, consumers tend to be better off because they are provided with an overall lower cost of
Formatted ...
production leading to a lower cost offered to the consumers.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- A PCM sells homogenous products which means that the inefficient firms will close down which takes
place due to complete freedom of entry and exit Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- A PCM responds quickly to change in consumer’s demand Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Market responds quickly to changes in technology Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Disadvantages
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- A PCM is based on unrealistic assumptions.
Formatted ...
- Since the share of each firm is insignificant in the total output so small firms cannot reap the benefit of Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
economies of scale like a monopoly does which gives them the inability to invest in research and
development and hence provide a lower cost to the consumers by decreasing costs of production in the
long run.
- There is no product variety since all firms are selling homogeneous products Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Complete freedom of entry and exits leads to entry of inefficient firms into the market. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- IMPORTANT : Even in the SR and LR the firms are AE and PE in the LR implies that community
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surplus is MAXIMUM where implies that there still exist possibilities for market failure. This is so as the
firm can face externalities, public goods, CARes and asymmetric info.
Market Two : A Monopoly Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
A. CHARACTERISTICS Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- A monopoly is a market system with only one dominant seller
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- Selling products having close substitutes. Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- High barriers to entry and exit. + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- Implies that the firm is the price maker and can influence either the price or the output not the two Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
together.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
B. PROPERTIES - EFFICIENCY and OTHER
Real Life Examples : Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

- DeBeers : Controls the maximum market share. DeBeers are the diamond guys who mine world’s Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
mines 50 percent of diamonds and trades too. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- ALCOA [Aluminium Company of Aluminium] : For alocoa patents expired in 1909 but despite of that Formatted: Widow/Orphan control
ALCOA remained to be the aluminium monopoly of America since it controlled bauxite resources there.
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5",
- AR and MR are downward sloping can more can be sold by lowering the price. AR is HIGHLY inelastic. Widow/Orphan control
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
High Barriers to Entry (Reasons)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Economics of scale : LRAC falls.
Formatted: Widow/Orphan control

Legal Barriers Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +


- Patents : Given by government to firm which has developed a new production to be sole producer for a Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
+ Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
fixed time period.
- Licenses : Granted by the government for particular professions in a particular industry. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

- Copyrights : Credit to the original author Formatted: Widow/Orphan control


- Protectionism : Tariffs, Quotas, Embargoes, VERs Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
- Branding - Developing a brand name or engaging into advertisements. Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5",
- Control over natural resources : DeBeers and Alcoa Widow/Orphan control
- Aggressive Tactics : Includes predatory pricing, price wars, full line forcing and merging. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Natural Monopolies : Nat. monopolies means when we can’t have more than one producer in the market since Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
the single producer has economies of scale so large that it can cater to the entire market demand at a lower
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average cost that two or more firms
Ex : Railways, Gas and Postal Services. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
It is imperative to note that a monopoly is neither AE or PE in either short or the long run. A monopoly is “X - Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
INEFFICIENT” since it faces no competition from other firms and has literally no incentive to reduce its cost of Formatted: Widow/Orphan control
production.
Thus, it does not produce at the falling part of the ATC but higher than it due to poor motivation among
workers, lack of management and no innovation etc.
LEGISLATIONS (IMPORTANT)

A monopoly being a single dominant firm can exploit a consumer. Hence, the government needs to intervene
and impose legislations.

1) Legislations to increase competition. Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


B. EVALUATION - DESIRABLE OR NAWT ? Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left +
Advantages Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan
- A monopolist is able to invest in research and development. Being the single dominant seller a Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
monopoly can 1) Reduce price for consumers by lowering cost of production 2) Invest into new Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
technologies which could provide better quality products for the consumers and also lower the COP Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
again Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- Due to high barriers of entry a monopolist can 1) Keep competitors away and can prevent inefficient + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
firms from entering the market, continuing to benefit the consumer. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- A monopolist can be as efficient as a PCM if it reaps benefits of economies of scale. Can allocate Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
resources efficiently in the market and reduce COP again, lower prices for consumers.
AC and MC Pricing Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Doubt (Ask to Explain) Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
Disadvantages
- X-Inefficient : Can’t allocate resources efficiently. Higher COP and higher prices for consumers. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- High barriers can prevent firms from entering the market which reduces competition and prevents new Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
technologies being developed due to the competition created. + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- High barriers can restrict product variety for the consumers Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Can lead to consumer exploitation. Higher prices for consumers with output being unchanged. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
A monopoly having the power to influence either price or output acts as a price maker and can lead to
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
consumer exploitation. Hence, at the point the government intervenes and imposes legislations and various
regulations to prevent the same.

1. Legislation to Increase Competition


A monopolist tends to decrease competition and thereby resort to exploitation. Most countries promote
legislations but preventing collusion between firms. Firms if found using anti-competitive behaviour are fined.
Ex : Microsoft in restricted consumer choice and forced them to buy their OS - Windows which was a monopoly
back then and lead to a HUGE FINE.

Difficulties : See Below


- Extremely difficult to classify any behaviour as anti-competitive since legislations might be interpreted Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
differently in different country. Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
- Laws might be different in countries. Strict laws in some countries while others might not be Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Extremely difficult to trace collusion since collusion is illegal. Only legal cartel : OPEC. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
2. Legislations In Case of Mergers
Agreements between two countries to join together as single firm are termed as mergers.

Mergers take place to :- Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


- Reduce competition Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
- Increase market share and profits Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Reap EOS
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Act as a Monopoly
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Diversify Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Legislations in this case tend to limit the size of the firm by laying down certain conditions for merging firms.
Problems with merging policies include :-
- Uncertainties as of which firms should be allowed to merge and which firms should not be allowed to Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
merge. Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Ex : Electricity and Gas Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

Most Important : Legislations In Case of Natural Monopolies (MC/AC Pricing) (Doubt)

Market Three : Monopolistic Competition Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
A. CHARACTERISTICS
- Large numbers of buyers and sellers. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- Selling an insignificant proportion of output Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- Differentiated products. + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- Freedom of Entry and Exit Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Selling Cost Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Based on unrealistic assumptions Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
B. PROPERTIES - EFFICIENCY and OTHER
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
AE : P = MC or AR = MC
PE : P = Minimum AC Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

Therefore, a monopolistically competitive market is neither AE nor PE. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Excess Capacity : Excess capacity is the basic feature which exists in a monopolistically competitive market Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
which means that firms are producing at LESS than OPTIMUM LEVEL. This leads to a wastage of resources
because there are many firms producing similar products and hence even they want to reach the optimum
level.
Selling Cost : The selling cost is the cost incurred to increase the sale of a commodity. In a monopolistically
competitive market, firms cannot compete on the basis of PRICES. As a result, they engage into NON - PRICE
COMPETITION and PROMOTIONAL TECHNIQUES.

Market Four : Oligopoly Formatted: Left, Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan


A. CHARACTERISTICS control
- Few dominant sellers Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Differentiated and homogeneous products Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- High market share with high concentration Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- High barriers to entry + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- Homogeneous Products - Perfect Oligopoly : Cement, Steel, Aluminium Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Differentiated Products - Close Substitutes - Imperfect Oligopoly - AutoMobile, Airlines, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Pharmaceuticals.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
B. PROPERTIES - EFFICIENCY and OTHER
Mutual Interdependence : Since firms are few and dominant in nature, they are mutually interdependent. Any Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

decision taken by one will have a huge impact on others with respect to output and prices. Hence, firms tend to Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
be mutually interdependent, work together and come to a common price and output. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Strategic Behaviour (An IMPLICATION of MI) : Based on plans of action which take into account the rival’s Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
possible course of action. STB leads to MIDP. In OP, firms plan their strategy by guessing the action and
reaction of the rival by anticipating more of the rival.
CONFLICTING INCENTIVES
1) Incentive to Collude : Means when firms enter into an argument with each other and fix the price and the
quantity in order to reduce uncertainties as action of the rival is unknown. Hence, through collusion they are
able to maximize their profits.
2) Incentive to Compete : Even if firms collude, they will still have an incentive to cheat with a hope of gaining
and capturing their RIVAL’s market share.
Collusion : An agreement whether formal or informal between competitive parties to limit competition and raise
profits.

Types of Oligopolies
1. Collusive Oligopoly : Means when firms enter into a mutual agreement regarding PRICE in order to
DECREASE competition.
Formal Collusion or Cartel : A cartel is a formal agreement between two firms in the industry to take actions to Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 +
the rival competition in order to decrease competition. Cartel members behave like a monopoly to earn AB
Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5",
Profits. Widow/Orphan control
Ex : OPEC - The world’s only legal cartel.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Obstacles to Form Cartels
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
1. Firms might have an incentive to cheat (Price Wars)
2. Cost differences between firms. Extremely difficult to arrive at PMax level of output. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
3. Different demand curves and different market share and PD. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
4. Large number of firms = More difficulty regarding managing the cartel. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
INFORMAL COLLUSION or TACIT COLLUSION Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- TACIT collusion means when there is no formal agreement between firms and there is STILL some Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
cooperation that can still be seen. + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
Types of informal collusion includes price leadership and limit pricing. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
1. Price Leadership : It means when a domestic firm in the industry sets a price and also initiates a price
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
charge. The rest of the firms follow.
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
Example : Kellogg's in Cereals
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 +
Obstacles to Price Leadership Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5",
- Cost might differ among firms if there is significant product differentiation. Widow/Orphan control
- Some follow while some might now follow Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Always an incentive to cheat
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Maybe illegal depending on HOW and WHEN practised.
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
Non Collusive Oligopoly (EXTREMELY IMPORTANT)
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
In a collusive oligopoly, firms might collude and enter together to form a formal or an informal agreement so + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
that prices remain stable.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
However, price stability can still exist in an oligopolistic market where there is no collusion. This can be
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
explained using the kinked demand curve theory which shows existing price stability among firms which do not
collude either formally or informally. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- In a non collusive oligopoly, market demand is kinked in nature, implying that the MR curve gets broken at the Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
point of the kink showing an abrupt drop in MARGINAL REVENUE.
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- Reaction of the firm is unpredictable and hence firms prefer producing at the point of the kink Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
- Happens since if a firm tries to increase the price, rivals might not follow and he might be the ONLY + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
loser in the market. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- If firms produce below P, rivals follow and firms do not gain much market share.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Thus in the KDCT, firms perceive that the demand curve falls highly elastic ABOVE P and highly inelastic
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
BELOW P.
Advantages of the KDC Theory Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Prices are rigid and stable which is good for the consumers Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
+ Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
- Different firms with different marginal costs can co-exist in the market by selling the same quantity at Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
the same price. Hence, firms with higher MC in spite of earning LOW PROFITS can still get same
revenue in the market and can undertake steps to reduce costs over a period of time.
Implications of the KDC Theory. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
- Even if firms do not collude, prices will be still STABLE Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
- Even if firms do not take collude, they take into account the reaction of the RIVALS.
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Outline numbered +
- Firms do not enter into price competition. Level: 1 + Numbering Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25"
MACROECONOMICS + Indent at: 0.5", Widow/Orphan control
Chapter 9 : Aggregate Demand and Supply Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Aggregate Demand : AD is defined as the total amount of goods and services consumers, firms and the
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
government want to buy at a particular price level and point of time.
AD Curve : Illustrates the relationship between the total amount of output demanded over a fixed period of Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

time. Formatted: Left, Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan


Why is the AD curve negatively sloping? control
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Widow/Orphan control
Reasons for download sloping AD curve include
1. Wealth Effect : IF P(Level) increases, the value of wealth decreases. People feel worse off and cut on
spending. If P(Level) decreases, the output decreases and visa versa.
NN
Notes for economics HL (I’m still working on micro and development economics, but it should be finished very
soon! https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B9-CPpGUCcKYWFdBbWJ1LWxFMFE Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Note from u/AyySam: I am currently working on International Trade and Development Economics and will add
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
more notes as soon as I start revising them :)
Document Compilation I made (The documents do not belong to me) - Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2HKRvAHk6p5TEE3RHFJNVBPQVk Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial


Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Formatted: Left
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial
Geography
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
I made these summaries for most topics (Drive with all of them): Auto, Not Highlight
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B-6sZS5ggZpUUzNPdjNNZG9aaG8?usp=sharing Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Highlight
For everyone in Geography HL or SL, you can google a file called Geography Duck. It’s extremely useful and Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
provides all information one would need to be able to pass DP Geography. If you can’t find it just send me a Auto, Not Highlight
message (TissueGoats) and I can direct you towards it!
Core:
1) Population In Transition: Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left +
> Notes Submitted By /u/iBenTV Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
LO: Auto, Not Highlight

Explain population trends and patterns in births, natural increase and mortality, fertility and life expectancy in
contrasting regions of the world Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Population Trends Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Global Population Change 1930-2020 Auto, Not Highlight

● There are more people living today than any other time in history Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● There has been a population explosion since World War 2 Auto, Not Highlight

● There is an inverse relationship between population growth and resources — too many people with not Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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enough resources, too little people with too much resources
● Population increase mainly due to better economy, but many other reasons related to LEDC Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Overpopulation: When the population is greater than the resources available in the country e.g. Bangladesh Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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(Include reasons for e.g. Cultures permit large families))
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Underpopulation: When the population is not big enough to fully exploit the economic potential of a country e.g.
Canada and Australia Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Optimum Population: When the population and resources are perfectly matched. In reality this never really Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
happens.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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LIC: Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:


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● Generally highest fertility rate
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Not a lot of medication available in the past
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● = infant mortality rate was high
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● = families needing to have lots of children to that they work on the form and families don't have to pay
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for labour
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● = if a child dies the family still has other children to replace that child
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● Medication became available
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● = Infant mortality rate decreasing but families are still having many number of children Auto, Not Highlight
● = natural increase is very high
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HIC:
● More education Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Help for people who do or do not want a child Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Contraceptives available = birthrate is controlled Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Medication available = mortality rate controlled and decrease Auto, Not Highlight

● Natural Increase is very low Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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World’s population is growing very rapidly. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Global population doubled between 1650-1850, 1850-1920 and 1920-1970 Auto, Not Highlight

= taking less time for population to double Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Up top 95% of population growth takes place in LICs
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Exponential Growth = Increasing or accelerating rate of growth
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Effects of Population Growth:
● Great pressures on governments to provide for their people Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Increased pressure on the environment
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Increase risk of famine and malnutrition due to not enough resources
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Greater differences between the richer and poorer countries
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Highest growth rates found in Africa
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Lowest growth rates found in North America and Europe
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Case Study: Population Growth in Africa
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● Africa has the fastest-growing population in the world; 1850 = 110mil, 2009 = 1bil
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Africa has 20% of the world'sworlds landmass but 13% of total population Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Bulge in young people = youthful population
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Sub-saharan Africa has the world'sworlds most youthful population Auto, Not Highlight
● Niger has world highest fertility rate of average 7.4 children Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Population rise due to low life expectancy, limited education and contraceptives, primary sector (farms) Auto, Not Highlight
therefore more children more labour more money Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Birth Rates Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Annual Growth Rate = (Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate)x100 Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = Number of live births per 1000 people in a population per year = Natality Auto, Not Highlight
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year = Mortality Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
General Fertility Rate (GFR) = Number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 Auto, Not Highlight
Age-Specific Birth Rate (ASBR) = Number of births per 1000 women of any age
Standardised Birth Rate (SBR) = Birth rate for a region on the basis that its age composition is the same for
the whole country
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = Average number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = Number of deaths of children less than age of 1 per 1000 live births
Child Mortality Rate = Number of deaths in children under the age of 5 per 1000 children

Crude Birth Rate


● Easy to calculate Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Does not take in age and sex structure of population Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Reasons for High Birth Rates Auto, Not Highlight
● For Labour Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● To look after them in old age Auto, Not Highlight

● To continue the family name Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● For prestige
● To replace other children who have died Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Children are net contributor to family income
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Reasons for Declining Birth Rates
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Children are costly
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● The government looks after people through pensions and health services
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● More women want their own career and have higher status Auto, Not Highlight
● Widespread use of family planning, contraceptives
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● IMR decreased, less need for replacement children Auto, Not Highlight
● Decline in traditional beliefs as a result of urbanisation, industrialisation and secularisation Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Death Rates
Formatted ...
High when there is; Formatted ...
● lack of clean water and food, Formatted ...
● poor hygiene and sanitation, Formatted ...
● overcrowding, Formatted ...
● contagious diseases (e.g. diarrhoea and vomiting, HIV if uneducated and no contraceptives)
Formatted ...
● respiratory infections
Formatted ...
High in;
● poor, rural, LIC Formatted ...
● shanty towns Formatted ...
● refugee camps Formatted ...
● areas of poverty Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Low when;
Formatted ...
● clean water and food
Formatted ...
● reliable food supply
● good hygiene and sanitation Formatted ...
● lower population densities, Formatted ...
● better vaccination and health care Formatted ...
AKA; Rising Standards of Living Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = Number of Deaths per 1000 people in a population
Formatted ...
BAD: Countries with larger aged people = MEDC = will have higher CDR
Countries with larger youth = LIC = lower CDR Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Life Expectancy Formatted ...
● Average number of years that a person is expected to live Formatted ...
● HIC is increasing as; Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● People living longer and better as they are diagnosed earlier and get better treatment Auto, Not Highlight
● Shorter working hours increase health and life expectancy Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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1920 breakthroughs that increased life expectancy Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● saving babies from infectious diseases Auto, Not Highlight

● saving mothers from the complication of childbirth Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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LO: Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


Analyse population pyramid Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

Explain population momentum and its impact on population Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Population Pyramid Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:


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● shows detail about the age and sex structure of a population Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● also tell us about population growth Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Countries goes through 5 stages, following the Demographic Transition Model Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Wide base = high birth rate Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Narrowing base = falling birth rate Auto, Not Highlight
Straight = low death rate Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Concave slope = high death rate Auto, Not Highlight
Bulges in the slope = high rates of in-migration
Deficits in slope = high rates of out-migration or age/sex specific deaths (epidemics or war)

Population Momentum = Population growth or decline that continues despite declining or rising birth rate
respectively
Population Projection = Estimate of future population
Doubling Time = Length of time it takes for a population to double in size (assuming natural increase is
constant)

Demographic Transition Model


● Geographical model used to explain the population changes that takes place in a country as it develops Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Stage 1: death rate and birth rate high, total population low Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Stage 2: death rate decline (due to better health care and standard of living), birth rate remain high,total Auto, Not Highlight
population increase due to natural increase
Stage 3: death rate continues to decline, birth rates start declining (due to family planning, contraceptives and
education), total population still increase
Stage 4: death rate and birth rate both low,
Stage 5: death rate remains same, birth rate declines, decreasing population due to natural decrease
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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LO:
Analyse population pyramid
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Explain population momentum and its impact on population Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Dependency Ratios Auto, Not Highlight
● Measures the working population and the dependent population
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
- Crude measurement = standardised = does not take in account of age structure Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Economically Active = Whether they work or not, they have the potential to work, to pay tax and contribute to Auto, Not Highlight
economy
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
- 18 - 64 years old Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Economically Dependant = Can’t work, does not have the potential to work, can’t contribute to economy Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Young Dependant = 1-17 years old Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Old Dependant = 65 years old and above Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● HIC = high proportion of elderly = stage 4 of DTM = High dependency ratio Auto, Not Highlight
● LIC = high proportion of youth = stage 2/3 of DTM = Low dependency ratio Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Dependency Ratio Increase due to; Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Increasing life expectancy Auto, Not Highlight
● Falling death rate Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Growth in birth rates Auto, Not Highlight
● Immigration of economically dependant Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Emigration of economically active Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Triangular Graphs Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Can be used to show dependency ratio Auto, Not Highlight
Useful; Formatted ...
● Can show a large amount of data Formatted ...
● Groupings can be recognised easily Formatted ...
● Dominant characteristics can be shown
Formatted ...
● Classifications can be made
Formatted ...

Youthful Population Formatted ...


● Large bulge in population pyramid Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Causes of Youthful Population Formatted ...
● Post-war baby-boom Formatted ...
● High Infant Mortality
Formatted ...
● Government doesn’t support the old population
Formatted ...
● Immigration of young dependants
● High birth rates due to; Formatted ...
● Lack of family planning Formatted ...
● Lack of education about contraceptives Formatted ...
● Traditions and status of large family Formatted ...
● Primary industrial area = large family = more labour Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Advantages of Youthful Population
Formatted ...
● Large potential workforce
● Lower medical costs Formatted ...
● Attractive to new investments Formatted ...
● Source of new innovation and ideas Formatted ...
● Large potential market for selected goods Formatted ...
● Development of services such as schools Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Disadvantages of Youthful Population
Formatted ...
● Large workforce gone as they become economically dependant again
● Cost of supporting schools and hospitals Formatted ...
● More resources being used thus less available Formatted ...
● Need to provide sufficient food, housing and water to growing population Formatted ...
● High rates of unemployments Formatted ...
● Rapid population growth causes large numbers to live in poor-quality/illegal housings Formatted ...
● High crime rates
Formatted ...
● Provision of immunisation and health-care
Formatted ...

Solutions to a Youthful Population Formatted ...


● Anti-natalist Policies Formatted ...
● Removal of child benefits and government subsidies so that people have to pay more to raise children Formatted ...
= less births Formatted ...
● Immigration Restrictions (quota) Formatted ...
● Immigration of economically active Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Youthful Population: South Africa Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Ageing Population: Japan / Hong Kong Auto, Not Highlight

Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


Ageing Population Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Causes of Ageing Population Auto, Not Highlight
● Good standard of living; medical care, diet, improved water, good hygiene and sanitation; causes
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● High life expectancy Auto, Not Highlight
● Emancipation of women, rising cost of children, emigration of economically active woman, women Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
wanting to have their own career; causes Auto, Not Highlight
● Low birth rate Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Advantages of Ageing Population Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Elderly people have lots of experiences and is valuable in the workplace Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Less money spent on schools and natal medical care Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Lower crime rates, thus less money spent on police Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Disadvantages of Ageing Population Auto, Not Highlight
● Future shortage of economically active Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Dependency ratio high, burden for youth Auto, Not Highlight
● Reduced contribution to economy = government gets less money = reduced spending on improving city Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
infrastructure and system Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

● Cost of providing healthcare and care homes for the elderly Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Migration of Japanese industries to overseas
● Falling demand for schools and teachers Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● New facilities needed for elderly
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Solutions to an Ageing Population
● Pro-natalist policies Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Increased immigration of economically active
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● Increase retirement age
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● Increased taxes of economically active
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LO:
Formatted ...
Evaluate examples of a pro-natalist policy and an anti-natalist policy
Formatted ...
Managing population change: Formatted ...
Pro-natalist or Anti-natalist Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Pro-natalist: Aims to increase its population size
Formatted ...
● Ageing population (increased dependency ratio
Formatted ...
● Shortage of economically active (low birth rates and total fertility level)
● Can’t force people to have babies, so usually incentives are offered in pro-natalist policies Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Anti-natalist: Aims to limit its population size Formatted ...
● Overpopulated (the population is higher than the resources available) Formatted ...
● Has a young population (high birth rates and total fertility level) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Done through family planning, education, provision of contraceptives or more forced restriction such as Auto, Not Highlight
China’s One Child Policy Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Case Study: Pro-Natalist Country — Singapore Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Before 1980s, anti-natalist policy implemented to combat high birth rate and fertility rate, but as a result Auto, Not Highlight
decline in birthrate occurred and Singapore face a shrinking young dependant population thus ageing Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
society. Massive bulge in economically active, future dependency ratio high Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

● Mid-1980’s pro-natalist policy implemented; mostly incentives involving money. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Advertisements such as “have three or more children if you can afford it” was promoted by government Auto, Not Highlight
● Financial benefits were given to encourage female graduates to have more than three children Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Baby bonus scheme was introduced which gave cash to new mothers Auto, Not Highlight

● Carers’ leave for fathers Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Slow progress as fertility rate as of 2011 was 1.2, but is increasing year by year thus somewhat successful.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Case Study: Anti-Natalist Country — China Auto, Not Highlight

● Late 1970s, Chinese government introduced the “One-Child Policy” in order to reduce the country’s Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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birth rate and slow population growth.
● 1950 = rate of population change was 1.9% and rising, if 3% doubling time will be 24 years. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Encouraged people to have lots of children to increase the country’s workforce in 1950s, but in 1970s
they realised that current population growth rate will become unsustainable Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Established in 1979, you get benefits for following rules; access to education, childcare and healthcare
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
offered to families
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Problems:
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Family with more than one child didn’t receive ANY benefits and were fined
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● Policy was resisted in rural areas, traditional to have large families, hard to control
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Forced abortion and sterilisation, hurting the woman Auto, Not Highlight
Impacts:
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Italic, No
● Birth rate has fallen since 1979 and rate of population growth is now 0.7% underline, Font color: Auto, Not Highlight
● Traditional preferences for boys (because labour, girls get married off) meant that large numbers of Formatted ...
female babies ended up homeless, in orphanages or even killed.
Formatted ...
● 90% of foetuses aborted in China were female in 2000
Formatted ...
● Contributed to gender imbalance;unbalancedness, men outnumber women by more than 60mil
Currently: Formatted ...
● One-child policy has been relaxed to a two-child policy to combat an ageing population (1st of jJanuary Formatted ...
2016) Formatted ...
● Successful in terms of lowering birth rate and rate of population growth, but now face a falling birthrate Formatted ...
and an ageing population thus a higher dependency ratio
Formatted ...

LO: Formatted ...


Discuss the causes of migrations, both forced and voluntary Formatted ...
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each model of migration Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Migration
● The movement of people involving a change of residence Formatted ...
● Location defined as “Origin” and “Destination” Formatted ...
Can be:; Formatted ...
● Forced or Voluntary Formatted ...
● Long distance or Short distance Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● International or Internal Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Theories of Migration; Auto, Not Highlight
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Ravenstein’s Law of Migration (1870s-80 = heart of the industrial revolution) Auto, Not Highlight
1. Every migration flow, generates a return or counter-migration Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
2. The majority of migrants move a short distance Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left +
Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
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4. Urban residents are often less migratory than rural residents
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5. Families are less likely to migrate internationally, compared to young adults (inverse relationship
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between number of migrants and distance travelled)
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6. Most migrants are adults
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7. Large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase Auto, Not Highlight
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Gravity Model of Migration (Newton’s Law of Gravitation) Auto, Not Highlight
● Based off of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
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● “Everything emits its own gravity” Auto, Not Highlight
● “Any two bodies attract one another with their own force that is proportional to the their mass, and Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
inversely proportional to the distance between them” Auto, Not Highlight
● Replace “Bodies” and “Mass” with “Location” and “Importance” respective Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
e.g. The larger the city the more important is it therefore the more people immigrate Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Zelinsky’s Model of Mobility Transition Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Based on economic growth and how developed a society is Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Linked to Demographic Transition Model Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Stage 1 of the DTM: Pre-Industrialised economies Auto, Not Highlight
● Economies that have not yet developed are made up of rural countries and subsistencesubstance Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
farmers. There will only be rural-urban migration between the settlements, if at all, as there are few Auto, Not Highlight
urban areas. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Industrialising Countries Formatted ...
● As countries start to industrialise (UK in the 18th & 19th century) there is increased migration from the Formatted ...
countryside to the cities where there were better wages and an increase in the standard of living
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Stage 4 of the DTM: Post-Industrial Economies
● Advanced countries that rely on tertiary industry more than secondary industry show an increase in Formatted ...
urban-rural migration. Technological and transport movement improvements mean that people do not Formatted ...
have to live close to where they work. Inter-Urbanisation occurs as people move to the suburbs Formatted ...
(Counter-urbanization) Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Lee’s Push-Pull Model of Migration
● Based off of push and pull factors Formatted ...
● Push factors = negative features that causes a person to move away Formatted ...
e.g. War, famine, not enough jobs, bad standard of living Formatted ...
● Pull factors = positive features that attracts people to move towards Formatted ...
e.g. Peace, Freedom, job opportunities, better standard of living Formatted ...
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Intervening obstacles: These are problems that a migrant may face on his journey. They are represented on
the Lee's Model by the wiggly line in between country of origin and destination country. Intervening obstacles
may include:
• Shortage of money Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
• Language barriers
• Passport or visa issues
• Bad weather
• Transport delays
• Problems with housing

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Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
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NOTE: these models are simplifications, contains unrealistic assumptions such as;
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● all people are free to migrate
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● all people have the skills, education and qualifications that allow them to migrate
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● all people overcome barriers to migration such as race, class, income, language or gender Auto, Not Highlight
● distance isn’t a barrier to migration
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LO: Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Evaluate internal and international migrations in terms of their geographical impacts at their origins and Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
destinations Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Impact of International Migration Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Some economies are dependant on foreign workers (UAE, 85% of population are migrants) Auto, Not Highlight
● Usually makes up 10-15% of the labour force Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Fill new jobs that require skills that local lack or because local scorn the work Auto, Not Highlight

● Help create jobs due to good supply of labour Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Many LIC are losing skilled professionals from their already shallow pool of skilled workers, therefore Auto, Not Highlight

hindering their ability to escape the poverty cycle. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
E.g. 65% of graduate doctors in Bangladesh seek jobs abroad Auto, Not Highlight

● This is made worset by HIC as they actively seek economic migrants to make up for labour shortages Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

Brain Drain = Donor country is losing skilled workers, loss in intelligent people Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Brain Gain = Receiving contour is receiving skilled workers, fain in intelligent people
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Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Migrants to rich countries are often better educated than the native population
● Immigrants find it harder to match their skills to a job than locals do Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● The more educated migrants are, the more likely they are overqualified for the work
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Case Study: Immigration in Singapore Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Ageing population and low fertility rate, dependented on foreign immigrants to fill in its working force-
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gap
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● 1990s, 86% of population is native Singaporean; 2010s, 64% of population in native Singaporean.
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● High immigration has widened the income gap (higher than China and UK) Auto, Not Highlight
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Migrant Workers
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● Vital for economic development
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Main Trends are; Auto, Not Highlight
● Globalisation of migration
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● Acceleration of migration Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Differentiation of migration into different types Formatted ...
● Feminisation of migration (Higher percentage of female workers among voluntary migrants)
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Donor Countries / Countries of Origin / Source
Formatted ...
Advantages Formatted ...
Individual Formatted ...
● Increased earning and employment opportunity Formatted ...
● Exposure to new culture, more educated
Formatted ...
● Different training system
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Country Formatted ...
● Migrant remittances encourages foreign exchange for investment Formatted ...
● Reduce unemployment rates Formatted ...
● Reduce pressure on supporting its citizens Formatted ...
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Economic Benefits: Auto, Not Highlight
● Reduced unemployment and underemployment Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Returning migrants bring back new skills and knowledge Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Remittances Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Less pressure on resources such as land Auto, Not Highlight
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Social Benefit: Auto, Not Highlight

● Lower birth rates and reduced population pressure as economically active emigrates Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Remittances may improve welfare, education, supports economy and infrastructure
● Retiring population may build new homes Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● May develop new activities such as recreation, leisure and tourism
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Cost
Individual Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Transport cost
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● Cost of living abroad
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● Separated from friends and family
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Country Formatted ...


● Loss of social investment in education Formatted ...
● Loss of domestic labour force Formatted ...
● Social tension due to raised expectations of returning migrants Formatted ...
● Remittances generate inflation thus more expensive Formatted ...
● Possible Brain drain
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Economic Cost:
● Loss of young labour Formatted ...
● Loss of skilled labour slows development and deters investment Formatted ...
● Out-migration leads to vicious circle of decline (links to social) Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Social Cost:
Formatted ...
● Creates a culture of out-migration
Formatted ...
● One parent left as head of household and main provider
Formatted ...
● Unbalanced population pyramid
Formatted ...
Case Study: Impact of migration on the US economy Formatted ...
● Economic boom in 1990s caused by a large influx of immigrants accounting for 40% of US population Formatted ...
growth Formatted ...
● Migrants accounted more than 50% of the growth in labour market, ageing of population helped
Formatted ...
● Migrants helped fill gaps left by the 4.5 million decline in number of workers
Formatted ...

Receiving Countries / Countries of Destination Formatted ...


Formatted ...
Advantages Formatted ...
Individual
● Cultural exposure Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Country
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● Increased labour force at lower cost Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Possible brain gain
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Economic Benefits:
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● Migrants often fill undesirable jobs Auto, Not Highlight
● Skills gain at little cost Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Some retirement costs transferred to origin country Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Dependence on foreign worker Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Social Benefit: Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Creates a multicultural society Auto, Not Highlight
● Encourages cultural awareness and acceptance Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Provides cultural/local service Auto, Not Highlight
● Growth of ethnic retailing and restaurant Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Cost Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Individual Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Greater labour market competition in certain sectors Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Country Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Dependance on foreign labour in particular occupation Auto, Not Highlight

● Social tension between concentration of migrants in urban area Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Social tension between migrants and locals
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Economic Cost:
● Cost of education children Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Displaced local labour force
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● Money sent to country of origin, leakage in economy
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● Increased pressure on resources
Formatted ...
Social Cost: Formatted ...
● Racism, discrimination and conflict Formatted ...
● Male dominated states Formatted ...
● Loss of cultural identity, especially amount second generation Formatted ...
● Creation of ghettos and ghettoised schools Formatted ...
Formatted ...

Refugee = A person fleeing their home country in order to escape danger (forced migration) Formatted ...
Asylum Seekers = People who seek refugee status in another country Formatted ...
Illegal Immigrants = People who enter another country without permission and plans to remain there Formatted ...
Economic Migrants = A person seeking job opportunities Formatted ...
Internally Displaced Persons = Those who have fled their homes but remains in their own country
Formatted ...

Case Study: Syrian Crisis Refugees Formatted ...


● Economic boom in 1990s caused by a large influx of immigrants Formatted ...
Formatted ...
LO: Formatted ...
Examine gender inequality in culture, status, education, birth ratios, health, employment, empowerment, life Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
expectancy, family size, migration, legal rights, and land tenure Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
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Gender and Change Auto, Not Highlight
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Child Marriage / Forced Marriage / Arrange Auto, Not Highlight
● Early marriage compromises girls’ development Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Causes early pregnancy and social isolation Auto, Not Highlight
● Reinforces the vicious cycle of low education, high fertility and poverty Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● There a laws on minimum legal age for marriage, but family takes advantage of religious laws that Auto, Not Highlight

permit marriage at an earlier age Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Arranged marriage can be solved by educating girls Auto, Not Highlight

● Family-driven business encourages passing business from father to son and repeat Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Dowry in India where the bride's family has to pay gifts to groom family = great financial burden =
devaluing women Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Life Expectancy Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering


Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Worldwide, men have higher mortality rate and greater disability than women
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● Women are also subjected to the distinct social and cultural roles
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● Gender bias most apparent in LIC where male are preferred
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● Girls in HIC are disadvantaged from birth; less nutritious food, less medical care, cycle of poor health Auto, Not Highlight
● Female health disadvantages = subjected to risks related to pregnancy and childbearing, if they are
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
under-nourished the baby is also at risk, passes issue to child thus a knock-on effect. Auto, Not Highlight
● Traditionally girls are seen as an object that is married off where as boys work and do labour
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Feminisation of Migration
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● International migration increased where a majority of migrants are women Auto, Not Highlight
● 70% of all Filipino labour migrants are women, 69% of mexican emigrants are men Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Migrants from LIC tends to concentrate at the bottom and the top of the employment ladder Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Exploitation of workers, being employed as domestic workers or recruited to work in “sweatshops” Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Qatar migrant workers building the World Cup are exposed to bad living condition, have their travel Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
documents confiscated so they are trapped, essentially corruption and human trafficking Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted ...
SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association)
Formatted ...
● Trade union and economic empowerment group
Formatted ...
● Unionising working women, involvement of women in plaid employment has led to politicisation of
Formatted ...
women
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In conservative states (Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, places controlled by Daesh (ISIS)) Formatted ...
● Religious Laws are in place Formatted ...
● Women are severely oppressed by male-dominated governments Formatted ...
● Can’t drive, can’t go out alone, rules on women are heavily influenced by men
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Women and Tenure
Tenure = Land / area / property ownership Formatted ...
● Few african countries have laws to assure women’s access to land and property (Niger, Rwanda, South Formatted ...
Africa) Formatted ...
● Traditional, religious laws and social norms has often deny women the right to gain ownership or inherit Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
land and/or property Auto, Not Highlight
● Often where Shariah Law is applied Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Women in MENA (Middle East — North Africa) Region Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Women in MENA region still face gender discrimination despite having an education and good health Auto, Not Highlight
provision, this prevents them from reaching their potential Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Discrimination against women is build into the culture, government and legal framework Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

● Family Laws reinforce women as submissive and men as dominance, this is then replicated in society Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
and the economy Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted ...
2) Disparities in Wealth and Development Formatted ...
LO: Formatted ...
Define indices of infant mortality, education, nutrition, income, marginalisation, human development index
Formatted ...
(HDI)
Explain the value of the indices in measuring disparities across the globe Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Human Development Index (HDI) Formatted ...
● UN encouraged usage of HDI as measure of development Formatted ...
● more reliable than single indicators such as Gross National Income (GNI)
Formatted ...
● A composite measure of development = takes into account more than one variable
Formatted ...
1. Life Expectancy (Longevity)
2. Adult literacy rate Formatted ...
3. Standard of Living — PPP = Purchasing Power Parity Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Advantages: Formatted ...
● More variable taken into account, well-rounded information Formatted ...
● Allows comparison between different regions
Formatted ...
● Allow analysis of individual components
Formatted ...

Disadvantages Formatted ...


● Does not take into account environmental factors Formatted ...
● Data could be unreliable, incomplete or unavailable Formatted ...
● It’s an average thus does not show internal disparities Formatted ...
● Does not measure factors like human rights, gender and corruption Formatted ...
● Literacy measurement changed in 2011, making literacy comparisons harder
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
Formatted ...
Infant Mortality Rate
● Number of children in a country who die under one years of age Formatted ...
● High IMRs are found in the poorest countries Formatted ...
● Most of the cause of death that contributes to high IMR are preventable Formatted ...
● Low IMR when water, sanitation, housing, nutrition and basic healthcare are provided Formatted ...
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
Formatted ...
● Essentially HDI adjusted for gender inequality
Formatted ...
● Examines the same variables as HDI, but between women and men
Formatted ...
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
● Reveals whether women can take an active part in economic and political life Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Exposes inequality in opportunities in selected areas Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Measures gender inequality Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Focuses on participation of specific genders in key ares of economic and political decision-making Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
The Education Index Auto, Not Highlight

● Based on the adult literacy rate and the combined enrolment for primary, secondary and tertiary Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
schools Auto, Not Highlight

● Adult literacy = proportion of the adult population aged 15< that can read and write Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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LO: Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"


Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from ethnicity, residence, parental Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
education, income, employment (formal and informal), and land ownership Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Auto, Not Highlight
Nutrition Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● 3/4 of all hungry people live in rural areas Auto, Not Highlight

● They have limited alternative sources of income or employment as they are severely dependant on Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
agriculture for food Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● Extremely vulnerable to crises Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● 815 million hungry Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● 50% are farming families, surviving off marginal lands prone to natural disaster Auto, Not Highlight

● 1/5 belongs to landless families dependant on farming Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● 10% living in communities whose livelihood depends on primary sector jobs
● 25% live in shanty town on the periphery of large cities Formatted ...
● Number of poor and hungry are rising rapidly along with the worlds total urban population Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Child Hunger Formatted ...
● Child hunger is inherited, as their mothers are undernourished thus causing babies to be born
Formatted ...
underweight
Formatted ...
● Malnutrition contributes 53% of the 10.6 million deaths of CMR in LIC
Formatted ...
Women and Hunger Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
● Women are the world’s primary food producers Formatted ...
● Yet due to traditions and social structures women are much more affected by hunger and poverty than Formatted ...
men
Formatted ...
● 7/10 hungry people are women and girls
Formatted ...
● Undernourished pregnant mothers gives birth to underweight babies with possible development issues
that gets passed on via a knock-on effect Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Inequalities in Development Formatted ...
● The world is more unequal than it was a decade ago Formatted ...
● Some areas in the world has experienced rapid growth and urbanisation, and improvement in living Formatted ...
standards (for example Hong Kong)
Formatted ...
● Many countries such as Sub-saharan Africa are locked and trapped in the poverty cycle
Formatted ...
Inequalities in Living Conditions in Slums Formatted ...
● 2/3 of world population is now in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean Formatted ...
● Fast growth in developing countries, slow growth in developed countries Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● 2001, total number of slum dwellers represent 32% of total world population Auto, Not Highlight
● 78.2% of LIC population are slum dwellers Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Positive Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● First stopping point for immigrants Auto, Not Highlight

● Provide low cost and affordable housing Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Place of residence for low-income employees that contribute to city in many ways
● Often strong social community, almost like “a city within a city” (MANILA SLUM VIDEO) Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
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● Many informal jobs operating within slums to provide services
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● Diverse mix of cultures
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Negative
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● Slums have high concentration of poverty, social and economic deprivation
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● Broken families, high unemployment rate, economical and physical and social exclusion from outside Auto, Not Highlight
areas
Formatted ...
● Limited access to credit and formal jobs due to; social stigmatisation, discrimination, geographic
Formatted ...
isolation and not enough education / not qualified
● Slums often seen as a nuisances in the city (e.g Manila slums and how they tried to remove it) Formatted ...
● Slums are often subjected to city wastes as it is located on marginal land (factory waste or Formatted ...
contaminated water sewage) Formatted ...
● If clean water not provided, possible widespread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid Formatted ...
● Terrible housing conditions; Overcrowding, insecurity of tenure, lack of basic needs (water, sanitation),
Formatted ...
unsafe buildings / build on fragile land / polluted land
Formatted ...
● High crime rate (women are the greatest victims)
Formatted ...
Parental Education and Inequality Formatted ...
● Link between investment in education and poverty affects poverty Formatted ...
● Education may increase income and also promote growth in the economy Formatted ...
● But higher education graduates tend to have fewer children Formatted ...
Dependancy Theory
Formatted ...
● Countries become more dependant upon more powerful, frequently colonial powers, as a result of
Formatted ...
interaction and “development”
● Powerful country exploits resources in weaker country, weaker country will become dependant on Formatted ...
powerful country Formatted ...
● The problem is that poor countries is not that they lack resources, technology, but that they are being Formatted ...
exploited by capitalist countries Formatted ...
● Incorporates politics and economics in its explanation
Formatted ...
● Takes into account historical processes
Formatted ...
● It sees development as a revolution break; class of interests between ruling class and working classes
Formatted ...
● To be developed, is to be self-reliant and to control national resources
● Modernisation does not necessarily mean westernisation Formatted ...
Formatted ...
World System Analysis Formatted ...
● Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974 Formatted ...
● A way of looking at economic, social and political development
Formatted ...
● Treats whole world as a single unit
Formatted ...
● Wallerstein argued that looking at individual countries was too simplistic and suffered from Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
developmentalism Auto, Not Highlight
Developmentalism = Assumes that each country is economically and politically free (autonomous) and that all Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
countries follow the same route to development. Auto, Not Highlight
Example: Leads to ethnocentrism , for example in US and Europe = The belief of superiority is one's personal
Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
ethnic group Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Capitalist World Systems Auto, Not Highlight
● A global market Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Has many countries, allowing political and economic competition Auto, Not Highlight
● Three tiers of countries Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Italic, Font
Core = Rich, developed, HICs color: Auto, Not Highlight
Semi-Periphery = Undergoing class struggles and social change Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Periphery = Poor, undeveloped, LICs Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● This leads to cycles of growth and stagnations Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Trends in Global Inequality Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Income Inequality Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
● Despite strong economic growth, income inequality grow dramatically, and is expected to increase due Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
to the financial crisis in 2008 Auto, Not Highlight
● The gap between the rich and poor has widened due to financial globalisation and the weak ability of Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
domestic policies to enhance the income position of the middle class and low-income groups Auto, Not Highlight
● Employment growth has occurred along side a redistribution of income away from labour Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Bette 1990-2005 about 2/3s of countries experienced an increase in income inequality Auto, Not Highlight
● The gap between high and low income are increasing, could be associated with higher crime rates, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
lower life expectancy and lower quality standard of living Auto, Not Highlight
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Gini Coefficients Auto, Not Highlight

● Income inequality measure by the Gini Coefficient Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
1 = Perfect Inequality Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

0 = Perfect Equality Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:


● Latin America’s is based on Income Auto, Not Highlight

● Asia’s based on expenditure due to unreliable income data or N/A Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Main cause of increased inequality
● The differing fortunes of rural and urban households Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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● Productivity = Income, is growing slowly in rural areas (agriculture)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● The widening gap between those with and without skills
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● Shift from socialism to a market economy has increased the financial benefits of an education,
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disadvantaging the poor
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Widening inequality can threaten growth of country if it results in social unrest!
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Formatted ...
Case Study: Income Inequality in Emerging Asia
● “Growth with equity” was the aim of the Asian Tigers Formatted ...
● Combination of speedy economic growth with low (or falling) income equality, thereby spreading the Formatted ...
economic gains widely. Formatted ...
● Asian economies have continued to enjoy the worlds fastest growth, but the rich are now growing richer Formatted ...
must faster than the poor, leading to income inequality.
Formatted ...
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Trends in Life Expectancy Auto, Not Highlight
● By 2025, WHO expects 26 countries will have life expectancy at birth of over 80 years Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
● In developed countries, not only do more people survive to old age and expect to live longer than their Style: Bullet + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
predecessors Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● The oldest old (80+) are the fastest growing segment of many nations populations; 4% of total Auto, Not Highlight
population in France and Switzerland Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● More people now have access to minimum health care, safe water and sanitation Auto, Not Highlight

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● Spectacular progress in reducing CMR; 21 mil in 1955, 10 mil in 1997, (prediction) 5 mil in 2025
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● Progress far from universal, some countries poverty gap remain the same
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● Some countries life expectancy decreasing due to epidemics such as HIV/AIDS
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Trends in Education
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● Number of children not attending school has fallen by 33 million since 1999
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● More children are completing a full cycle of primary education Auto, Not Highlight
● Sub-saharan African enrolment rate has increased 5 times its last measure
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● Being born into a poor household significantly raises the risk of deprivation; 4 years education gap Auto, Not Highlight
between richest and poorest in Philippines, gap in India is 7 years
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● Gender interacts with wealth and location Auto, Not Highlight
● Disparities within countries are often better than disparities between countries Formatted: Outline numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering
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Identify and explain the changing patterns and trends of regional and global disparities of life expectancy, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
education and income Auto, Not Highlight
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Examine the progress made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in poverty reduction, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
education and health Auto, Not Highlight
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
Goal 1 = Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Auto, Not Highlight
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Target II: Between 1990 and 2015, halve the number of people who suffer from hunger Auto, Not Highlight

Goal 2 = Achieve Universal Primary Education


Target I: By 2015, children everywhere of all gender will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Goal 3 = Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women


Target I: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education
by 2015

Goal 4 = Reduce Child Mortality


Target I: Between 1990 and 2015, reduce child mortality rate by two-thirds

Goal 5 = Improve Maternal Health


Target I: Between 1990 and 2015, reduce maternal mortality rate by two-thirds

Goal 6 = Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria and other diseases


Target I: Halt the spread of disease by 2015 and begin to reverse the spread

Goal 7 = Ensure Environmental Sustainability


Target I: Integration of sustainable development principles into country policies and programs to reserve the
loss of environmental resources
Target II: By 2015, halve the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
Target III: By 2020, achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Goal 8 = Develop a Global Partnership for Development


Target I: Further development of an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial
system
Target II: Address the special needs of LIC
Target III: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states
Target IV: Comprehensive management with debt problems of developing countries through national and
international measures ignorer to make debt sustainable in long term.
Target V: Cooperating with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive
work for youth
Target VI: Cooperating with pharmaceutical companies to provide access to affordable essential drugs in
developing countries
Target VII: Cooperating with the private sector to make available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communication technologies.

Case Study: Progress towards MDGs in Mali


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● Still possible to get things done even if it’s not at the pace the MDGs demanded
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● Mali is a lack locked country straddling the Sahel region and the Sahara desert, considered one of the
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least promising countries for development on earth.
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● Mali government devoted most of its limited resources to the so called “struggle against poverty”, as a
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result Mali is one of the few African countries to have fully qualified for America’s Millennium Challenge
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Account.
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● Good governance of Mali brought in $460 million permit over 5 years, despite its government budget of Auto, Not Highlight
only $1.5 billion
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● Mali government made agriculture and infrastructure a priority Auto, Not Highlight
● Rather than depending on aid, the government wanted to raise agricultural growth to lift people out of
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poverty. Auto, Not Highlight
● With greater mechanisation, crop rotation and irrigation systems, the countries 3.5 million farmers could Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
become self-supporting and be able to grow many different types of crops and not just cotton. Auto, Not Highlight
● Irrigation most important anti-poverty tool in a desert country. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
● Irrigated land used to grow traditional crops such as cotton and rice as well as new crops such as Auto, Not Highlight
tomatoes and onions Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
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Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced with an emphasis on trade, market access,
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4) Patterns of Resource Consumption Auto, Not Highlight
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C) Extreme Environments
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E) Leisure, Sports, Tourism
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F) Geography of Food and Health
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G) Urban Environments
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HL Extension:
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1) Measuring Global Interactions Auto, Not Highlight
2) Changing Space - The Shrinking World
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3) Economic Interactions and Flow Auto, Not Highlight
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Core: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/IB+Core+Themes+-+Patterns+and+Change Auto, Not Highlight
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History
/r/IBO’s barebones history notes: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1blLrd8Wdp5TyHICDhrc5pGGNykd- Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
0XDXu047ECETXhc/edit#heading=h.mso132qr0hgz Auto, Not Highlight
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/r/IBO Past paper questions in paper 2 by hakim_the_dream Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Font color:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jQ3TlqWYgcFzH67-BNZVM_nrc0d4PYPEcYjd4llvAsI/edit Auto, Not Highlight
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/r/IBO S-ratkovic- simplified & in-depth history notes:
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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wEjOM5SNTQS0m9RXT/1wEjOM5SNTQS0m_BJqivW6rMHvii6NrTxzu Custom Color(RGB(17,85,204)), Not Highlight
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Anyone got some notes for this? Some free notes? Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Highlight
Paper 1 history? Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, No underline,
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Commented [1]: Who is going to pay for notes
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ITGS

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http://www.itgsnews.com/6-itgs-project-
Commented [2]: thank you
screencast-examples/ Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial

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Philosophy
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NUYtWta8njc8kdUowfUAqOgc7YJhWA1dyO- Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 11 pt, Not Highlight
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level-of-analysis/
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IB PSYCHOLOGY NOTES (SL+HL) - chttps://do
Commented [3]: y idiot
docs.google.com/document/d/1c_P55NPGlZMO9YDwPc2eR6pwkbB6R6ZIr9KpoPaUZE0/edit?usp=sharing
Richard B. notes for SL (BLOA, CLOA, SCLOA, Human Relationships)*: Formatted ...
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Social and Cultural Anthropology
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World Religions

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