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PARTS OF SPEECH

The part of speech is a class of words (as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
conjunctions, interjections, prepositions, pronouns) identified according to the kinds of
ideas they express and the way they work in a sentence.

Word Formation

In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. It is called derivation.


Derivation is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes to
them. So an affix (in modern sense) is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to
form a new word.

Affixes may be derivational like shame + less + ness = shamelessness (suffixes less
and ness). that change the class of word, or inflectional, like plural form -s and past
tense –ed, it does not change class of word. Affixation is, thus, the linguistic process
speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning
(prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words . English has no
infixes.

 NOUNS
 Noun \ˈnau̇n\ abbr. n.
1. Part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action and c
an function as the subject or
object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive.

2. Any of the words belonging to part of speech, such as neighbor, window, beauty
or negotiation.

3. A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we


assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a
specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East,
Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican
Party), is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed
person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything
else, things that usually are not capitalized.

Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can
be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass
nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water,
air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are
composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class,
committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or
a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence
Nouns may be formed from verbs, adjectives or other nouns by adding suffixes,
such as – ment, - ness, - ion, etc.

 VERBS
 Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being.
Verbs can also sometimes be recognized by their position in a sentence.

is an important part of an English question or sentence. Actually, it is likely that


all questions and sentences have a verb in it. This highlights how important verbs can
be. It signals an occurrence, an action or a state of being in the sentence or question.

KIND OF VERBS
1. Action Verbs

As the names suggest, action verbs primarily express action. For instance, sit, eat,
cycle, etc. They describe things and actions that occur rather than the state of
something. Most of the action verbs are categorized as transitive or intransitive.
Transitive is verbs that are used together with a direct object. The object can be a
thing or a person. e.g. make, lift, etc. .Intransitive is verbs that don’t have a direct
object for their meaning to be communicated. In most cases, they are followed by an
adverb, adjective, verb complement or a preposition,.e.g. arrive. wait, sit. etc.

2. Auxiliary Verbs & Lexical Verb.

Auxiliary is verbs that come before main verbs in a verb phrase. Lexical verb is all
other verbs other than auxiliary verbs. It is a main verb. Among the many kinds of
verbs in English, auxiliary verbs and lexical verbs are very useful

3. Dynamic Verbs & Stative Verbs.

Dynamic is a verb basically used to show a process, an action or a sensation rather


than a state.. e.g. drive, repair, etc. Stative is a verb basically used to define a
situation or state, e.g. seem, know
4. .Finite Verbs & Nonfinite Verbs.

Finite is a verb that agrees with a given subject in a sentence. It is usually marked
for tense. e.g. love, hate, enjoy, appear, etc. Non-finite is A verb that has no
distinction in different tense. It cannot be used unaccompanied as the main verb in a
given question or sentence. e.g. expand, leave, smile

5. Regular Verbs & Irregular Verbs.

Regular is A verb whose past participle and past tense is attained by adding –d or –
ed or –t for some. It is sometimes called a weak verb. Irregular verbs does not
usually follow the rules for common verb forms. They usually do not have the
predictable –ed ending. Also called a strong verb.

Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For example,
the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify,
characterize, irrigate, and sweeten. Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en- may signify
that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage.

Examples: She put sugar in it to sweeten it. (verb)

I was struggling with my sums so my teacher simplified them for


me. (verb)

These affixes, often inconsistent from verb to verb, they are called derivational affixes.
they either change the word's part of speech or change the word's meaning

Example: embark (on ship, plane) means to get on,→ disembark means to get off

Unlike the derivational affixes, inflectional suffixes are consistently used with all
verbs, even though their form may look different from verb to verb.

Because many verbs in English are irregular; as result, their –ed and/or –en endings
may not follow any obvious pattern.

The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-,
over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the
most common affix in academic English is -ise.
PHARASAL VERBS .
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different
from the original verb .e.g. He ran away when he was 15. Phrasal verbs are usually
two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Some phrasal
verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object. e.g.He
suddenly showed up. "SHOW UP" CANNOT TAKE AN OBJECT. Some phrasal verbs are
transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object.e.g. I made up the
story. "STORY" IS THE OBJECT OF "MAKE UP" Some transitive phrasal verbs are
separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition, e.g. I talked my
mother into letting me borrow the car. Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable.
The object is placed after the preposition.e.g. They are looking into the
problem. Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places .e.g.
I looked the number up in the phone book. and, I looked up the number in the
phone book.

WARNING! Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must
put the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun.

I looked the number up in the phone book.


I looked up the number in the phone book.
I looked it up in the phone book. CORRECT
I looked up it n the phone book. INCORRECT.

The object in phrasal verb may come after the following phrasal verbs or it may
separate the two parts. E.g. You have to do this paint job over, and You have to do
over this paint job

When the object of the following phrasal verb is a pronoun, the two parts of the phrasal
verb must be separated. E.g. You have to do it over

ADJECTIVE.

What is an adjective?

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words. They can identify or quantify
of another person or thing in the sentence. Adjectives are usually positioned before the
noun or the pronoun that they modify.

Typical adjective endings (Suffixes)

Some adjectives can be identified by their endings. Typical adjective endings


include:

1. -able/-ible understandable, capable, readable, incredible


2. -al mathematical, functional, influential, chemical
3. -ful beautiful, bashful, helpful, harmful
4. -ic artistic, manic, rustic, terrific
5. -ive submissive, intuitive, inventive, attractive
6. -less sleeveless, hopeless, groundless, restless
7. -ous gorgeous, dangerous, adventurous, fabulous

Examples: They live in a beautiful house.

Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today.

Sometimes when adding these endings, changes have to be made. Here are some
rules for forming adjectives and their exceptions:

Adjectives can be formed from different words. They can be formed from nouns:
From verbs: or even from other adjectives.

Examples: comic (n) → comical, correct (v) → corrective, elder (adj) → elderly,
red (adj) → reddish

EXERCISES

 Exercises for NOUNS


 Practice 1
–reserve-
1. Making is mostly done online nowadays.
-seat-
2. is first come, first served, so it is important to plan early.

3. On the day of your trip, you should plan


-arrive-
to the airport
4. You should be there at least two hours before
-depart-
of an international flight.
-Process-
5. for checking-in can be very long
-identify-
6. An agent will ask you to show your .

-quest-
7. A security agent will ask you about the content
your baggage
-enter-
8. Then they will permit into the secure area of the airport.
-board-
9. Another agent will announce of the aircraft.
-pass-
10. At that time, you will walk down to the door of the airplane.

 Practice 2

Put the nouns in the box into correct sentences below.


traffic jam ignition key rush hour accelerator flyover
change gear driving license footbrake slip road clutch
handbrake hard shoulder overtake swerve lanes

 To start a car you have to turn the …………………


 A …………….. is a road which crosses above another road.
 Before you ……………….. you have to push down or press the clutch
 Before pulling away, you must remember to release the …………….
 If you pass a driving test you are issued with a ……………………..
 To ……………………another car means to drive past it
 The road you enter and leave a motorway by is called…………………
 Three pedals on the car floor are…………, ………., ……….(from left to right)
 In the morning or afternoon ..………………the road full of cars and you cannot drive
faster, you are stuck in………………….
 Most motorways are divided into two or three……………., there are at the side of
motorway where you can stop (when you have a breakdown) is …………….
 To ……………….. means to turn the car suddenly to one side (to avoid hitting)

 Practice 3
 Now decide the following sentences whether they are correct or incorrect

1. Transportation in my country is very difficulty to use.

Correct Incorrect
2. There are several buses, but they are always congestion with riding people.

Correct Incorrect
3. The arrivings and departings are rarely on schedule.

Correct Incorrect

4. The taxis are no better because the pay for a trip is too high.

Correct Incorrect

5. Most people have a prefer share a ride.

Correct Incorrect

6. The government regulations drivers.

Correct Incorrect

7. However, no one does inspections to see if they are following the regulations.

Correct Incorrect

8. Most people prefer the inter-city train that connectors the neighborhoods of the
city.

Correct Incorrect

9. The train attenders keep the train clean and safe.

Correct Incorrect

10. The other option is to walk and use local shopping and services.

Correct Incorrect

 Practice 4

 Rewrite the following sentences like the example.

Example: It is indispensable to supervise aircraft checks. ⇒ The supervision of


aircraft is indispensable
1. It is important to maintain an airplane. ⇒ The……….. is important.
2. It is necessary to inspect the engines. ⇒ The……….. is necessary
3. It is desirable to employ good technicians. ⇒ The………... is desirable.
4. It is essential to transport passengers safely. ⇒ The……….. is essential.
5. It is dangerous for any part of the airplane to fail. ⇒ The………. is dangerous.
6. It is required to approve all work on the aircraft. ⇒ The………. is required.
7. It is necessary to replace all worn parts. ⇒ The………. is necessary.

 Exercises for Verbs

 Practice 1

1. He told her that he (SYMPATHY) .......... with her problem but couldn't do
anything to help.
-en
-ify
-ize

2. My belt feels a bit tight after that huge lunch. I think I'll have to (LOOSE)
.......... it a little.
-en
-ify
-ize

3. She was severely (WEAK) .......... by the long illness she had.
-en
-ify
-ize

4. There are many different ways to (CLASS) .......... areas of English


Grammar.
-en
-ify
-ize

5. If you're really sorry for what you said you won't mind (APOLOGY)..........
-en
-ify
-ize

6. There's no need to (CRITIC) .......... my work. I'm trying as hard as I can.


-en
-ify
-ize
7. The pain in his back (LESS) .......... as son as he took the medication.
-en
-ify
-ize

8. Everybody was (HORROR) .......... by the news of the earthquake.


-en
-ify
-ize

Phrasal Verbs Exercises

Practice 1

Complete the sentences.

passed away, do without, look forward to, called off, made up, carried away, break out, run
out, put up with, keep up.

1. Don't smoke in the forest. Fires easily at this time of the year.

2. I seeing my friends again.

3. I'm afraid; we have of apple juice. Will an orange juice do?

4. Your website has helped me a lot to the good work.

5. A friend of mine has her wedding.

6. His mother can't his terrible behavior anymore.

7. As an excuse for being late, she a whole story.

8. I got by his enthusiasm.

9. I just cannot my mobile. I always keep it with me.

10. she was very sad because her father last week.
Practice 2

Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles.

1. I don't know where my book is. I must look it.

2. Fill the form, please.

3. The music is too loud. Could you turn the volume, please?

4. Quick, get the bus or you'll have to walk home.

5. Turn the lights when you go to bed.

6. Do you mind if I switch the TV? I'd like to watch the news.

7. The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it

8. If you don't know this word, you can look it in a dictionary.

Practice 3

Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meanings in brackets.

1. your shoes.(Remove)

2. Somebody has to the baby. (Take care of)

3. She wants to the truth? (Discover)

4. Where can I the sweater? (See if it fits)

5. . (be quick)

6. Why don't you ? (Take a seat)

7. I will the train now. (Enter)

8. the word in a dictionary. (Consult a dictionary)

9. I want to the form. (Complete)

10. The firemen the fire.(Extinguish)

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